List of heads of state 1909

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Africa

Egypt (nominally part of the Ottoman Empire from 1882–1914, de facto British protectorate)
- Head of State: Khedive Abbas II. (1892-1914)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Boutros Ghali (1908–1910)
- British Consul General : Eldon Gorst (1907-1911)

Ethiopia
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Menelik II (1898–1913)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Arthur Barclay (1904–1912)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
  - Governor General : Albert Gray, 4th Earl Gray (1904–1911)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (1896–1911)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Díaz ( 1876–1880 , 1884–1911)

Newfoundland
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
  - Governor :
    - William MacGregor (1907-1909)
    - Ralph Champneys Williams (1909-1913)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Robert Bond (1907–2 March 1909)
  - Prime Minister Edward Patrick Morris (March 2, 1909–1917)

United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Theodore Roosevelt (1901– March 4, 1909)
  - President William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909–1913)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Cleto González Víquez (1906–1910, 1928–1932 )

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Ramón Cáceres (1905–1911)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Figueroa (1907–1911)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President François C. Antoine Simon (1908–1911)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Miguel R. Dávila (1907–1911)

Cuba (occupied by the USA 1906–1909)
- Head of State and Government:
  - Governor Charles Edward Magoon (1906– January 28, 1909)
  - President José Miguel Gómez (January 28, 1909–1913)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Santos Zelaya (1893– December 21, 1909)
  - President José Madriz (December 21, 1909–1910) (Acting)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President José Domingo de Obaldía (1908–1910)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President José Figueroa Alcorta (1906–1910)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Ismael Montes Gamboa (1904– August 12, 1909, 1913–1917 )
  - President Eliodoro Villazón Montaño (August 12, 1909–1913)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena (1906– June 14, 1909)
  - President Nilo Peçanha (June 14, 1909–1910)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Pedro Montt Montt (1906–1910)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Eloy Alfaro ( 1883, 1895–1901 , 1906–1911)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Rafael Reyes (1904– July 27, 1909)
  - President Jorge Holguín (July 27, 1909– August 4, 1909, 1921–1922 ) (acting)
  - President Ramón González Valencia (August 4, 1909–1910) (Acting)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Emiliano González Navero (1908–1910, 1912 ) (acting)

Peru
- Head of State: President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1908–1912, 1919–1920 ) (1904–1907 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Eulogio Romero Salcedo (1908–8 June 1909)
  - Prime Minister Rafael Fernández de Villanueva Cortez (June 8, 1909–1910)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Claudio Williman (1907–1911)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Cipriano Castro (1899–11 August 1909)
  - President Juan Vicente Gómez (February 17, 1909–1910, 1910–1914, 1922–1929, 1931–1935 ) (acting until August 11, 1911)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: General Juan Vicente Gómez (1908–1914)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bhutan
- Ruler: King Ugyen Wangchuk (1907–1926)

China
- Ruler: Emperor Puyi (1908–1912, nominal )
- Regent: Zaifeng (1908-1911)

British India
- Emperor : Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Viceroy : Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1905–1910)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Mutsuhito (1852–1912)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Katsura Tarō (1908–1911)

Nepal

Head of State: King Prithvi (1881–1911)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1901–1929)

Siam (today: Thailand)
- Ruler: King Chulalongkorn (1868–1910)

Middle East

Persia (today: Iran)

Head of State:

Mohammed Ali Shah (1907-1909)

Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909–1925)

Head of Government: Sepahsalar A'zam (1909)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Ruler: King Habibullah Khan (1901-1919)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
- Governor General: Earl William Ward (1908–1911)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (1908– June 2, 1909)
  - Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (June 2, 1909–1910)

New Zealand
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1907–1910)
- Governor: Baron William Plunket (1907-1910)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Ward (1907–1912)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Juan Benlloch y Vivó (1907-1919)

Belgium
- Head of State:
  - King Leopold II (1865–17 December 1909)
  - King Albert I (December 23, 1909–1934)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frans Schollaert (1908–1911)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: Tsar Ferdinand I (1887–1918) (until 1908 Prince)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandar Malinov (1908–1911, 1918, 1931 )

Denmark
- Head of State: King Frederick VIII (1906–1912)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Niels Neergaard (1908–16 August 1909, 1920–1924 )
  - Prime Minister Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg (August 16, 1909– October 28, 1909)
  - Prime Minister Carl Theodor Zahle (October 28, 1909–1910, 1913–1920 )

German Empire
- Kaiser : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
  - Imperial Chancellor : Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Stop
  - Duke : Friedrich II. (1904–1918)
    - Minister of State: Johann von Dallwitz (1903–1909)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich II. (1907–1918)
    - Minister of State: Alexander von Dusch (1905–1917)
- Bavaria
  - King : Otto I (1886–1913)
    - Regent : Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912)
      - Chairman of the Council of Ministers : Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürniz (1903–1912)
- Braunschweig
  - Regent : Johann Albrecht Duke of Mecklenburg (1907–1913)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Victor Wilhelm Marcus (1907) (1909) (1912)
- Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine
  - Imperial governor: Prince Karl von Wedel (1907–1914)
    - State Secretary of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine : Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (1908–1914)
- Hamburg
  - First Mayor : Johann Heinrich Burchard (1903) (1906) (1908–1909) (1912)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918)
    - President of the entire ministry : Carl Ewald (1906–1918)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold IV. (1905–1918)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Johann Georg Eschenburg (1905–1906) (1909–1910) (1913–1914)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz IV. (1897–1918)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Adolf Friedrich V (1904–1914)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : August II (1900–1918)
    - Minister of State : Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (1908–1916)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)
    - Prime Minister : Bernhard von Bülow (1900–1909)
    - Prime Minister: Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1909–1917)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXIV. (1902–1918)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1918)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich XIV. (1867–1913)
    - Regent: Heinrich XXVII. (1908-1913)
- Saxony
  - King : Friedrich August III. (1904-1918)
    - Chairman of the entire ministry : Konrad Wilhelm von Rüger (1906–1910)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst II (1908–1918)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Carl Eduard (1900–1918)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : George II (1866–1914)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Georg (1893–1911)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1890–1918)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (from 1909 in personal union with Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
  - Prince : Karl Günther (1880–1909)
  - Prince : Günther Victor (1909–1918)
- Waldeck and Pyrmont (administered by Prussia since January 1, 1868)
  - Prince : Friedrich (1893–1918)
- Württemberg
  - King : Wilhelm II. (1891-1918)
    - President of the State Ministry : Karl von Weizsäcker (1906–1918)

Finland (1809–1917 autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire)
- Head of State: Grand Duke Nicholas II (1894–1917)
  - Governor General :
    - Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Boeckmann (1908–24 November 1909)
    - Franz Albert Seyn (November 24, 1909–1917)

France
- Head of State: President Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of Ministers Georges Clemenceau (1906–24 July 1909, 1917–1920 )
  - President of the Council of Ministers Aristide Briand (July 24, 1909–1911, 1913, 1915–1917, 1921–1922, 1925–1926, 1929 )

Greece
- Head of State: King George I (1863–1913)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Georgios Theotokis ( 1899–1901, 1903, 1903–1904 , 1905–20 July 1909)
  - Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis ( 1897, 1903, 1905 , July 20, 1909– August 28, 1909, 1920–1921 )
  - Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis (August 28, 1909–1910)

Italy
- Head of State: King Viktor Emanuel III. (1900-1946)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ( 1892–1893, 1903–1905 , 1906–11 December 1909, 1911–1914, 1920–1921 )
  - Prime Minister Sidney Sonnino ( 1906 , December 11, 1909–1910)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State and Government: Prince Johann II. (1858–1929)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Wilhelm IV (1905–1912) (1902–1905 regent)
  - Regent: Maria Anna of Portugal (1908–1912)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Eyschen (1888–1915)

Monaco
- Head of State and Government: Prince Albert I (1889–1922)

Montenegro

Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Lazar Tomanović (1907–1912)

Neutral Moresnet (1830-1915 under joint administration of Belgium and Prussia)
- Head of State:
  - King of Belgium Leopold II (1865–23 December 1909)
  - King of Belgium Albert I (December 23, 1909–1915, 1918–1920 )
  - Commissioner : Fernand Bleyfuesz (1889–1915, 1918–1920 )
- Head of State: King of Prussia Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
  - Commissioner :
    - Alfred Gülcher (1893–1909)
    - Walter The Losen (1909-1918)
- Mayor : Hubert Schmetz (1885–1915)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Theo Heemskerk (1908–1913)

Norway
- Head of State: King Haakon VII (1905–1957)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1908–1910, 1913–1920 )

Ottoman Empire
- Head of State:
  - Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-27 April 1909)
  - Sultan Mehmed V (April 27, 1909–1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Grand Vizier Kıbrıslı Kâmil Pasha ( 1885-1891, 1895 , 1908-14 February 1909, 1912-1913 )
  - Grand Vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pascha (February 14, 1909– April 14, 1909, 1909–1910 )
  - Grand Vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (April 14, 1909– May 5, 1909, 1918–1919, 1920–1922 )
  - Grand Vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pascha ( 1909 , May 5, 1909–1910)

Austria-Hungary
- Head of State: Emperor Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Head of Government of Cisleithanien: Prime Minister Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling (1908–1911)
- Head of Government of Transleithanien: Prime Minister Sándor Wekerle ( 1892–1895 , 1906–1910, 1917–1918 )

Portugal

Head of State: King Manuel II (1908–1910)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques (1908–11 April 1909)

Prime Minister Sebastião Cústodio de Sousa Teles (April 11, 1909– May 14 , 1909)

Prime Minister Venceslaus de Sousa Pereira de Lima (May 14, 1909– December 22, 1909)

Prime Minister Francisco António da Veiga Beirão (December 22, 1909–1910)

Romania
- Head of State: King Charles I (1866–1914) (until 1881 Prince)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza ( 1895–1896, 1897–1899, 1901–1905 , 1907– January 9, 1909)
  - Prime Minister Ion IC Brătianu (January 9, 1909–1911, 1914–1918, 1918–1919, 1922–1926, 1927 )

Russia
- Head of State: Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin (1906–1911)

San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti :
  - Olinto Amati (1908–1 April 1909, 1914–1915 ) and Raffaele Michetti (1908–1 April 1909)
  - Luigi Tonnini ( 1897, 1901, 1904–1905 , April 1, 1909– October 1, 1909) and Domenico Suzzi Valli (April 1, 1909– October 1, 1909, 1913–1914, 1928, 1931–1932 )
  - Marino Borbiconi ( 1894–1895, 1898–1899, 1903–1904 , October 1, 1909–1910, 1923–1924 ) and Giacomo Marcucci ( 1892–1893, 1899, 1902–1903 , October 1, 1909–1910)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Gustav V (Sweden) (1907–1950)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arvid Lindman (1906–1911, 1918–1930 )

Switzerland
- Federal President : Adolf Deucher ( 1886, 1897, 1903 , 1909)
- Federal Council :
  - Adolf Deucher (1883–1912)
  - Eduard Müller (1895-1919)
  - Ernst Brenner (1897–1911)
  - Robert Comtesse (1900-1912)
  - Marc-Emile Ruchet (1900-1912)
  - Ludwig Forrer (1903-1917)
  - Josef Anton Schobinger (1908–1911)

Serbia
- King Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1918)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Petar Velimirović ( 1902 , 1908–24 February 1909)
  - Prime Minister Stojan Novaković ( 1895–1896 , February 24, 1909– October 24, 1909)
  - Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( 1891–1892, 1904–1905, 1906–1908 , October 24, 1909–1911, 1912–1918 ) (1918, 1921–1924, 1924–1926 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes)

Spain
- Head of State: King Alfonso XIII. (1886–1931)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Antonio Maura Montaner ( 1903–1904 , 1907–21 October 1909, 1918, 1919, 1921–1922 )
  - Prime Minister Segismundo Moret Prendergast ( 1905–1906, 1906 , October 21, 1909–1910)

United Kingdom :
- Head of State: King Edward VII (1901–1910)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith (1908–1916)

Individual evidence

↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[1] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares