History of radio in Austria

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The first RAVAG radio studio in Austria was located in the attic of the former Austro-Hungarian War Ministry

The history of radio in Austria began in the 1920s with the almost two-year-old private test broadcaster Radio Hekaphon .

From the second half of 1924, Radio Verkehrs AG (RAVAG) initially shaped the radio history of the Alpine republic with Radio Wien and other new stations. After 1938, Radio Wien, which lost its independence, became the Reichssender Wien and was included in the so-called Großdeutscher Rundfunk .

From 1924 to 1938 and again in 1945 a few months around and after the end of the Second World War , RAVAG was Austria's sole radio provider. Even before the fighting in the western part of the country stopped, it broadcast under the direction of Oskar Czeija , with the support of resistance group 05, on April 14 as the re-established Österreichische Radio Verkehrs AG from the radio house in Argentinierstrasse with the re-established Radio Vienna. During the occupation beginning in the same year , u. a. in Salzburg transmitter of the occupying powers. With the dissolution of RAVAG in 1958, it was transferred to the newly founded Austrian Broadcasting Corporation (ORF). This gave the public radio broadcasting a monopoly position again , as it already existed from 1924. In the run-up to Austria 's accession to the EU , this was abolished in 1993. Private broadcasters then began their activities in the late 1990s.

Beginning of a mass medium

Concession

At the beginning there were 12 interested groups, mostly consisting of several people and / or companies from various industries . who requested a license for a radio broadcaster. These included the Austrian Marconi AG, the Schrack and the Czeija Nissl group.

Radio Hekaphon and Oskar Koton

The first radio and radio broadcasting in Austria on April 1, 1923 from a factory site in the 20th Viennese district of Vienna- Brigittenau by the then resident company United telephone and telegraph Fabrik AG Czeija & Nissl lt (. Literature United Telephonfabriken AG Czeija , Nissl & Co. ) from Vienna. The project developed under the guidance of Oskar Koton , the company's technical director. Together with Johann Kremenetzky, Czeija & Nissl was one of the above 12 applicants.

Initially, the responsible authority accused Czeija & Nissns of the unannounced project as so-called “gross nonsense”, but changed this attitude in order to observe the popularity of the population and the development of the new medium in this regard . The secondary literature does not reveal anything about legal prosecution or even judicial conviction of the company Czeija & Nissl or Oskar Kotons . To classify the situation at that time, it should be mentioned that a radio pioneer in Germany, Hans Bredow , received a similar complaint because of his test broadcasts. In his case it was called "misuse of army equipment". Here, too, there is no evidence of persecution, let alone punishment, in the literature.

In the summer, O. Koton's transmitter was brought to the 9th district of Vienna- Alsergrund on the grounds of the Vienna Educational Institution Technologisches Gewerbemuseum (TGM). It started broadcasting on July 1st after a festive inauguration under the name Radio Hekaphon - Welle 600.

One of the highlights of Radio Hekaphon's activities was the broadcast of the opening speech at Messe Wien by the Federal President in autumn . In 1924 the company was closed.

RAVAG's monopoly

The Schrack and Oskar Czeija company

Oskar Czeija, a personality who campaigns for the promotion of radio traffic and ultimately for the creation of radio in Austria, joined the Schrack company in 1921 with a request for a license for cross-border wireless telegraphy (international radio telegraphy) Appearance, however, the Marconi-AG obtained the concession.

The company Schrack and O. Czeija applied again, this time to operate a radio transmitter. In addition to the Schrack company, the Schrack group of the second application included the Kapsch company, the ÖCI bank and a lecturer by the name of Ettenreich. As already mentioned, 11 other applicants competed against them. The Schrack group around O. Czeija (from which the Radio Verkehrs AG emerged) prevailed and received the concession.

Radio Verkehrs AG and Radio Wien

RAVAG was founded immediately after the license was granted in spring 1924, as were the test broadcasts from RAVAG Radio Wien's oldest program station. But RAVAG did not have its own transmitter. So she agreed with the company Cjzeija & Nissl to use the previous Oskar Kotons transmitter from Radio Hekaphon on a rental basis.

From September 1, 1924, the was installed on or under the roof of the former imperial and royal (kuk) war or army ministry (Vienna- Innere Stadt , Stubenring 1) and from the RAVAG at the Gesellschaft für wireless Telegraphie mbH (die later Telefunken AG) purchased transmitters in uninterrupted operation. Four weeks later, on October 1, 1924, RAVAG began its official broadcasting operations from a provisionally set up studio in the same building under the name Radio Wien - Welle 530. This date is considered the official date for the start of radio in Austria. A week earlier, experimental programs from the Vienna Autumn Fair with music and lectures were broadcast.

RAVAG was founded just one day before the start of broadcasting. The community of Vienna, banks such as the Austrian Creditanstalt for Public Enterprises, the Österreichische Telefonfabriks AG and the federal government with the Ministry of Commerce acted as shareholders . The Neue Freie Presse reported in its October 1, 1924 edition of 15,000 official ("registrations for the broadcast") participants. As in other European countries at the same time, the Austrian government tried to maintain the most complete control possible over the distribution, reception and content of radio broadcasting by means of ordinances.

Initially, the first Austrian transmitter in Vienna, as well as the first intermediate transmitter, which was put into operation on March 29, 1925 , was Radio Graz (wave 404). mainly broadcast classical music . In 1925 an opera was broadcast directly from the Vienna State Opera for the first time , and in the same year live broadcasts from the Salzburg Festival began . This program was later supplemented with plays, scientific lectures and special children's programs. As early as 1924 there was an educational program of its own as part of a “radio adult education center”; an institution that has survived in the more than eighty-year history of radio in Austria to this day in the weekly Ö1 broadcast "Radiocolg". Broadcasting was initially prohibited from reporting on current political events, on current affairs in general, out of consideration for the business interests of the newspaper publishers. In addition, the young medium should be kept out of conflicts with the political parties. This broadcasting policy was then called "neutralism". The only up-to-date information content was the transmission of weather forecasts, the water level of the Danube and other Austrian waters, stock exchange prices, sports news and what was then known as the "Kriminalrundspruch" - a kind of (non-political) chronicle reporting.

The neutralism was indeed preserved in the early years, but the influence of the government who worked, especially Christian Social Party with the fierce internal political confrontation in the late 1920s constantly increasing. The fire in the Palace of Justice in 1927 was not reported, but in 1930 an electoral studio was installed for the first time for the National Council elections . The best-known early political documents in Austrian radio history, such as an election speech by Otto Bauer , also date from this period . Because of the live recordings that were technically difficult to manage at the time (background noises), most of the documents from this period were reproduced in a studio, like the example given.

Dealing with copyright

On September 28, 1927, the Austrian Supreme Court weakened the copyright of radio authors by “allowing the radio-based reproduction of written works” and thereby depriving the author of the text of the broadcast. This was in contrast to the then customary case law in the surrounding area, for example in the German Empire.

Radio as a propaganda tool

The corporate state and RAVAG

In 1935 the foundation stone for the radio house was laid.

At the beginning of the 1930s there were already half a million registered radio participants, and in the case of radio, the rise from the experimental to the mass medium was as fast as the spread of television three decades later. All political forces immediately recognized the crucial importance of radio for the exercise of power. Both the civil war of 1934 with the proclamation of martial law by Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss on the radio and the July coup of 1934 with the heavy fighting for the RAVAG studios in Vienna's Johannesgasse left no doubt. The Federal Chancellery was connected to the RAVAG studio in a direct line. The first independent newsroom was a propaganda department in the corporate state of the Dollfuss government. In 1935 the foundation stone of the radio house designed by Clemens Holzmeister was laid on Argentinierstrasse; many also saw it as part of the Austrian corporate state , a mortgage that would continue to burden the architecturally and aesthetically valuable building decades after 1945. However, the building was not occupied until 1939.

The Reichssender München broadcast propaganda programs to Austria that were even noticed by the English press. The Times made on 20 February 1935 "propaganda machine Nazi broadcasting" with the assessment to a comprehensive article about the that the "Austrian broadcasts" a particularly serious example of which are from Munich "excessive use Rundfunk for propaganda purposes." The Austrian RAVAG responded with counter-propaganda.

The dramatic days and hours surrounding the German invasion of Austria also played out on the radio. The resignation speech of Federal Chancellor Kurt Schuschniggs ("God protect Austria") is one of the most important and best-known documents in Austrian history of the 20th century and was broadcast on the evening of March 11, 1938, just a few hours before the National Socialists took over the RAVAG facilities . On the same night, a report about a Nazi rally in front of the Federal Chancellery could be heard on the same wave. Arthur Seyß-Inquart was already in office there . The next day, a report about Hitler's entry into Linz was broadcast to a cheering crowd. The official “follow-up speech” by Hitler at Heldenplatz in Vienna was also broadcast on the radio.

In the course of the “Anschluss”, RAVAG was liquidated for the first time in 1938 and transferred to the Reichssender Wien, part of the German Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft in 1938, from 1939 onwards to the Großdeutscher Rundfunk .

In the last edition of the RAVAG periodical Radio Wien (March 25, 1938) the following stations were listed under German-Austrian Broadcasting : Bisamberg (506.8 m, 592 kHz, 100 kW), Graz (338.6 m, 886 kHz, 15 kW ), Innsbruck (578 m, 519 kHz, 1 kW), Klagenfurt (231.8 m, 1294 kHz, 5 kW), Linz (338.6 m, 886 kHz, 15 kW), Salzburg (222.6 m, 1348 kHz, 2 kW), Vorarlberg (231.8 m, 1294 kHz, 5 kW), short wave transmitter OER 2, Rosenhügel (25.42 m and 49.4 m, 1.5 kW).

The Großdeutsche Rundfunk and the Reichsender Wien

From now on, most of the program was produced in Berlin - the Reichsender Wien was only the recipient and executive organ. The program consisted largely of music (87 percent), the verbal portion was provided by the news program "Zeitspiegel", plus local and cultural reporting. In 1939/40 there was a reorganization of the broadcasting system in Austria, an adjustment to the structures of the Greater German Reich. Thus the broadcasters Innsbruck and Salzburg were subordinated to the Reichsender München , the studio in Dornbirn to the Reichssender Stuttgart .

In the course of the war, the BBC's German programs , which were announced with the first bars of Beethoven's 5th symphony - which in Morse code stand for "V" for Victory - became particularly important . From 1943 the BBC also broadcast its own program for Austria. From 1939 onwards, drastic threats of punishment up to the death penalty were imposed for eavesdropping on " enemy broadcasters ". Nevertheless, the enemy channels reached a wide audience. As German and Austrian cities were increasingly bombed by Allied aircraft, the radio became an important civil defense instrument: a signal - the so-called "cuckoo call" - was used to warn of the approaching enemy bomber squadrons.

In 1945, the radio station on Argentinierstrasse was hit twice by aerial bombs. When the German troops withdrew from the districts within the belt during the Battle of Vienna , the destruction of the broadcasting facilities in Argentinierstraße could be prevented, but the SS , moving north , blew up the Bisamberg transmitter on April 13, 1945 . The last broadcast of the Reichsender Wien went on April 6, 1945 - the Red Army was already in the outskirts - over the airwaves.

The diverse radio landscape from 1945 to 1955

RAVAG and the broadcasting networks re-established

In 1945, after the end of the Battle of Vienna and the victory of the Red Army , RAVAG was re-established by Oskar Czeija in Vienna , which was then still under Soviet occupation. The provisional repairs to the transmitter systems began on April 16. Radio Wien's first broadcast after the war was the reading of the Austrian Declaration of Independence of the SPÖ , the ÖVP or CVP and the KPÖ . The radio house on Argentinierstrasse remained in the Soviet sector of Vienna even after the final division of the occupation zones in July 1945.

Soon after, the three western occupying powers founded their own broadcasting companies in Austria. The Americans in particular were well prepared for this step. They founded both a civil (“ Radio Rot-Weiß-Rot ”) and an English-speaking military broadcaster: Blue Danube Network, which was very popular with Austrian youth because of its music programming. At the end of August 1945 the British founded the Alpenland broadcasting group with the Graz and Klagenfurt broadcasters. In addition to the civilian channel established for the Austrian population, the British also operated their own soldier channel called the British Forces Network (BND). Finally, the French followed suit in September with the establishment of the “Sendergruppe West” (Innsbruck-Dornbirn). The contents of the first months of the "occupation radio" consisted largely of search reports and music.

The RAVAG programs were limited to the area of ​​eastern Austria, i.e. Vienna, Lower Austria and northern Burgenland . According to contemporary witness reports, the Soviet influence on radio was not as strong as was often claimed later. Nevertheless, Radio Wien (ie RAVAG) became increasingly unpopular, as the station was considered a "Russian station" - but the notorious "Russian Hour" was only broadcast three times a week at ten minutes each. The then young radio staff and later chief ORF Thaddaeus Podgorski recalled in a 2004 interview with Alfred Driver : "Red-White-Red was the only station that was heard. RAVAG was not competitive [...], it was like a large authority. ”All broadcasters were censored.

The transmitters of the three Western occupying powers had their priorities in their respective sectors, such as Dornbirn and Innsbruck for the French, Graz-Klagenfurt for the British and Salzburg-Linz for the Americans. Due to the approaching Cold War , the focus of American broadcasting activities in Austria shifted to Vienna as early as 1946. The originally tiny studio of Rot-Weiß-Rot in Seidengasse in Vienna-Neubau was expanded and more and more departments were relocated from the headquarters in Salzburg to Vienna.

The competitive situation between the Americans and the Soviets therefore led to a radio landscape that was extremely diverse for the time in Central Europe, in which the audience at the beginning of the 1950s could choose one of six different radio programs. With the regained sovereignty of the Alpine republic, the selection shrank to three, in the mid-1960s there were even only two different programs.

From proportional to reformed broadcasting

The period of stagnation 1955–1967

The broadcasters, which were merged in the Austrian broadcasting system in 1955 , were combined in 1958 to form Österreichischen Rundfunk Ges.mbH (ÖRF or ÖRF), similar to RAVAG in the first republic as the sole provider of radio (and television). The influence on broadcasting was divided between the SPÖ and the ÖVP according to proportional representation between 1954 and 1964. The influence on radio remained, as above all, in the hands of the People's Party, while the Social Democrats dominated television, which was initially little noticed by the Christian Socials. The Austrian Broadcasting Corporation operated three radio programs via medium wave and, beginning in 1953, via VHF . The first two programs (1st program or 2nd program, without a specific station name) were full programs and were broadcast daily between around 6 a.m. and midnight. The 3rd program was something like an "additional test program" that took over the broadcasts of the 2nd program in the morning and only broadcast its own content in the afternoon. Due to the financial thinning (no increase in broadcasting fees) due to political stalemates in the ruling grand coalition, cuts in radio programming had to be made again and again from 1956 until the third program finally had to cease operations in early 1962.

The public broadcasting initiative of Austria's newspaper publishers in 1964 paved the way for the first broadcasting law passed under the sole government of the ÖVP in 1966, which resulted in the re-establishment of the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation (ORF) in 1967 and the introduction of the "structural programs " Ö1 , Ö3 and ÖR (later: " Ö2 ") made possible.

The period of the “structural programs” from 1967 to around 1990

The content of the “structural programs” Ö1, Ö3 and ÖR (Austria Regional) remained very “word-heavy” for today's standards in the first decades of their existence. Bulky programs from the time before the reform were continued on Ö1. The federal state studios that produced most of the ÖR even had their own literature departments until the 1990s. Only then did the slow and gradual conversion to format radios begin under pressure from the emerging private radio stations, which from the late 1980s broadcast their programs to Austria from neighboring countries . In this respect, Radio Wien was a pioneer, adapting its program structure as early as the early 1990s.

A real innovation for Austria, however, was the establishment of Ö3, which from the beginning had the task of conveying “youthful content” and pop music. Radio Luxemburg and France Inter served as models , but also the so-called offshore stations popular in the 1960s, such as Wonderful Radio London . Over the first two decades of its existence in German-speaking countries, Ö3's programming was of exceptional quality and was partially adopted by German broadcasters such as the Sender Freies Berlin . Ö3 was an integral part of the spread of Austropop in the 1970s.

With the opening of the Vienna UNO-City in 1979, ORF put a fourth radio frequency into operation under the name Blue Danube Radio , which was gradually expanded into a full program. The name was reminiscent of the American soldier broadcaster Blue Danube Network, the program was mostly in English and was intended primarily for the Vienna UN employees and the diplomatic corps .

The long beginning of private radio

Due to the ban on private radio stations in Austria , the first private radio stations went on air from neighboring countries from the mid-1980s. As early as 1985, Radio Uno broadcast from the triangle of Carinthia-Italy-Slovenia and supplied large parts of Carinthia with private radio. In 1989, Antenne Austria followed , which organized four hours of Austrian programs a day in Hungary. Radio CD International started a year later and broadcast from Bratislava . So-called pirate stations emerged in Austria increasingly from the 1980s as a protest movement against the social cuts that began after the end of the Kreisky era . Their distribution was almost always local and, above all, limited in time.

In 1993 the Association of Austrian Private Broadcasters and the Association of Independent Radios Austria were founded. In July of the same year, the National Council passed the Regional Radio Law, which partially repealed the ORF monopoly. Due to this regulation, the Antenne Steiermark went on air two years later on September 22, 1995 , followed by the Salzburg Radio Melody on October 17, 1995 . In November 1993 the European Court of Human Rights convicted the Republic of Austria for violating the right to freedom of expression of the European Convention on Human Rights .

It was not until the amended Regional Radio Act, which came into force on May 1, 1997, that private radio broadcasting in Austria became a comprehensive reality. After the license was granted, 15 private broadcasters went on air on April 1, 1998.

After several redevelopments of the Regional Radio Law and license revocations by the Constitutional Court, the Private Radio Law and the KommAustria Law, created by the Austrian Communications Authority , came into force on April 1, 2001 . With the 1st amendment to the Private Radio Act of August 2001, private radio stations were actually able to broadcast nationwide for the first time: From this point on, they could combine licenses and create chains across Austria. The first and so far only approval was granted to KroneHit in December 2004 .

See also

literature

  • Theodor Venus: The emergence of broadcasting in Austria. Origin and foundation of a mass medium. Dissertation, University of Vienna, Vienna 1982.
    • -: From radio to radio - a cultural factor emerges. Broadcasting political course from the beginnings of radio to the founding of RAVAG. In: Isabella Ackerl (ed.): Spiritual life in Austria during the First Republic. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-486-53731-8 , pp. 379-415.
  • Anne-Gret Koboltschnig: Radio between the ages. The Ravag word program from 1924 to 1933. Dissertation. University of Vienna, Vienna 1993.
  • Theodor Venus: From RAVAG to the Reich broadcaster Vienna. In: Emmerich Tálos (ed.): Nazi rule in Austria. öbv & hpt, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-209-03179-7 , pp. 597-626.
  • Karin Moser: Propaganda and Counter-Propaganda. The "cold" interplay during the Allied occupation in Austria. In: Media & Time. Issue 1/2002, ISSN  0259-7446 . Working group for historical communication research, Vienna 2002, pp. 27–42.
  • Haimo Godler (Ed.): From steam radio to sound wallpaper. Contributions to 80 years of radio in Austria. Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2004, ISBN 3-205-77239-3 .
  • Reinhard Schlögl: Oskar Czeija. Radio and television pioneer, entrepreneur, adventurer. Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2005, ISBN 3-205-77235-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reinhard Schlögl: Oskar Czeija: radio and television pioneer, entrepreneur, adventurer. Böhlau, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-205-77235-0 , pp. 146–148.
  2. ^ Felix Czeike (Ed.): Wiener Geschichtsblätter / Research and contributions to the Viennese city history. Volume 36, Association for the History of the City of Vienna, Vienna 1980/2002, ISBN 3-7005-4672-6 , p. 79.
  3. ↑ Helga Maria Wolf (ed.): On ether waves personal radio story (s). Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-205-77279-2 , p. 13 ff.
  4. ↑ Wabweb.net: Severe birth - Radio in Austria 1921-1924 - for 3 years a longer history. ( German , accessed May 4, 2015).
  5. ↑ Oldradio.com: The Broadcast Archive - Austrian Broadcast History. ( English , accessed May 4, 2015).
  6. ↑ Helmut Schanze : Broadcasting, Medium and Masses. In: The idea of ​​the radio. In: Yearbook Media and History 2004. UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2004, pp. 18–19.
  7. ^ Announcements from Ravag. The new major broadcaster. In:  Radio Wien , No. 22/1925, March 15, 1925, p. 4. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / raw.
  8. ↑ Radio history of Austria on the development of broadcasting technology in Austria. 1924–2004 - 80 years of radio in Austria. (...) 1924 - Austria discovers the radio. In: wabweb.net. October 13, 2010, accessed March 11, 2013.
  9. ↑ Constituent General Assembly of Oesterreichische Radio-Verkehrs-A.-G .. In:  Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt, No. 21572/1924, October 1, 1924, p. 9, top left. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nfp.
  10. ↑ Radio history of Austria. (...) The "intermediate station" Graz. In: wabweb.net. January 9, 2011, accessed March 9, 2013.
  11. ↑ Special edition. Radio-Wien Welle 530 on the occasion of the start of the broadcast service in Graz. In:  Radio Wien , No. 24/1925, March 29, 1925, pp. 18-21. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / raw.
  12. ^ The broadcast of the Salzburg Festival by Radio Vienna. In:  Radio Wien , No. 45/1926, August 9, 1926, p. 1973. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / raw.
  13. ↑ Otto Bauer on the economic crisis
  14. ↑ Ob III 908/27, SZ IX / 172
  15. ^ Karl-Heinz Hille: The right of the general public and the individual in broadcasting. Springer, Berlin 1930, pp. 54 ff. Call number Fi1788-1930 in the Berlin State Library.
  16. ↑ See Bayerischer Rundfunk under National Socialism .
  17. ^ Last radio address by the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg. (Audio, 2:51 minutes) with a declaration of non-violence in the event of a German invasion. (No longer available online.) In: Austria “am Wort”. Austrian Media Library , March 11, 1938, archived from the original on January 24, 2017 ; Retrieved May 6, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oesterreich-am-wort.at
  18. ^ German-Austrian broadcasting. In:  Radio Wien , No. 26/1938, March 25, 1938, p. 13. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / raw.
  19. ↑ News broadcasts ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gonline.univie.ac.at
  20. ↑ GBlÖ 1940/39. In:  Law Gazette for the State of Austria , year 1940, pp. 299–314. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / glo.
  21. ↑ Radio history of Austria ( Memento of the original from May 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / members.aon.at
  22. ↑ Hans Cohrssen, the first head of broadcasting ( memento of the original from September 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
  23. ↑ Quoted from Th. Podgorski, in: The goal of the tiger is the prey. A collage from six conversations with the executive suite. broadcast on May 31, 2004 on Ö1.
  24. ↑ Censorship and Radio Austria ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gonline.univie.ac.at
  25. ^ Viktor Ergert , Hellmut Andics , Robert Kriechbaumer : 50 years of broadcasting in Austria. Volume 2: 1945-1955. Residenz-Verlag, Salzburg 1975, ISBN 3-7017-0145-8 , p. 127 f.

Remarks

  1. ↑ The studio (including the recording room) was on the second floor of a side wing of the police headquarters (Graz- Innere Stadt , Parkring 10). - See: Itemization special edition. Radio-Wien Welle 530 on the occasion of the start of the broadcast service in Graz.