Zymosan
Zymosan is a homoglycan made up of repeating glucose units with a β-1,3- glycosidic bond . Zymosan activates TLR-2 and the alternative pathway of the complement system in the course of an innate immune response . By activating the TLR-2 and the alternate pathway, zymosan acts as a pyrogen and as a microbial toxin , e.g. B. in sepsis or toxinosis . As a result, proinflammatory cytokines are produced in macrophages , arachidonic acid is released, proteins are phosphorylated and inositol trisphosphate is formed.
Zymosan occurs in yeast in the cell wall complexed with proteins . Similar to bacterial endotoxin , zymosan is released to a greater extent in the event of cell death and degradation of yeast cells.
Zymosan can be used to induce inflammation without pathogens to investigate immunopathogenesis , similar to how it is e.g. B. in severe infections, autoimmune diseases or sepsis occurs.
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Individual evidence
- ↑ Sato M, Sano H, Iwaki D, et al. : Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 2 to zymosan, and zymosan-induced NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha secretion are down-regulated by lung collectin surfactant protein A . In: J. Immunol. . 171, No. 1, 2003, pp. 417-25. PMID 12817025 .
- ↑ TJ Volman, T. Hendriks, RJ Goris: Zymosan-induced generalized inflammation: experimental studies into mechanisms leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). Volume 23, Number 4, April 2005, pp. 291-297, ISSN 1073-2322 . PMID 15803050 .