Kietz (settlement)

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Kietz , sometimes also Kiez , describes a type of settlement in northeast Germany in the Germania Slavica . The Kietze are service settlements that emerged in the Middle Ages . They were mostly located near a castle, often near rivers or lakes. Many Kietze had Slavic inhabitants in the first decades of their existence . The residents were obliged to provide services to the lords of the castle.

For centuries, some Kietze retained their independence from the neighboring towns. Some of them can still be seen in the townscape today. The word 'Kietz' is not just an appellative , it is part of many place and street names.

In a figurative sense, the term Kietz found its way into colloquial language as a derogatory expression for remote settlement areas. This gave rise to the modern term Kiez for residential areas, especially in Berlin .

geography

Street sign in the Gröbener Kietz

Distribution area

Kietze is in a part of the former Slavic settlement area in Germany. This includes above all the Margraviate of Brandenburg including the areas to the right of the Oder that have belonged to Poland since 1945 and larger parts of Mecklenburg and Pomerania , but not the coastal region. Kietze also existed in what is now the Polish region around Posen .

In the first systematic study to research the Kietz settlements (1936), Herbert Ludat examined around 200 sites with the name Kietz as a place or field name. However, not all of the locations in question actually turned out to be medieval settlements. Ludat identified 74 Kietze as medieval. He classified the rest of the settlements as relatively unimportant settlements for which there is insufficient source material, or as later foundations mostly from the period after 1800 with a name based on the historical neighborhood.

In the 1960s, Bruno Krüger examined the Kietze mentioned by Ludat and a few more. He named the Kietze von Bömenzien , Seehausen and Kalbe (Milde) in the Altmark as the western border of the distribution area , and the eastern border Neustettin (today: Szczecinek ), Dramburg (today: Drawsko ) and Deutsch Krone (today Wałcz ). In the north, Kietze have been found in Bützow , Brüel and Gadebusch, among others . In Krüger's work, a line from Cottbus via Bad Schmiedeberg to Sandersleben emerged as the southern border .

The distribution area of ​​the Kietze with proven medieval origins is, however, significantly smaller towards the west and south than that mentioned by Krüger. Such neighborhoods have only been found east of the Elbe and north of the Fläming . There are particularly many historical Kietz settlements on the lower reaches of the Havel and on its tributary Nuthe as well as on the Oder north of Frankfurt and on the rivers Warthe and Netze .

Settlement structure

The mediaeval neighborhoods are mostly located near urban settlements; only about 20 percent near villages. However, it is not the proximity to a city but to a castle that is decisive. The majority of the Kietze originated directly on rivers or lakes, but in a safe location from floods. However, a reference to water has not been proven in all medieval kietzen, the Kietze in Buckow or Deutsch Krone are examples . The Kietze mostly have a linear structure in the form of a street village , sometimes also as a street village . Some Kietze, like the one in Beeskow, have an irregular structure. A special feature is the Kietz in Zossen , a triangular square village . The round shape mentioned in earlier research as a typical feature of Slavic villages does not occur among the Kietz settlements.

A common feature of almost all Kietze is the lack of their own church.

Name origin

There are various assumptions about the origin of the word Kietz . A view that was common as early as the 19th century was the derivation of the word from a Slavic root chysa or hyža (hut) in the sense of 'fisherman's hut'. While a number of later publications share this interpretation, Gerhard Schlimpert assumes a more German origin of the word. He points out that the Kietze only emerged with the German settlement of the region and that some places later called Kietz would have had other - Slavic - names beforehand. Schlimpert suspects the name originates from the German words Kober (carrying basket), Kote (hut) or kitzen (Middle Low German: 'small apartment'). A derivation of ketze (small extension to a room) is also being considered.

history

Origin of the Kietze

There are no documents that give direct information about the founding of the Kietze. The oldest known testimonies come from the 14th century and refer to already existing Kietze. In many cases the oldest documents mention Slavic (Wendish) inhabitants of the Kietze. This led to the presumption of a Slavic kietz origin in the 19th century. As early as the 19th century there was also the hypothesis that Kietze was only a government measure of the Ascanian rule . According to this, Slavs should be made settled in certain places during the German settlement in the east. This was contradicted on the grounds that the Askanian Kietze had also developed outside the sphere of influence.

Ludat assumed a Slavic origin of the Kietze in 1936 and justified this assumption with the then common assumption of a Slavic origin of the word Kietz . However, he pointed out that only archaeological investigations could ultimately clarify this question. Around 1960 Bruno Krüger carried out corresponding excavations in a number of Kietzorten.

As a result it turned out that only in a small part of the Kietze a settlement could be proven before the German colonization. For him, the fact that in places with both Slavic and German castle complexes the Kietze were always close to the German castle speaks for a time of origin only with the German colonization. In some neighborhoods only a German, but not a Slavic fortification is named. Later publications also assume that the Kietze originated in German times.

For many Kietze, the dependence on the respective castle or sovereign rulers and a special legal position compared to the surrounding settlement is proven. The Kietze are considered to be official settlements, the residents of which are obliged to provide various services to the castles. In view of the location of the Kietze close to the water and the mostly lack of designated land ownership, it is assumed that it was primarily a matter of supplying the castles with fish. However, Kietze are not generally to be equated with fishing villages. The proximity of most of the Kietze to water could also be explained solely by the location of the neighboring castles near the water. From several Kietz, however, direct agreements are documented in which the tasks of the Kietz residents to supply the rulers with fish were regulated.

The evidence of a specifically Slavic population of the Kietze becomes rarer with the increasing assimilation and mixing of the population groups, to essentially cease in the middle of the 15th century.

Later development

A number of kietzen went up in the surrounding places or became deserted in the following centuries. These included the Kietz in Schorin (today: Marquardt ), which last appeared in the sources at the end of the 14th century.

The social status of the remaining Kietze changed little over the centuries. For a long time they remained separated from the neighboring towns. The Kietz residents usually had no arable land and were obliged to provide services to the respective rulers, sometimes to a considerable extent. On the other hand, the heretics had certain privileges , including fishing rights. Corresponding documents have been documented for the Köpenick fishermen at least since 1457, with the Lebuser fishermen a confirmation of the relevant privileges from the year 1354 has been handed down. In court proceedings around 1900, the residents of both neighborhoods were reaffirmed their rights.

A copy of a document from 1515 has been preserved for the Havel and Spree : “Sodan […] our dear loyal neighborhoods in the neighborhood in front of Spandow indicated that they have been on the Sprew [Spree] von dem Tham [dam] in Brandenburg from ancient times up to the Thame von Berlin auff u. have no free fishing […] ”. The elector Joachim I was obviously unimportant that the river between Spandau and Brandenburg was called Havel, he resided on the Spree and so the whole body of water was declared the Spree. In an older document from 1393 they are referred to as "Wenden uff dem Kietze there before Spanndow" and it is pointed out that they have to receive "daily honest bread and drink" as a reward for the fish they give. Charges and supplies seem to have been intended for everyone as a community.

Two quotes from 1520 for the Grabower Kietz are exemplary of the relationship between Kietz and lord of the castle :

“Item noch wanen 6 fischer uppe dem kieze, everyone gets all middeweken before 1  ß viske, on sunday before 1 ß and on friday before 1 ß . And if the kane was frozen, that you cannot faren, then you will not share with all of them. "

- Land register Dom.-Amt Grabow from 1520

In return, the fishermen received, among other things, a deposit in the form of bread:

"Item 35 drömbt rye baked with everything, dat m (ein) g (nädiger) H (err) and vele pious lude dar gewest, including the VI vischern, de all tidt in the weeken dremahl bring vische to have, dene brodt is given. "

- Landbuch Dom.-Amt Grabow from 1520

Even if the Kietzer did not usually cultivate any arable land, in some Kietzen - for example in Freienwalde - hemp was grown, which was used as a material for making nets. The Kietzer also ran cattle on a small scale.

Some neighborhoods were moved to other places in later centuries. These include the Kietze in Küstrin and Spandau . The Küstriner Kietz was originally on the right or page on the old site and was moved in the 16th century for military reasons to the left bank of the Oder. The Spandauer Kietz was first relocated around 1560 for military reasons and again during the wars of liberation in 1813.

In some cases, conversely, the Kietze kept their original location near an old castle site, while the main town was relocated. This is the case , for example, with the Kietzen in Gröben or Rhinow .

Kietze in modern times

Kietz Altfriedland

Some neighborhoods, although they were only a few hundred meters from the center of larger neighboring towns, retained their communal independence until the 19th or even the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of places with the name Kietz as "royal fishing village" or "royal fishermen's houses" (the Kietze near Küstrin , Biesenthal , Spandow , old and new Kietz near Freienwalde , Alt-Kietz near Wriezen ) respectively “Royal village” or “royal colony” (the Kietze near Reetz , Driesen , Beeskow , Zossen , Neu-Kietz near Wriezen). The Kietze near Gröben and Strausberg are only mentioned as “fishing villages” or “houses” without the addition “royal”. The Kietz near Brandenburg am Dom and the places Kietz near Rhinow and on the Elbe are referred to as "village" and "village and estate". The place Kietz an der Elbe in today's municipality Lenzerwische was, in contrast to almost all other Kietzen, not in the immediate vicinity of a larger place.

The two places called "Neu-Kietz" and the Lichtenberger Kietz are colonies founded in the 18th century, which got their name from nearby Kietz places or an old field name. The other areas mentioned are of medieval origin. A Kossäthenhof named Kietz bei Naugard is also mentioned in the directory .

In the war of 1813, the Kietz von Küstrin, which had already been relocated in the 16th century, was destroyed and relocated again, as the old area was also to be used by fortifications. The Royal Ministry of the Interior stipulated in 1828 that the relocated Kietz should also remain an independent municipality:

"[...] that the new Kietz, entering completely into the conditions of the old demolished Kietz, as an existing rural community [...] remain separate from the city of Küstrin."

- Royal Interior Ministry decree of 1828

The present-day village of Küstrin-Kietz was not incorporated into Küstrin until 1930, and in 1945 it was separated from the core town that had come to Poland by the Oder-Neisse border .

The neighborhoods of Lebus and Köpenick became part of the surrounding cities in 1810 and 1898. Only in the 20th century were the Altkietz in Bad Freienwalde (1928), the Altkiez in Wriezen (1930) and the Kiez in Neustadt-Glewe (1935) incorporated.

Some neighborhoods are still recognizable today in the settlement structure and stand out from the development of the surrounding areas. Some of the neighborhoods are listed in their entirety with buildings mostly dating from the 19th century . These include the Kietze in Köpenick, Altruppin , Potsdam , Wriezen (Altkietz), Oderberg (Oberkietz, as part of the historic city center), the Old Town Kietz in Brandenburg an der Havel (as part of the banks of the Havel) and the Tiefwerder as the successor to the Spandau Kietzes. In a few other Kietzen several buildings are listed, including Neustadt-Glewe or the Brandenburger Domkietz.

The word Kietz appears in a large number of place, field and street names in Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . The historical local lexicon for Brandenburg contains more than 150 names of places, residential areas or field names with kietz as a component only in the area of ​​today's states Berlin and Brandenburg.

"Kietze" in the figurative sense

The word Kietz or Kiez was later used as a general generic term for fishing settlements without actually having to be Kietze. Ludat uses historical dictionary entries to point out that this development began as early as the 18th century at the latest. There is also the term Kietz from that time for remote parts of villages regardless of their location in relation to the water or to castles. In some cases, proper names of residential areas developed from this. Most of these settlements were of no further importance. A few of these later Kietz names have survived to this day, such as the Kietz near Schlunkendorf , which became a place of residence in the city of Beelitz after the incorporation of Schlunkendorf .

The word Kietz developed as a nickname for remote residential areas. In a lexicon entry from the beginning of the 20th century it says:

"Since the heretics were inferior to the German townspeople in terms of education, wealth and rights, the name K [ietz] acquired a mocking connotation, and even today poor and remote suburban areas are jokingly called K [ietz]."

- Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon
Petristraße in the residential area in Berlin-Mitte, later called “Fischerkietz”

Later the designation of residential areas in Berlin as -kietz or -kiez was derived from this. Apart from the Kietzen in the independent cities of Spandau and Köpenick until 1920, no historical Kietze are known in Berlin. The existence of a medieval Kietz in the area of ​​the old cities of Berlin and Cölln has not been proven and is considered unlikely.

The Fischerkietz in Berlin's inner city on the Spreeinsel was similar to a number of originally medieval Kietze on the water and had a closed existing building stock that was preserved until the second half of the 20th century. The name Fischerkietz for the area comes from the first half of the 20th century. In the mid-1960s, the development was torn down and replaced by the Fischerinsel high-rise housing estate .

The meanwhile well-known Kiez names for a large number of Berlin residential areas are even more recent .

A special case is the Lichtenberger Kietz , a small colonial settlement in the Berlin district of Rummelsburg . It originated in the 18th century. The name comes from a field name Kietzer Lacken, which was already documented in the 16th century . Standing waters, often small tributaries of rivers, were referred to as Lacken (also Lanken or Laken ). There the inhabitants of the Kietze (in this case probably the Köpenicker Kietzes) had fishing rights. Around 1900 the Lichtenberger Kietz became part of the surrounding area; some colonist houses are still preserved in Lückstrasse.

Examples

Altfriedland

In the Altfriedländer Kietz

The Altfriedländer Kietz on the Kietzer See near the monastery church of the place was explicitly mentioned in the land book of Charles IV of 1375 as "fishing" (pescatura) . In the land book it says: " The Kietzer give 2 pieces of money for fishing, 1 piece for heath use and the same amount for the grazing rights." The Kietz's fishing rights were precisely regulated and gradually restricted over the centuries. While in the 14th century they included large parts of the Kietzer See and parts of the neighboring Klostersee and Stobbers , in the 18th century only the shores of the Kietzer See were allowed to be fished. After they repeatedly violated this condition, they were imposed "eternal silence" on all further waters in a process brought about by General von Lestwitz on January 27, 1800. In 1837 the Friedland manor bought their justice from the fishermen and in 1862 the fishermen's community came to an end after a final replacement of the recess . In 1776 seven fishermen were named; 1801 only a fisherman. Until then, the fishermen remained connected in a special community and regulated their affairs through the water school. The symbolic appearance of a Wasserschulzen, who leads the entry of fishermen in their historical costumes at the annual fishing festival in Altfriedland, reminds of this tradition. In addition to the name of the lake, a street name refers to the Kietz.

Bad Freienwalde

The neighborhood in Freienwalde by Antoine Pesne , 1745

The Kietz of Bad Freienwalde is located west of the city center, around 300 meters from the market. The fishing settlement Tornow , east of the city center, had the same status as the Kietz. There were 29 fishermen on the Kietz and 31 on the Tornow. A German castle complex was located southeast of the city, without direct reference to either settlement. Ludat therefore considered that the Kietz had been moved. In the 18th century, two colonist settlements Neukietz and Neutornow were established, the two old settlements have been called Altkietz and Alttornow since then . In 1928 Altkietz and Alttornow were incorporated into Bad Freienwalde.

Berlin-Koepenick

→ See main article: Kietz (Berlin-Köpenick)

The Köpenicker Kietz in today's Berlin district of Köpenick originated in the 13th century and was a fishing settlement until 1898, before it was incorporated into the then city of Köpenick. It can be seen in the street of the same name as a largely closed ensemble of buildings with houses from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Berlin-Spandau

A vicus near Spandau was mentioned in a document in 1319, the formulation on the Kytz and Wendish ( Slavic ) inhabitants are documented from 1409 . The Spandauer Kietz was originally east of the city and was relocated when the citadel was built. The residents of Kietz were given land on the castle wall in front of the monastery gate. In the wars of liberation of 1813 this settlement was also removed, the inhabitants were relocated to Tiefwerder , which at that time did not belong to Spandau . The old Kietz is still mentioned in a directory from 1801, but in 1821 it was marked as “burned down”.

Brandenburg on the Havel

There were four neighborhoods in Brandenburg an der Havel : the Altstädtischer Kietz , the Neustädtischer Kietz as well as the Großer Domkietz and the Kleiner Domkietz . All four were located near the castle, which was on today's cathedral island. The old town Kietz (today a street name) and the Kleine Domkietz (today: Domkietz) have been preserved in their basic structural structure. Today Hevellerstrasse is located in the area of ​​the Großer Domkietz. The Neustädtischer Kietz was located on today's Mühlendamm and is no longer preserved in its complex.

Grabow

Both Ludat and Krüger described the existence of a Kietz in Grabow as "erroneous". However, they relied only on sources from the 19th and 20th centuries. However, the Kietz is documented by the official book of 1520, in which "6 fish upper de Kyze" and the taxes to be paid by them were mentioned, as well as some other sources from that time. Zühlsdorff assumes that the Kietz was established in Grabow during the short reign of the Askanians (approx. 1285-1320) at the latest . The Kietz was east of the city on the northern bank of the Elde , more than 500 meters from the city and castle. This location is explained by the fact that the river banks were swampy and only there a dune could serve as a building site. The Kietz probably disappeared when the Elde was expanded for shipping in the second half of the 16th century and a lock was built at the site of the Kietz. At this point there is still a lock today; the former Kietz site on the bank was still in the hands of the state and not the city in the 1920s. The name of the street Kießerdamm is still reminiscent of the earlier Kietz.

Coarse

Lettering in a church window from 1909, Gröben
Old fishermen's huts, Gröbener Kietz

The Gröbener Kietz is located in Gröben , today part of Ludwigsfelde , about ten kilometers from the southern city limits of Berlin. Until around the year 2000 he also had the name Kietz on his town sign . The earliest mention of this Kietz "located near Gröben" is from 1497. The German castle was 300 meters northwest of the Kietz, the actual village of Gröben about 700 meters northeast. A map from 1683 shows a castle wall and the Kietz surrounded by the Alte Nuthe (now called 'Kietzer Graben'), the former course of the Nuthe river . Several traditional fishermen's huts made of clay, wood and straw as well as brittle boats on the meadows next to the almost silted-up Alte Nuthe are reminiscent of fishing on the Kietz .

Lebus

The Kietz von Lebus is one of the larger Kietz . It lies south of the old town and is laid out as a street village. The area was already settled in the Middle and Late Slavic times. The castle was located on today's Schlossberg, a few hundred meters northwest of the Kietz. In the 18th century the Kietz consisted of 17 properties to which the cooperative fishing rights were bound. In 1803, in a major fire in the city, most of the Kietz houses were destroyed and rebuilt. In 1810 the Kietz was incorporated into the city of Lebus. At the beginning of the 20th century, the association of Kietz residents had their fishing rights confirmed in several court cases. You still own the rights today, but have leased them to a cooperative.

Neustadt-Glewe

The Kietz von Neustadt-Glewe is located 200 meters west of the castle and 300 meters southwest of the town's market square. In a report by the researcher Tilemann Stella from 1577, he and his population are mentioned as "Kitze, 14 Fischerkerle". Over the centuries, the Kietz practically did not change its size; however, the residents practiced agriculture in the later years. In 1883 the neighborhood was inhabited by 16 leaseholders and one Büdner . Under the name Kiez , the settlement remained an independent municipality until 1935. In 1930 there were also 16 farm farmers and a Büdner as well as four cottagers , a total of 133 inhabitants at that time. In today's Kiez street , some farms from the 19th century have been preserved. Three houses are under monument protection.

Potsdam

The Potsdamer Kietz was on the Neustädtische Havelbucht southwest of the city center. As early as 1349 there was talk of the kytz zu Postamp . In the land register of 1375 22 properties with Slavic residents are mentioned; In 1589, 21 kossa families lived there who had fishing rights. Theodor Fontane reported that the Kietz fishing rights extended to shortly before the city of Brandenburg.

“ Caput did not have a field, and the large expanse of water, the Havel and Schwilow , which lay in front of his door, was jealously guarded and exploited by the Potsdam neighborhood fishermen, whose old rights extended over the whole of the Middle Havel to Brandenburg. So it was bad for the computers; Agriculture and fishing were equally closed to them. "

- Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg

In the year 1722 the Kietz was drawn into the city. During the reign of Frederick II , the houses were replaced by larger buildings. A largely preserved ensemble of these buildings has been preserved in Kiezstraße and southern Dortustraße and is a listed building. The area around Burgstrasse south-east of the city center was also inhabited by fishermen and did not belong to the city of Potsdam until 1722.

literature

  • Herbert Ludat : The East German Kietze. Kunze, Bernburg 1936, DNB 574915672 . (Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag, 1984, ISBN 3-487-07573-3 )
  • Bruno Krüger : The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. Contributions of archeology to their age determination and essence interpretation. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1962, DNB 452605652 . (Writings of the Section for Prehistory / German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Vol. 11)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. Pp. 211/212.
  2. ↑ a b Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 203.
  3. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 27.
  4. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 49.
  5. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 50.
  6. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 79.
  7. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 18.
  8. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 87.
  9. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 15.
  10. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 14.
  11. ^ Paul Kühnel: The Slavic place names in Meklenburg . In: Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology . Vol. 46 (1881), pp. 3-168.
  12. ↑ a b Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 197.
  13. ↑ a b Gerhard Schlimpert : Slavic names in Brandenburg. In: Wilfried Schich (Hrsg.): Contributions to the origin and development of the city of Brandenburg in the Middle Ages. de Gruyter, 1993, ISBN 3-11-013983-9 , pp. 30/31
  14. ↑ a b Reinhard E. Fischer : The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin. Age - origin - meaning. be.bra Wissenschaft, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-937233-30-X .
  15. ↑ a b Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 200.
  16. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 91.
  17. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 13.
  18. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. Pp. 53-56.
  19. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 86/87.
  20. ↑ a b Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 114.
  21. ↑ a b c d e The Kietz near Köpenick and the fishery on the website of the Köpenick Fisheries Association, accessed on September 20, 2012.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f Manfred Hunger: Der Lebuser Kietz - the fishing village in the Lebuser Heimatlexikon (private website), accessed on September 15, 2012.
  23. ↑ a b c d e Werner Zühlsdorff: The Grabower Kietz . In: Information from the district work group for prehistory and early history Schwerin , issue 19 (1979), pp. 79–83.
  24. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 150.
  25. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 57.
  26. ^ A b c Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg, part III, Havelland , Verlag Klaus-D. Becker, Potsdam, 2011, ISBN 978-3-941919-80-8 , p. 182.
  27. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 93.
  28. ↑ a b c Leopold Krug , Alexander August Mützell: New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state , Kümmel, 1801, p. 332.
  29. ↑ Quoted in: Legal cases from the practice of the royal higher tribunal of recent proceedings: from official communication. Volume 3, Jonas Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1848, p. 129.
  30. ↑ a b City stories on the website of the city of Bad Freienwalde, accessed on July 14, 2016.
  31. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  32. ↑ List of monuments of the state of Brandenburg: Landkreis Ostprignitz-Ruppin (PDF) Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum Status: December 31, 2011.
  33. ↑ List of monuments of the State of Brandenburg: City of Potsdam (PDF) Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum Status: December 31, 2011
  34. ↑ List of monuments of the state of Brandenburg: Landkreis Märkisch-Oderland (PDF) Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum Status: December 31, 2011.
  35. ↑ List of monuments of the State of Brandenburg: District Barnim (PDF) Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum Status: December 31, 2011.
  36. ↑ a b List of monuments of the state of Brandenburg: City of Brandenburg an der Havel (PDF) Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum Status: December 31, 2011.
  37. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  38. ↑ a b List of monuments of the Ludwigslust-Parchim district , as of November 2011.
  39. ↑ Lieselott Enders , Peter P. Rohrlach: Historical local lexicon for Brandenburg. Part XI: Place and person registers of parts I to X, Verlag Klaus-D. Becker, Potsdam, 2011, ISBN 978-3-941919-88-4 , pp. 196/197.
  40. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 211.
  41. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 29.
  42. ↑ City of Beelitz on the service portal of the state administration, accessed on October 1, 2012.
  43. ↑ Keyword Kietz . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , Vol. 10. Leipzig 1907, pp. 898-899.
  44. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. Pp. 33/34.
  45. ^ Hans-Jürgen Rach: The villages in Berlin. A handbook of the former rural communities of Berlin. VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-345-00243-4 , p. 177.
  46. ↑ Historisches Ortlexikon Brandenburg , Vol. VI (Barnim), p. 164 f.
  47. ^ Quotations and information from: Rudolf Schmidt : Der Kietz von Friedland . In: Die Herrschaft Friedland: News on the history of Old and New Riedland , God's gift , Carlsdorf , Kleinbarnim , Grube , Sietzing , Wuschewier , Lüdersdorf , Biesdorf , Gersdorf , Batzlow , Ringenwalde , Bollersdorf , Pritzhagen , Cunersdorf , Burgwall , Metzdorf , Horst , Wubrigsberg . Series of publications Oberbarnimer Heimatbücher , Vol. 7, ed. from the district committee Oberbarnim, Bad Freienwalde (Oder) 1928, pp. 23–28.
  48. ↑ Kerstin Wöbbecke, enviteam office: General non-technical description of the bathing water based on the bathing water profile . In: Ministry of Environment, Health and Consumer Protection (MUGV), LUIS-BB LandesUmwelt / Consumer Information System: Klostersee. Bathing water profile according to Article 6 of Directive 2006/7 / EC and Section 6 of the Ordinance on the Quality and Management of Bathing Water of February 6, 2008 (BbgBadV) . P. 12. (PDF; 104 kB)
  49. ↑ a b Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. P. 63.
  50. ^ Leopold Krug , Alexander August Mützell: New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state , Vol. 6, Kümmel, 1825, p. 448.
  51. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. Pp. 24/25.
  52. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 42.
  53. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 159.
  54. ^ Karl Hoffmann: The foundation of the city Neustadt-Glewe . In: Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Antiquity, Volume 94 (1930), pp. 46–49, online .
  55. ↑ Statistical-topographical yearbook of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, second part of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin State Calendar 1883 , Schwerin, Verlag der Bärensprungschen Hofdruckerei, January 1883, p. 40.
  56. ↑ Bruno Krüger: The Kietz settlements in northern Central Europe. P. 1349.
  57. ^ Theodor Fontane, Walks through the Mark Brandenburg, Das Havelland , section: Caput