Johannisberg (Jena-Lobeda)

Johannisberg
height	373 m above sea level NN
location	near Jena - Lobeda
Coordinates	50 ° 54 '5 " N , 11 ° 37' 4" E Coordinates: 50 ° 54 '5 " N , 11 ° 37' 4" E
rock	Shell limestone
particularities	bronze age and early medieval fortifications

The Johannisberg is a striking offshoot of the Wöllmisse , a shell limestone plateau east of Jena . The spur of the terrain , which slopes steeply towards the Saale valley north of the Alt-Lobeda district, bears the remains of two important fortifications from the late Bronze Age and the early Middle Ages . Several archaeological excavations and finds since the 1870s have made them one of the few investigated facilities from these periods in Thuringia . The early medieval castle is of particular interest in archaeological and historical research . Due to its location directly on the eastern bank of the Saale, its dating and interpretation were and are closely linked to considerations about the political-military eastern border of the Frankish Empire . It is controversial whether it was a matter of fortifying independent Slavic rulers or whether it was built under Frankish rule. A recent study suggests that it was built under Frankish influence in the second half of the 9th century in connection with the establishment of the limes sorabicus .

Topographical and geomorphological situation

View of the Kernberge , Pennickental, Johannisberg and Rodatal

The Johannisberg is located north of Jena-Lobeda on the eastern bank of the Saale. Together with Kernberg to the north and Jena’s local mountain , it forms the south-eastern front of the central Saale valley near Jena. Its steep slopes are formed by the more than 100 m thick lower shell limestone , also known in popular science as wave limestone, from which several solid limestone banks emerge (see also the geology of the Middle Saale valley ).

View of the steep drop of the shell limestone

The shell limestone plateau of the Wöllmisse protrudes far to the west with a boot-shaped spur. The Johannisberg with a height of 360–373 m above sea level is bounded in the north by the narrow Pennickental and in the south by the wide valley of the Roda . In the west it breaks off steeply, in the upper part almost perpendicular to the Saale valley. The difference in altitude is 215–220 m. A distinction can be made between an approximately trapezoidal plateau with a maximum length of 180 m and a maximum width of 70 m and the steeply sloping, ridge-shaped tip directed to the northwest with a length of approx. 200 m. To the east, with an average width of 120 m, the mountain merges into the Wöllmisse plateau without any natural obstacles. There are two powerful springs in a small, deep water crack on the southern edge of the mountain, about 250 m south and 100 m below the plateau. The Pennickenbach flows north of the Johannisberg in the valley about 140 m below .

Description of the wall remains

The two main walls

Plan of the Johannisberg based on a survey by Curt Stuhlmann in 1957

Sketch of the ramparts by A. Goldschmidt 1884

Due to the steep drop to the south, west and north, the Johannisberg plateau is naturally protected. It was therefore an obvious choice in prehistory and the early Middle Ages for the establishment of a fortified hilltop settlement. At the narrowest point of the spur, the access was cordoned off with constructions made of wood, stones and earth. Due to their decay they only appear as ramparts today. Two ramparts are clearly preserved in the area, which differ in size and shape. The western wall is about 48 m long, 1.60 m high and curved a little inward. It runs at the narrowest point of the plateau from its northern to the southern edge. At a distance of 28 m to the east is a second, about 80 m long, straight wall of 1.30 m high.

Remnants of the edge attachment

On the southern edge of the plateau, an approximately 35 m long, much lower wall has been preserved from the southern end of the western wall to the edge in the west. A sketch from 1884 and a drawing from 1912 also show a wall at the transition from the trapezoidal plateau to the spur tip, where today only a clear edge of the terrain can be seen. According to the older plan, the plateau is said to have been surrounded by walls on all sides. The low wall is probably the remainder of an edge fortification that was preserved on the somewhat less steep steep slope to the south.

Suspected ledges

It is unclear whether there are two more ramparts in the adjoining apron to the east. These are described in the older local literature of the 1920s and 1930s and are also recorded on the two drawings. While they are not mentioned in various publications by the excavator Gotthard Neumann in 1959 and 1960, Reinhard Spehr spoke in 1994 of a “ straightforward guidance of the two previously overlooked ramparts ”. The entire area has been heavily redesigned through extensive reforestation since the 1950s. Further interventions were probably carried out through entrenchment work in connection with the nearby drill and maneuver area of the Jena garrison , which was used until the First World War . Without archaeological investigations, it cannot be decided whether the relatively flat and rather irregular undulations and cuts to the east of the two walls mentioned are natural, geological phenomena or actually artificially created or at least expanded fortifications. In the latter case, the system would be considerably enlarged again.

Archaeological investigations on the Johannisberg

Sketch of the ramparts and excavation sites by Walther Cartellieri 1912

Excavations and finds in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century

The clearly pronounced ramparts attracted interest at an early stage. The founder of prehistory research in Jena, Friedrich Klopfleisch , carried out the first excavations and salvage of reading finds in the 1870s and 80s. To these excavations, which mostly lasted only one day and mostly with students as part of Saturday's “Archäolog. Excursions into the area around Jena's “took place, there are some notes and sketches in Klopfleisch's diaries. Finds were recovered in several places and at least one cut was made through a wall. However, the exact location of the excavation sites is not known. Further salvage of reading finds and unsystematic excavations were carried out in the first half of the 20th century by archaeological laypeople. Walther Cartellieri, a son of the Jena professor for history Alexander Cartellieri , carried out investigations west of the western wall around 1912, as shown by a sketch of the Johannisberg he made with an entry of the site. In the 1930s, employees of the Germanic Museum at the University of Jena , including above all Gotthard Neumann, were able to salvage further findings and thus expand the museum's holdings.

Excavations under Gotthard Neumann in 1957 and 1959

The excavations carried out by Gotthard Neumann in 1957 and 1959 brought about a significant advance in knowledge. Within three weeks in 1957, a 76 m long and about 1 m wide section I was created through both walls. Neumann recognized the eastern wall, more than 80 m long, with the remains of two stone curtain walls, as early medieval, the western wall dates from the late Bronze Age. After the excavations were finished, the brothers A. and G. Daniel unsystematically unearthed some other finds in the cut between the two walls. In the four-week excavation campaign in 1959, several small areas and cuts were uncovered at the foot of the wall and at the presumed access in the north. The examined areas reached a total size of approx. 270 m², of which 167 m² were only 1 m wide. Apart from the fortification, hardly any unambiguous findings and no stratigraphy whatsoever could be seen in the excavation areas . This is due on the one hand to the low thickness of the humus cover , and on the other hand certainly also to the excavation method of the narrow cuts, in which large-scale structures are usually very difficult to see.

The excavation in 1980 by the Museum of Prehistory and Early History

In August 1980, the Museum of Prehistory and Early History in Weimar carried out a one-week dig under the direction of Sigrid Dušek . In the process, the area at the gate that Neumann had already examined was uncovered and expanded, and a further 4.90 × 2.10 meter area on the inner wall of the outer wall was examined. The results remained unpublished and were only mentioned in summary form in a few references.

Further investigations and recoveries

Geophysical investigations and measurements in summer 2003

In 1983 and 2002, further finds were brought to the Weimar Museum, which could be picked up while the inner area was being plowed for subsequent reforestation or recovered when the inner curtain wall was renovated. In spring and summer 2003, Tim Schüler from the Thuringian State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology undertook geophysical measurements . An area several square meters in size at the southern end of the plateau between the two walls was examined with the help of geomagnetics , whereby the lack of extensive findings could be confirmed. In addition, a geoelectric profile , also called a pseudo- profile , was created through the early medieval wall in the area of today's path and two further pseudo-profiles through the remains of the edge wall in the southwest corner of the plateau.

In October 2003, the Department of Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Jena was able to carry out a five-day follow-up examination of the section created in 1959 through the early medieval wall, in which the southern profile was set back about half a meter and recorded again. Neumann's observations were mostly confirmed, but modified in some details.

The late Bronze Age settlement phase

Research history

Friedrich Klopfleisch was the first to recognize in the course of his excavations that the Johannisberg had already been settled in prehistory and early history. He introduced the site to archaeological research in 1869. He dated the remains of the “ local pottery ”, which in his opinion were made according to the “ Roman models ”, to the “ 2nd – 4th centuries”. Century AD "In 1880, finds from Johannisberg were represented at the first major" Exhibition of Germany's prehistoric and anthropological finds "in Berlin, which was initiated by Rudolf Virchow .

The Johannisberg achieved growing fame in archaeological research at the latest in 1909 when it was included in the compilation of "Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities of Thuringia" by Alfred Götze , Paul Höfer and Paul Zschiesche. From the Johannisberg " fortified with stone walls ", a flint ax from the Neolithic , Bronze Age finds such as " many animal bones, rubstones, coal and shards " and " some ornamented shards " are named as " Slavic finds ". In the inventory of finds from the Johannisberg and other ramparts around Jena such as the Jenzig and the old Gleisberg near Bürgel, Götze recognized “ a downright amazing correspondence with that of the older Lausitz ramparts ”.

The prehistoric settlement on the Johannisberg was only devoted to Gotthard Neumann after the excavations in the late 1950s. In 1972, Klaus Simon presented a large part of the finds and a description of the prehistoric fortifications in the course of his processing of the Hallstatt period finds in East Thuringia.

Finds and Findings

Plan of the excavation areas in 1957 and 1959

A few late Neolithic finds only testify to a short-term use of the mountain spur during this time. In the late Bronze Age and early Hallstatt Period (HaB2 to HaC1), the spur was first sealed off from the plateau with a section wall. The fortification, the remainder of which was preserved in the western wall, consisted of an embankment of brook limestone reinforced with wood, which was obtained on the uppermost valley step of the Pennickental, approx. 80 m below the plateau. Simon calculated that the builders had to fill the wall with around 150 m³ to the plateau. In front of this wood-earth-stone construction was a stone wall made of foam lime blocks or slabs in dry construction, which probably came mainly from a shallow material removal ditch directly in front of the wall. The rear front was probably not designed as a ramp, as Neumann assumed, but apparently consisted of a wooden (plank) wall that later tilted inward.

According to Simon, the mountain was temporarily abandoned during the Middle Hallstatt Period (HaC2), similar to the Hasenburg near Haynrode and the Jenzig near Jena. One of the reasons for this he assumed was climatic changes in the Thuringian region, which temporarily made the Johannisberg unattractive as a settlement area. At the latest with the beginning of the late Hallstatt period (HaD1), the Johannisberg was visited again. The older fortification seems to have been used again, at least during the excavations there were no signs of a costly renewal of the old fortification or the construction of a new one. Simon set the end of the settlement in the Latène A period , whereby it must be pointed out that when the ceramic material was examined again, no ceramics clearly belonging to the Latène period could be found. Like the Dohlenstein near Kahla , the Felsenberg near Öpitz or the vineyard near Oberpreillipp , the Johannisberg near Jena-Lobeda gradually lost its function in the late Hallstatt period and was given up as a settlement. Only from the old Gleisberg near Bürgel are several finds from the Latène period, including some primers.

The early medieval castle

A Slavic or Franconian system? Basic question of previous research

View of the outer wall with the remains of the early medieval fortifications

In 1909 Alfred Götze evaluated the fragments of Slavic ceramics that had already been recovered from Klopfleisch as individual finds and saw the remains of the fortifications on the Johannisberg not as early medieval, but generally as prehistoric, in a special case as Bronze Age: “ Some of our castle walls are Bronze Age, especially those which are called fire or cinder walls because they have a strong influence from fire ”. In connection with the Slavic settlement, however, he said: “It is doubtful whether purely Slavic ramparts, ie those that were built by them as so often in East Germany, occur in Thuringia; in any case, they have sometimes taken older castle walls into use ”. Götze's view remained decisive in the first half of the 20th century. It was followed by specialist representatives such as Klopfleisch's successor Gustav Eichhorn , Kurt Schumacher, Walter Schultz and almost literally Alfred Auerbach as well as local researchers from the central Saale valley. The dating of the site to the Bronze Age is certainly the main reason why the castle on the Johannisberg was used in the most bitter debates at the end of the 19th and first half of the 20th century about the relationship between Franks / Germans and Slavs played no role at the Saale. According to the generally accepted view at the time, “strong castles” of the early Middle Ages were only built on the left bank of the Saale and only “ when the reconquest of the right bank of the Saale began in the 10th century, the right bank was also reinforced with castles ”.

Gotthard Neumann , who shortly before had carried out one of the first modern investigations into an early medieval castle complex in Central Germany on the Slavic castle wall "Alte Schanze" in Köllmichen, today part of Mutzschen , recognized the Johannisberg as an early medieval ("Slavonic") complex in 1931, but left initially do not go into this dating. It is not least due to the circumstances of the time that Neumann's address of the Johannisberg as a Slavic castle wall could not initially prevail, not even among archaeologists and historians with whom he was in close contact, such as Werner Radig or Herbert Koch . It was only with the excavations in 1957 and 1959 that it was possible to provide clear evidence that a fortification had been rebuilt at a slightly different location in the early Middle Ages on the area that was already used and fortified in the Bronze Age.

Since then, research has almost always focused on the question of whether the early medieval castle on the Johannisberg was a fortification of politically independent Slavic rulers or whether it was built under Frankish rule . The excavator Neumann saw the Johannisberg solely on the basis of historical considerations as a Sorbian fortification to protect the Saale border and said that this could have existed between 751 and 937. For Joachim Herrmann it was 1967 " with the location directly on the Saale [...] not immediately certain who this castle served, whether the Sorbian residents or the Carolingian Empire ". According to him, the fortification wall was built “ in the 9th century at the latest ”. In the same context, he counted the Johannisberg among " the facilities in the Sorbian area that were undoubtedly under Franconian or ancient influence ". In 1970 the Johannisberg was mentioned as an old Slavic people's or refugee castle in the manual “ The Slavs in Germany ”. According to the Marxist view of history, " the oldest castles [...] were built by peasant producers for their protection ". Following her research in 1983, Sigrid Dušek wrote: “ The ethnic allocation of this castle is still controversial. Ceramics and fortification technology […] point to a Slavic foundation […], on the other hand the possibility of a Carolingian fortification is being considered ”. In 1985 she described the complex as " the most western and probably the only Slavic castle wall investigated in the Thuringian Saale region ". Also in 1992 and most recently in 1999 Dušek assigned the Johannisberg to the Slavs. In 2006 Tim Schüler said: “ The finds speak for a Slavic system that was built in 9/10. Century served here to secure the middle Saale valley . "

In contrast, Paul Grimm and Hansjürgen Brachmann saw this as a Franconian foundation. Reinhard Spehr spoke most clearly in 1994 and 1997 in favor of the assumption of a late Franconian foundation with far-reaching conclusions. In his opinion, “ the Franks built a castle with stone wall facades to secure the imperial border in the 8th century ”. In 1995 Matthias Rupp again turned against the “ view that Spehr presented again and quite apodictically ”. Although he spoke of a " fortification system on the Johannisberg that has not yet allowed a clear ethnic classification ", he cited arguments with the parallels in Slavic castle building, Slavic ceramics and the strategic orientation of the fortifications on the high plateau of the eastern bank of the Saale should speak against a Carolingian border castle. In 2002 Peter Sachsenbacher counted the Johannisberg as one of the " castles whose ethnicity at the time of their construction can be described as purely Slavic ". Four years later he stated: " Today it is correctly assumed that the predominantly Slavic ceramics does not automatically suggest a Slavic castle and that it is more likely that the complex was built under Carolingian rule ".

However, all these interpretations are based more on general considerations on the political situation in the early and early high Middle Ages in the Elbe-Saale area than on the archaeological finds and findings, as their informative value in this regard is rather poor.

The found material and its informative value

Early medieval ceramics of Slavic manufacturing tradition

The early medieval finds from the Johannisberg are primarily Slavic ceramics from the Leipzig district , including five complete and 19 in the upper part preserved or reconstructable vessels, and only a few pieces of metal, stone or bone. There are several knives with tangles and straight or slightly curved backs that appear particularly in the surrounding burial grounds of the 8th and 11th centuries, but also in numerous castles of this and more recent period. This also applies to a knife tip, an iron arrowhead with a flat, pointed-oval blade, an undecorated knife sheath fitting and two curved metal strips, which can be viewed as band-shaped finger rings. The majority of the finds are unstratified.

Most of the finds can be dated to the 9th and 10th centuries. Whether and how far some ceramic finds reach back into the 8th century must remain open at the current state of research. A high medieval ribbon-shaped handle, like a few other late medieval and modern ceramic finds, only indicates a sporadic use of the area in recent times.

When it comes to the question of the political affiliation of the castle complex, the ceramic finds do not allow any concrete statements. The dominance of Slavic ceramics says nothing about the political affiliation of the lords of the castle. For example, during the excavations on the castle hill in Meißen , founded by King Henry I after 929, almost exclusively Slavic ceramics were found in the finds. It merely reflects the conditions in the Slavic area, from which the castle was supplied with food, including transport vessels and utensils.

Construction and dating of the fortification

View of the partially reconstructed inner wall of the early medieval fortification

The early medieval fortification on the Johannisberg consisted of a mighty wood-earth construction that blocked off the entire width of the mountain spur, with dry stone walls placed in front of it, an upstream ditch , a circumferential edge fortification, probably of the same construction, and possibly two additional ramparts. The new main fortification was built about 30 m east of the older wall, where the spur is much wider. Whether and to what extent the Bronze Age fortifications were used and expanded again in the early Middle Ages cannot be said.

For a long time, a method of fortification with stone curtain walls was considered a genuine Slavic peculiarity. However, recent research shows that the idea of an ethnic attribution of castle building technology is not tenable. Overall, there is a clear concentration of this construction technology on the eastern edge of the Franconian Empire. Presumably, the method of fortification was taken over by the Western Slavs from the Franks, with whom the Roman-late antique building tradition had been preserved.

It is also noticeable that, according to current research, many comparable plants in Central Germany are younger than assumed for a long time. As the (later) Burgward center in Dresden-Briesnitz , the Castle Wall "When the pointed houses" and the Castle Hill in Zehren or the castle on the country's crown in Görlitz. Most of them did not emerge until the middle or the second half of the 10th century and thus certainly under East Frankish-German rule. A direct connection with the establishment of the Ottonian Burgward system is obvious. The somewhat older systems in the other Slavic areas, especially in Moravia , are also traced back to the influence of the East Franconian-Carolingian Empire and mutual contacts between Franks and Slavs in the more recent versions.

Results of archaeological and historical research

Section I through the outer wall with the remains of the early medieval fortifications during the excavation in October 2003

The castle complex on the Johannisberg can only be roughly dated to the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement beginning as early as the late 8th century is possible. Since no alterations or renewals could be detected during the fortification, a service life of around 30 to 50 years can be assumed. The bulk of the ceramic finds and the heyday of the fortification type fall in the second half of the 9th and first half of the 10th century, so that the fortification probably only existed at this time. The informative value of the few findings is limited.

The quality and extent of the settlement within the fortification remain unclear. The elaborate wood-earth construction with front and rear facing walls is more evidence of long-term use than of a refuge that was made defensible for a short time. The traces of the development immediately behind the main wall and the edge fortifications as well as the central location of the Johannisberg are indications of permanent settlement. The comparatively small number of finds, the lack of extensive findings and, in particular, the lack of nearby water points speak against a permanent settlement with a larger scope and a larger number of crew. The existence of so-called people's castles and refuges in the sense of facilities built by a community for their protection and only used when necessary has been questioned more and more in recent years. The Johannisberg is one of the Carolingian castles that occur in the entire West Slavic settlement area and show numerous similarities in terms of size, floor plan, wall construction and interior development. Their beginnings lie in the 8th century, depending on the further historical development they will be abandoned in the 9th century or run until the 10th and 11th. Century on. Due to the analogies in the Franconian sphere of influence, but also the few written sources for the West Slavic area, it becomes clear that developed rulers were behind the construction of these fortifications. Of course, this does not rule out that such castles were permanently inhabited by a larger number of people or at least in case of danger - in view of constant clashes among the elites certainly not exactly rare - were suitable for accommodating larger crowds. In general, it can be stated that early and high medieval castles were mostly not on the borders, but in the middle of the populated country. They fulfilled central local functions within settlement chambers, i. H. they served here to control and protect the surrounding settlements and probably also to demonstrate and represent rule. The task of border surveillance and security, as Neumann suspected, is atypical. A decision about the political affiliation of the castle is not possible based on the finds and findings from Johannisberg alone.

Therefore the question must be asked whether the politico-military border between the Frankish Empire and the Slavs, the so-called limes sorabicus , ran along the middle and lower Saale at all. According to the archaeological, historical and onomastic evidence, it can be assumed that the middle Saale valley with the side valleys of the Orla , Roda and Gleise formed a uniform settlement and economic area in the early Middle Ages, the backbone of which was the river itself. This assumption, of course, directly affects the question of the interpretation of the castle on the Johannisberg. A sharp border along the central Saale with a Slavic castle garrison largely independent of the Frankish Empire is difficult to imagine. The fortification on the Johannisberg is likely to have been built in the second half of the 9th century in connection with the establishment of the limes sorabicus under Frankish influence. However, this says nothing about the ethnicity of its inhabitants and certainly not of their builders. These were undoubtedly recruited from the Slavic surrounding area, as has been handed down for the construction of the Franconian castellum near Halle in 806. The castle crew was also supplied with food and household goods from the surrounding settlements, which explains the almost exclusive occurrence of Slavic pottery.

Todays use

View from Burgau to the Johannisberg

Until the time after the Second World War, the Johannisberg plateau was used as pasture for sheep. After the pasture was abandoned, the area became bushy. In the 1980s it was afforested as planned and, with the exception of small areas in the west, is a dense mixed forest.

Muschelkalkbänke of the Johannisberg from the central horizontal

Like the other mountains around Jena, Johannisberg is a popular hiking destination. Several well-developed paths lead from the north-west and south up the mountain and to the east on the Wöllmisse plateau. The 11.4 km long route "Johannisberg-Horizontale" is part of the approximately 100 km long circular hiking trail "Horizontale" around Jena. A local history educational trail redesigned in 1999 provides information about natural features, the geology and the flora and fauna of the eastern slope of the central Saale valley. From the edge of the mountain in the west there is a broad view over the city and the middle Saale valley.

A section of the Kernberglauf leads from the Fürstenbrunnen over the Johannisberg to Lobdeburg . Cycling and mountain biking are officially prohibited, but the routes are still very attractive to cyclists.

literature

On geology, flora and fauna:

Lothar Lepper and Wolfgang Heinrich: Jena - landscape, nature, history. Local history educational trail (nature walks around Jena, vol. 1). Ahorn-Verlag Jena. 1st edition 1999. ISBN 3-934146-01-5 . EchinoMedia publisher. 2., revised. Edition. Bürgel in preparation. ISBN 3-937107-00-2 .

To the prehistoric and early historical fortifications:
- Roman Grabolle: "... ac salam fluvium, qui Thuringos et Sorabos dividit ...". The area of the middle Saale as a politico-military border zone in the early Middle Ages. In: Working Group for Cultural Landscape Research in Central Europe ARKUM eV (Ed.): Settlement Research : Archeology, History, Geography 25, 2007, ISSN 0175-0046 .

Web links

Commons : Johannisberg - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Jena local history educational trail

Individual evidence

↑ Cycling and hiking map of the Middle Saale Valley ISBN 978-389591-098-2
↑ Grabolle 2007a; ders. 2007b; the same. 2008.
↑ ^a ^b Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, 11.
↑ Both drawings in the Jena-Lobeda local file , Johannisberg, in the area for prehistory and early history of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena
↑ “ We soon notice that the path leads through a depression of a transverse earth wall. Two walls with the same depression run to this at the same distance. Even the untrained eye will notice these uniform, semicircular earth walls, which form a closure to the plateau ”; John Grieshammer: Prehistoric ramparts on Jena's heights . In: The plowman. Monthly magazine for home 3, 1926, pp. 20-25. - " The remains of two walls lie further forward, if one may address them as such "; Karl Kolesch: Prehistoric ramparts near Jena . In: Old and new from home. Supplement to the Jenaer Volksblatt 1909–1920. Reprint of the 1st and 2nd episode, Jena 1939, p. 11.
↑ Spehr, Christianisierung 1994, p. 52 note 34. See also the other, Kirchberg 1997, p. 37 note 2
↑ Cf. Matthias Rupp: The four medieval fortifications on the Hausberg near Jena . Municipal museums, Jena 1995, ISBN 3-930128-22-5 , p. 114 f. Note 145, who, with reference to the information provided by Spehr, remarks that the ramparts still lack reliable archaeological evidence.
↑ For details on the excavations mentioned, see Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, pp. 11–15.
^ NN, Thirtieth General Assembly. Naumburg on October 2nd and 3rd. In: Journal for the entire natural sciences 34, 1869, pp. 345–361, here p. 352.
↑ Alfred Götze, Paul Höfer and Paul Zschiesche (eds.): The prehistoric and early historical antiquities of Thuringia . Würzburg 1909, p. 317 f. under Oberwöllnitz.
↑ Alfred Götze: Overview of the prehistory and early history of Thuringia . In: Götze, Höfer u. Zschiesche, Altertümer 1909, pp. IX – XLI, here p. XXX.
↑ Simon, Höhensiedlungen 1984, p. 49
↑ Götze 1909, XXVIII.
↑ Götze 1909, XLI.
^ Ernst Kaiser: Regional studies of Thuringia . Erfurt 1933. p. 107; see. also ibid. p. 245 f.
^ Gotthard Neumann: Activity report of the Germanic Museum of the University of Jena (Institute for Prehistory) on the period from l. XI. 1930 until the 31st III. 1932 . In: Nachrichtenblatt für deutsche Vorzeit 8, 1932, pp. 208–212, here p. 210
↑ Neumann 1959; 1960a; 1960b.
↑ Joachim Herrmann: Similarities and differences in the castle building of the Slavic tribes west of the Oder . In: Zeitschrift für Archäologie 1, 1967, ISSN 0044-233X , pp. 206-258, here pp. 207, 232, 236.
↑ Joachim Herrmann (Ed.): The Slavs in Germany. History and culture of the Slavic tribes west of Oder and Neisse from the 6th to 12th centuries. A manual . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1970, p. 151 ( publications of the Central Institute for Ancient History and Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR , Vol. 14).
↑ Dušek 1983, p. 43.
↑ Dušek 1985, p. 554.
^ Sigrid Dušek: The Slavs in Thuringia . In: Hessen and Thuringia. From the beginning to the Reformation. An exhibition by the state of Hesse . Historical commission for Hessen a. a., Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-89258-018-9 , p. 79 f .; this: Slavs and Germans. "Under one hat" . In this. (Ed.): Prehistory and early history of Thuringia. Results of archaeological research in text and images . Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1504-9 , pp. 181-195, here p. 186.
↑ ders .: Archaeological monuments from Jena and the surrounding area as well as the Saale-Holzland-Kreis, West. In: Ostritz, Jena und Umgebung 2006, pp. 9–112, here p. 64.
↑ Hansjürgen Brachmann: The Wallburg "The Kessel" from Kretzschau-Groitzschen, Kr. Zeitz - suburb of a Sorbian castle district of the 9th century . In: Karl-Heinz Otto and Joachim Herrmann (eds.): Settlement, castle and city. Studies at the beginning. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1969, pp. 343–360, here p. 347, note 6 (German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, writings of the Section for Prehistory, Vol. 25); ders., Slavic tribes on the Elbe and Saale. About their history and culture in the 6th to 10th centuries - based on archaeological sources . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 238, note 100 (Writings on Prehistory and Early History, Vol. 32)
^ Reinhard Spehr: Christianization and earliest church organization in the Mark Meissen . In: Judith Oexle (ed.): Early churches in Saxony. Results of archaeological and architectural studies. Theiss-Verlag, Stuttgart 1994. ISBN 3-8062-1094-2 , pp. 8–63, here p. 15 Fig. 8 (Publications of the State Office for Archeology with State Museum for Prehistory, Vol. 23); see. also p. 52 note 34 and Spehr 1997.
^ Matthias Rupp: The four medieval fortifications on the Hausberg near Jena . Municipal museums, Jena 1995, ISBN 3-930128-22-5 , p. 114 f. Note 145.
↑ Peter Sachsenbacher: Newer archaeological research on problems of the medieval conquest and land development in Thuringia east of the Saale . In: Rainer Aurig, Reinhardt Butz, Ingolf Gräßler u. André Thieme (ed.): In the service of historical regional studies. Contributions to archeology, medieval research, onomatology and museum work mainly from Saxony . Sax-Verlag, Beucha 2002, ISBN 3-934544-30-4 (Festschrift for Gerhard Billig ), pp. 25–34, here p. 32.
^ Peter Sachsenbacher: On the role of the castles in the process of the medieval country development in the Germania Slavica in Thuringia . In: Castles in Thuringia. History, archeology and castle research . Schnell & Steiner, Rudolstadt / Saale and Regensburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-7954-2008-6 (Yearbook of the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation. Research and reports on palaces, gardens, castles and monasteries in Thuringia, Vol. 10, ISSN 1614- 3809 ), pp. 13-21, here p. 13 f.
↑ See Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, pp. 19–36.
↑ Joachim Herrmann: Similarities and differences in the castle building of the Slavic tribes west of the Oder . In: Zeitschrift für Archäologie 1, 1967, ISSN 0044-233X , pp. 206-258.
↑ Sebastian Brather : 'Germanic', 'Slavic' and 'German' material culture of the Middle Ages - problems of ethnic interpretation. In: Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift 37, 1996, pp. 177–216, on this pp. 186–193; ders .: Feldberg ceramics and early Slavs. Studies of north-west Slavic ceramics from the Carolingian era (University research on prehistoric archeology, Vol. 34. Writings on the archeology of Germanic and Slavic early history, Vol. 1). Habelt, Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-7749-2768-5 , 187-196; ders .: Archeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe . (Supplementary volumes to the real dictionary of Germanic antiquity, Vol. 30). de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-017061-2 , pp. 132-140.
↑ Hansjürgen Brachmann: On the origin and distribution of drywall and mortar masonry in early medieval fortifications in Central Europe . In: Gerd Labuda and Stanisław Tabaczyński (eds.): Studia nad etnogenezą Słowian i kulturą Europy wczesnośredniowiecznej . Festschrift for Witold Hensel. Vol. 1. Zakład Narod. Im. Ossoliń., Wrocław 1987, pp. 199-215; Joachim Henning: Ring wall castles and cavalry warriors. On the change in military strategy in the East Saxon-Slavic region at the turn of the 9th to the 10th century . In: Guy de Boe and Frans Verhaeghe (eds.): Military Studies in Medieval Europe (Papers of the "Medieval Europe Brugge 1997" Conference. Instituut voor het Archeologische Patrimonium rapporten Vol. 11.) IAP, Zellik 1997, ISBN 90-75230 -12-5 ; Pp. 21–31, on this v. a. 24 f. Fig. 12; Rudolf Procházka: On the construction of the defensive walls of the Slavic castle walls in Moravia in the 8th to 12th / 13th centuries. Century . In: Joachim Henning and Alexander T. Ruttkay (eds.): Early medieval castle building in Central and Eastern Europe . Nitra conference from October 7 to 10, 1996. Habelt, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-7749-2796-0 ; Pp. 363-370; Arne Schmid-Hecklau : Archaeological studies on the contacts between the brand area and Bohemia in the 10th and 11th centuries . In: Work and research reports on Saxon soil monument preservation 45, 2003, ISSN 0402-7817 , pp. 231–261, on this p. 239–244.
↑ Brachmann 1987; ders .: On the construction of castles in the Salian period between the Harz and Elbe . In: Horst Wolfgang Böhme (Hrsg.): Castles of the Salierzeit. T. 1. In the northern landscapes of the empire. (Publication for the exhibition “The Salians and their Empire”. RGZM Monographs, Vol. 25.). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1992, ISBN 3-7995-4134-9 , pp. 97–148, on this 122 note 72.
↑ Cf. on this in summary Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, pp. 37–41 with the respective individual references.
↑ Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, p. 43f.
↑ Grabolle, Johannisberg 2008, pp. 53–64.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on November 21, 2008 in this version .