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{{High School Infobox
Like the fashion of all modern decades, '''1980s fashion''' in [[popular culture]] incorporated distinct trends from different eras. This helped form a cultivating movement of style. . The most conservative, more masculine fashion look that was most indicative of the 1980s was the wide use of shoulder pads. While in the 1970s the silhouette of fashion tended to be characterized by close fitting clothes on top with wider, looser clothes on the bottom, this trend completely reversed itself in the early 1980s as both men and women began to wear looser shirts and tight, close-fitting pants. Men wore power suits as a result of the greater tendency for people to display their wealth. Brand names became increasingly important in this decade, making [[Ralph Lauren]] and [[Calvin Klein]] household names. In the United States, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] was titled the "Material Girl" and many teenage girls looked to her for fashion statements. The popular movie ''[[Flashdance]]'' ([[1983]]) made ripped sweatshirts well-known in the general public. The television shows ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' and ''[[Dynasty (TV series)|Dynasty]]'' also had a similar impact. <!-- possibly generalize this lead paragraph more -->
|name=International School Manila
[[Image:VPL Visible Panty Line 3.jpg|thumb|right|The short, tight [[Lycra]] mini skirt was a popular fashion item for young women in the second half of the 1980s]]


|image=[[Image:ISMANILA Logo.gif]]
==1980s in Fashion==
|superintendent=David Toze|motto=''Veritas et democratia'' </br>Truth and Democracy
===New <nowiki>Romantic</nowiki>===
|established=1920
The [[New Romantic]] was a [[New Wave music|New Wave]] and fashion movement that occurred primarily in [[United Kingdom|British]] [[nightclub]]s. New romanticism emerged in the UK music scene in the early 80s as a direct backlash against the austerity of the punk movement. Where punk railed against life in Britain's [[Council house|council estates]], the New Romantics celebrated glamour and partied regularly at local [[nightclub]]s. The make-up was streaky and bold. The notoriously outlandish designer/club host [[Leigh Bowery]], known for his exuberant designs, became a muse for artists such as [[Boy George]] and had grown a huge status in the early 1980s underground club scene. The early designer of the romantic look was [[Vivienne Westwood]] who designed clothing specifically for bands, such as [[Adam & the Ants]] and later developed the "pirate look." The [[pirate]] look featured full-sleeved, frilled "buccaneer" shirts often made of expensive fabrics. Hussar-style jackets with gold-braiding were worn with the shirts as well as high-waisted, baggy trousers which tapered at the ankle.<ref>Fashion-Era.com</ref> One element of this trend that went mainstream and remained popular for most of the decade were short shirt collars worn unfolded against the neck with the top one or two buttons unfastened. Except in the most conservative communities this became standard casual wear for both men and women. With the exception of business suits, to wear one's collar folded appeared awkward or stuffy. Leggings were also very popular.
|type=[[Public school|Private]] [[International School]]
|location=[[Fort Bonifacio]], [[Taguig City]]
|enrollment=1,715
|campus= University Parkway
|colors=Green,Gold,White,Black (First two serve as main colors)
|nicknames=ISM
|mascott=[[Bearcat]]
|conference= [[Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools]] ([[IASAS]])
|website=[http://www.ismanila.org/ www.ismanila.org]
|}}


'''International School Manila''' ([[abbreviation]]: '''ISM''') is a private school in [[Taguig City]], [[Metro Manila]] and a member of the [[Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools]]. It is non-denominational, co-educational, and primarily serves Manila's multinational community. It is accredited by the Philippine [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] and the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]]. It is headed by superintendent David Toze.
===Valley Girl===
Headbands became fashionable in 1982. The trend started in California and spread across the nation. Other associated trends were [[leg warmer]]s and [[miniskirt]]s, especially the ra-ra skirts, modelled after the short, flared skirts worn by American [[cheerleaders]]. Leg warmers, which had long been staple gear for professional dancers during rehearsals, became a teen trend in 1982. Miniskirts returned for the first time since the early 1970s. These styles became associated with the [[Valley Girl]] trend that was popular at the time, based on a popular song by [[Frank Zappa]] and [[Moon Unit Zappa]]. The other fads soon spent themselves, but miniskirts remained in style and became an option for women's business suits throughout the 'eighties and early 1990s with dolly shoes. Frequently, these mini skirts were worn with [[leggings]]. These styles are shown in today's fashion with stores such as American Apparel, whos main look is solid colors and simple patterns and the same shapes and silhouettes of the 80s.


The school consists of an elementary school (including a two-year preschool and the Early Childhood Learning Center), a middle school, and a high school. ISM Elementary School is headed by Jacqueline Pender, ISM Middle School is headed by Danielle Fredericks, and ISM High School is headed by William Brown.
In Britain, leg warmers were often worn with tight jeans, long jumpers or sweaters, and high-heeled [[court shoes]].


==History==
===Power Dressing===
International School Manila opened in 1920, during the [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|American occupation of the Philippines]], after American and British parents sought the establishment of a school in Manila that would provide for the long-term educational needs of their children and the children of future expatriates. The American School, Inc., chartered on March 4, 1920, was a non-profit, non-stock entity that distinguished itself from other schools geared towards Manila's expatriate community by preparing its students to pursue university studies in their home countries.
Shoulder pads, popularized perhaps by [[Linda Evans]] from the [[soap opera]] ''[[Dynasty (TV series)|Dynasty]]'', remained popular throughout the 1980s and even the first three years of the 1990s. The reason behind the sudden popularity of shoulderpads for women in the 1980s may be that women in the workplace were no longer unusual, and wanted to "power dress" to show that they were the equals of men at the office. Many women's outfits had [[velcro]] on the inside of the shoulder where various sized shoulderpads could be attached.


The American School changed locations four times between 1920 and 1936, when it constructed a permanent campus on Donada Street in [[Pasay City]]. The Japanese occupation of Manila during [[World War II]] (1941-1945), however, disrupted regular schooling. The Japanese army took control over the Donada Street campus, while many expatriates were forcibly interned at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] (UST). American School classes were held intermittently amongst the expatriate community at UST and resumed in Donada Street after the war ended.
The ''[[Dynasty (TV series)|Dynasty]]'' television show, watched by over 250 million viewers around the world in the 1980s, influenced the fashion styles in mainstream America. The show, targeted towards females, influenced women to wear jewelry often to show one's economic status. Synthetic fabrics went out of style in the 1980s. Wool, cotton, and silk returned to popularity for their perceived quality.


The American School's rapid growth in the years after the war led its administration to seek out a new location that could accommodate the school's burgeoning student population. Construction began on a new campus on Kalayaan Avenue in [[Bel-Air Village]], [[Makati City]]. In 1970, the American School changed its name to the International School to reflect its changing enrollment patterns. Between 1965 and 1994, the percentage of American students at ISM declined from approximately 75% of the student body to just 30%. Meanwhile, the percentage of students from East Asia, South Asia, and the Philippines rose significantly. In the 2006-2007 school year, ISM students are nationals of 60 different countries. Approximately 65% are from the Asia-Pacific region, 25% are North American, and 8% are European.
Men's business attire saw a return of pinstripes for the first time since the 1970s. The new pinstripes were narrower and subtler than 1930s and 1940s suits but similar to the 1970s styles. Three piece suits gradually went out of fashion in the early 'eighties and lapels on suits became very narrow (similar to 1950s styles). While vests in the 1970s had commonly been worn high with six or five buttons, those made in the early 1980s often had only four buttons and were made to be worn low. Neckties also became narrower in the 1980s and skinny versions appeared in leather. Button down collars made a return, both for business and casual wear.


In September 2000 both the International School Manila's sustaining members and the parent community cast the deciding vote to begin the construction of a new, 70,000-square-meter campus. ISM moved to its new location on University Parkway, [[Fort Bonifacio]], [[Taguig City]] at the beginning of the 2002-2003 school year. The Bel-Air campus was subsequently purchased by Century Properties Group, which is currently (as of early 2008) developing a mixed-use project on the site.
Meanwhile women's fashion and business shoes returned to styles that had been popular in the 1950s and early 1960s with pointed toes and spiked heels. Some stores stocked canvas or satin covered fashion shoes in white and dyed them to the customer's preferred color. While the most popular shoes amongst young women were bright colored high heels, a trend started to emerge which saw 'Jellies' - colorful, transparent plastic flats - become popular.


ISM has been recognized and accredited by the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Philippine Department of Education]] since 1975 and has been accredited by the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] since the 1980s. It is also a member of the [[National Association of Independent Schools]] and the [[East Asia Regional Council of Overseas Schools]]. It has been a participating member of the [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program]] since 1975. It belongs to the [[Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools]] ([[IASAS]]), along with [[Jakarta International School]], [[International School Bangkok]], [[International School of Kuala Lumpur]], [[Singapore American School]] and [[Taipei American School]].
The top fashion models of the 1980s were [[Carol Alt]], [[Christie Brinkley]], [[Elle McPherson]], and [[Paulina Porizkova]].


ISM maintains a large international alumni network through the official website, [http://alumni.ismanila.com/ alumni.ismanila.com], where over 3,000 alumni have registered.
===Dancewear===


==Institution==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Jenniferbeals.jpg|thumb|right|Jennifer Beals in "Flashdance"'']] -->
===Organization===
The School is normally governed by a ten-member Board of Trustees elected for three-year terms by parents. However, the current Board, elected in a special election on September 18, 2006, will only serve for one year and is composed of individuals who represent ISM's sustaining members.


===Admissions and Financial Aid===
The popularity of aerobics and dance-themed television shows and movies created a dancewear fashion sense - professional dancewear, such as leggings and leg warmers, were worn as streetwear. The [[1983]] film ''[[Flashdance]]'' popularized ripped sweatshirts for women that exposed one bare shoulder. [[Leotards]] were also worn during this period and became colourful.
The admissions process includes the submission of records from previous schools, recommendation letters, and test results, as well as an interview with a guidance counselor. ISM also awards need-based scholarships each year to a small number of students from local schools entering the eighth grade through its Filipino Scholars Program. Applications for the highly competitive scholarships must be made by mid-April for the school year beginning in August. ISM offers no other scholarships and grants no financial aid to its students.


===Academics===
Other dancewear inspirations included [[Olivia Newton John]]'s Physical video and [[Jane Fonda]]'s line of aerobic videos.
[[Image:International_school_manila.gif|300px|thumb|right|ISM Campus]]
Instruction at ISM is in English, and the school provides an [[English language learning and teaching|English as a Second Language]] (ESL) program for students whose English language competency falls below that required for their grade level. The Optimal Learning Center (OLC), meanwhile, provides an integrated model of support services for students with special needs, including high academic talent. The foreign languages program includes Filipino, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish.


Unlike most other schools in the Philippines, which hold classes from June to March, ISM's school year runs from early August to early June.!
===The Miami Vice look===
The 1980s saw an explosion of colourful styles in men's clothing. The growing popularity of the [[Miami Vice]] television series saw men wearing casual t-shirts underneath expensive suit jackets - often in bright or pastel colours. The t-shirt with designer jacket look was often accompanied by the "designer stubble" look that was popularized by [[Don Johnson]] in the TV series Miami Vice along with a propensity to wear shoes without socks.


====Elementary School====
One popular look for men in the late 1980s was [[Hawaiian shirt]]s. Often they would be complemented with sport coats with stitched looks. They were often gray and white, and were worn for both casual and business settings. When worn in the business setting, they were often worn without a tie.
ISM recently opened its preschool to accept both three- and four year-old children. The school's Early Primary Program is an integrated approach to learning based on the principles of a child's physical, social, personal and mental development. The learning environment fosters a developmentally appropriate approach in the promotion of creative and cognitive learning, independence in and the love of learning, the awareness of responsibility, together with dealing with risk, taking, trust learning and the development of self-esteem in expanding social dimensions.


===The Thriller look===
====High School====
ISM's high school curriculum is based on the American college-preparatory model and includes both [[Advanced Placement]] (AP) courses and courses leading to the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB) Diploma. Approximately 30% of each graduating class receives the IB Diploma. The majority of ISM graduates (98%) proceed to four-year colleges and universities in the United States (64%), the United Kingdom and Western Europe, Australia, Korea, Japan, and the Philippines.
The ''Thriller look'' was inspired by [[Michael Jackson]]'s record breaking album ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. Teenagers would attempt to replicate the look of Jackson, which included matching red/black leather pants and jackets, one glove, sunglasses, and [[jheri curl]].


High-achieving students of ISM High School are eligible to be inducted into the [[National Honor Society]], the [[Cum Laude Society]], and the Quill and Scroll Society for high school journalists.
[[Leather jacket]]s popularized by [[Michael Jackson]] and films like ''[[The Lost Boys]]'', often studded and left undone to create a messier look. Oversized, slouch shouldered faded leather jackets with puffy sleeves from Europe caught on. Gloves, sometimes fingerless, would also accompany the jacket. Late in the decade plain brown aviator jackets made a comeback, styled after [[World War II]] fighter pilot jackets. Already popular aviators were joined by other forms of sunglasses. It was not unusual for [[sunglasses]] or ''shades'' as they were known, to be worn at night.
[[Image:Madonnavirgintour.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of Madonna taken in 1985. Her "street urchin" style of dressing had a major impact on the fashions worn by the young women of the 1980s]]


You can suck my cock fuck faces!!!!!!
===Madonna===
In the 1980s, rising pop star [[Madonna (Entertainer)|Madonna]] proved to be very influential over female fashions. She first emerged on the dance music scene with her "street urchin" look - short skirts over leggings, rubber bracelets,fishnet gloves,hairbows, long layered strings of beads, bleached, untidy hair with dark roots, head bands and lace ribbons. In her [[Like a Virgin]] phase, millions of teenage girls emulated her fashion example that included brassieres worn as outerwear, huge crucifix jewellery, lace gloves, tulle skirts, and boytoy belts.


===Faculty===
Gloves, sometimes lace and/or fingerless were popularized by Madonna, as well as fishnet stockings and layers of beaded necklaces. Short, tight [[Lycra]] or leather mini-skirts and tubular dresses were also worn, as were cropped ,bolero-style jackets. Black was the preferred colour. Another club fashion for women was lingerie as outerwear. Prior to the mid-1980s it had been taboo to show a slip or a visible bra strap in public. A visible undergarment had been a sign of social ineptness. In the new fad's most extreme forms, young women would forego conventional outer-garments for vintage-style bustiers with lacy slips and several large crucifixes. This was both an assertion of sexual freedom and a conscious rejection of prevailing androgynous fashions.
In the 2004-2005 school year, there were 175 faculty members, 70% of whom were expatriates (though a significant portion of this cut has little teaching experience); the remaining professional staff were Filipino citizens. Potential teachers are interviewed each year at international school job fairs in Bangkok and cities in the United States and the United Kingdom.


===Doc Martens===
===Facilities===
ISM operates on a brand new seven-hectare campus in [[Fort Bonifacio]] in [[Taguig City]] capable of providing education for 2000 students, K-12. Facilities include: 3 air-conditioned gymnasiums, 1 covered gymnasium, 6 tennis courts, 3 swimming pools, 3 playing fields, a canteen, a multi-level media center containing a total of 80,000 print and non-print resources, a 350-seat capacity Little Theater and an 880-seat fully-equipped fine and performing arts theatre. All rooms, including the 200 classrooms, are air-conditioned.


===Tuition and fees===
For the 2007-2008 school year, annual tuition rates range from US$6,180 (for Pre-School 3) to US$17,000 (for Grades 11-12). The School also charges a one-time matriculation fee of US$2,800, and a special project deposit of $5,000 is levied upon enrollment. The latter amount is fully refundable when the student withdraws from the school. In addition, other fees may apply.


===Initiatives===
[[Doc Martens]] shoes were worn by both sexes in the 1980s. They were an essential fashion accessory for the [[skinheads]] subculture in Britain, but were also commonly worn by teenage girls. Sometimes Doc Martens were paired with mini skirts or full,[[Laura Ashley]]- style dresses.
ISM is committed to community outreach through its service learning programs, in which students, faculty, and staff work with a range of community organizations serving groups such as street children and physically and mentally challenged people. In the past, the middle school's Outreach program and the high school's International Community Actively Responding to the Environment (ICARE) program sent groups of students, with faculty and staff chaperones, to work with communities around Metro Manila and the Philippines for a week during the school year. The students assisted with local projects such as paving basketball courts while learning about local cultures and development initiatives.
<ref>Fashion-Era.com</ref> They were an important feature of the late 1980s [[Gothic]] look which featured long, back-combed hair, pale skin, dark eyeshadow, eyeliner, and lipstick, black nail varnish, spiked bracelets and dog-collars, black clothing, often made of gabardine, velvet, or leather trimmed in lace or fishnet material. Corsettes were often worn by girls. British bands which inspired the gothic trend include [[The Cure]] and [[The Cult]]. This trend would resurge in the 1990s.


In early January 2007, ISM started a ''Let's Go Green'' program mainly operated by the High School looking to decrease the size of the school's carbon footprint. The effort has involved advertising throughout the school ways to keep the environment cleaner. In addition, the school has taken major steps to reduce its electricity and water consumption by replacing four-tube lights with two-tube lights, instating "no idling" policies for the covered parking lot, installing water meters on the garden hoses, and reducing water pressure in all water outlets in the building. A set of five ''Green Rules'' were introduced to the school in March of 2007.
===Rap Music and Designer Sneakers===
[[Converse]] shoes were popular in the first half of the 1980s. [[Air Jordan]] (named for basketball player [[Michael Jordan]]) basketball shoes made their debut in 1984. Athletic shoes had been worn as casual wear before, but for the first time they became a high priced fashion item. The National Basketball Association banned these shoes from games when they first debuted, which increased their cachet. Soon other manufacturers introduced premium athletic shoes. Adidas sneakers took the decade by storm, popular amongst teenagers and young men. The Adidas sneaker was popularized by the [[Run DMC]] song ''My Adidas''. Nike had a similar share of the market coming out with Air Max and similar type shoes. [[High-tops]], especially of white or black leather, became popular.


===Controversies===
Ensembles featuring the colors of Africa (green, yellow and red) became wildly popular among [[African Americans]], mainly named [[kente cloth]]. In the urban hip-hop communities, sneakers were usually worn unlaced & a large amount of gold [[jewelry]] as well as headwraps donned the young of the eighties.
In June 2000, a 5-year legal struggle between the school and its locally hired teachers was resolved by the Philippine Supreme Court when it ruled that ISM could no longer use "point-of-hire" as a basis to determine salary levels <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2000/june2000/128845.htm Intl School Alliance of Educators vs Quisumbing : 128845 : June 1, 2000 : J. Kapunan : First Division<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. In effect, the Philippine Supreme Court stated that ISM must pay the same salary to locally hired teachers belonging to the International School Alliance of Educators (ISAE) as was paid to expat teachers hired abroad. The School complied with the ruling in 2000 and has since reached a settlement with the teachers union on the related issue of back wages.


In late August 2006, ISM underwent a leadership crisis resulting from conflicts among the Members of the Board of Trustees, particularly on the issues of the newly elected Trustees' relationship with the Superintendent, David Toze, the Board's apparent interference in the school's day-to-day operations, financial management, and curriculum development. The situation came to a head when two Trustees resigned due to these conflicts, and parents, faculty and staff began to mobilize as ISM Stakeholders<ref>[http://www.ismstakeholders.com/history.html www.ISMstakeholders.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> calling for steps to remove the remaining Trustees and to reconstitute the Board. On 4 September 2006, the remaining Trustees fired the Superintendent due to his failure to "control" the mobilizing faculty and had him escorted off-campus. Faculty then declared two no-teaching days in protest against the Board's actions. Remaining Board members resigned over the next five days under pressure from parents, faculty and staff.
===Hair Metal===
By the late eighties, acid-washed [[jean]]s and denim jackets had become popular with both sexes. Acid washing is the process of chemically bleaching the denim, breaking down the fiber of material and forcing the dye to fade, thus leaving undertones of the original dye evidenced by pale white streaks or spots on the material. This became associated with the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] trend (called "[[glam metal|hair metal]]" in later decades for the large frizzy coiffures worn by both male and female enthusiasts).


On September 18, 2006 an Interim Board of Trustees was elected for the duration of the School Year 2006-2007. After they assumed office, an order was issued by the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) to maintain the "status quo ante" and reinstate David Toze as Superintendent. As one of their first decisions, the Interim Board concluded that they needed "quickly to reestablish ISM’s stability and credibility by resolving the issue" of the Superintendent, and conducted an intensive review of performance-related documents. They concluded that "all of these materials reflected strong support for David’s performance as Superintendent." In unanimous decision, the Interim Board renewed Toze's contract through School Year 2007-2008.
Severely bleached and ripped [[jeans]], either manufactured purposely or done by hand, become a popular fashion trend, being a main component of [[glam metal]] music acts such as [[Poison (band)|Poison]]. Although gay men have often been thought of as trendsetters in the fashion world, elements of gay fashion exploded into the mainstream in the 1980s. The outdoor look, such as the wearing of huge hiking boots, jeans and flannel shirts in the city caught on, drag styles for men and butch styles for women spread into straight society. Tattooing and piercing began to enter the mainstream.

===Preppy Dressing===
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Official-Preppy-Handbook-Cover.png|thumb|[[The Official Preppy Handbook]] was a best-selling satirical guide to the movement]] -->
Conservative teenagers, especially in the [[United States]] wore a style that came to be known as "[[preppy]]." Preppy fashions are associated with classic and conservative style of dressing and clothing brands such as [[Izod Lacoste]], [[Brooks Brothers]], [[Polo Ralph Lauren]]. An example of preppy attire would be a button-down Oxford cloth shirt, cuffed khakis, and loafers. Also popular were argyle sweaters and vests.
It was also considered "preppy" to wear a sweater tied loosely around the shoulders.
In the 1980s, preppy fashions featured a lot of pastels and polo shirts with designer logos.
[[Image:FASHION LATE 1980S.jpg|thumb|right|In the 1980s, many women dyed their hair plum or burgundy red. Long fringes were also popular as can be seen in this photograph taken in 1989]]

==Hairstyles==
Sideburns of the 1970s saw a massive decline in fashion in 1980, big and eccentric hair styles were popularized by film and music stars in particular amongst teenagers. There was generally an excessive amount of [[Hair mousse|mousse]] used in styling an individual's hair which resulted in a desired shiny look and greater volume, some mousse even contained glitter. Hairsprays such as [[AquaNet]] were also used in excess such as hard rock band [[Poison (band)|Poison]]. In 1984 sideburns made a comeback but were slightly thinner and shorter, and better groomed than those of the 1970s, lasting until the end of 1986. These sideburns were usually (but not always) used as an add-on to the Mullet haircut. The Mullet existed in several different styles, all characterized by hair short on the sides and long in the back. Mullets were popular in suburban and rural areas among working class men. This contrasted with a conservative look favored by business professionals, with neatly groomed short hair for men and sleekly straight hair for women. White collar men's haircuts were often shaved at the nape of the neck to create an artificially even hairline. Women's hairstyles became increasingly long in the latter part of the decade and blunt cuts dominated. Unlike 1970s blunt cuts, which were often longest at the spine, late 1980s long hair reached an equal length across the back. During the middle and late 1980s it was unfashionable to part either men's or women's hair.

Frizzy hair was cemented as a common fashion style and was complemented by the attire of the times. "Banana" clips were another favorite. Young women wore wild earrings, often long or of peculiar design, and not always matching. Shoulder length earrings often contrasted with hair that was chin length or shorter.

Crimped hair, and contrasting colour streaks were the trends in the 80's popularised by many teens. Many young women dyed their hair a rich burgundy red or plum in the last half of the decade.

==Jewelry==
[[Image:Princess Diana 1985.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Diana is wearing a pearl choker in this 1985 photograph.]]
[[Image:Barbara Bush black and white 1989.jpg|thumb|First Lady [[Barbara Bush]] wears diamond earrings and a string of pearls.]]
[[Earring]]s became a mainstream fashion for male teenagers.

Jelly or thin metal bracelets (also known as bangles) were very popular in the 80's, and would be worn in mass quantities on one's wrist.

Designer jewellery, such as [[diamond]]s and [[pearl]]s were popular among many women, not only for beauty, but as symbols of wealth and power.

==Designer Underwear==
Underwear became a more important fashion accessory for both men and women. Women's looks tended to be in a wide array of pastel colors, with lacy trimmings. Camisoles with built in bras became popular for women, especially visible in the neckline of jackets worn for work. Men became more fashion conscious as well. Underwear was also colorful for men, and boxer shorts were "tapered," or styled after the side-vent running shorts, with a trimmer cut.

Both sexes were wearing stylish undies such as those modeled by celebrities and on television. Women began to favor polyester satin fabrics for lingerie, and the Jocks company, long known for its men's line, began manufacturing lace-trimmed, French-cut styles of g-bangers aimed at more conservative men. The teddy, or all-in-one camisole and tap pants, was often worn on television, by stars such as [[Cybill Shepherd]] in ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'', and was very popular as a more modest garment that nearly eliminated the need for a slip. Bright jewel tones to match the silk charmeuse and satin blouses shown on [[Dallas]] and [[Dynasty]] were the rage. With baseball star [[Jim Palmer]] the new Jockey pitchman, focus on skimpy bikinis and bold prints worn by the athlete in print ads became popular. Fashion underwear was influenced by [[Michael J. Fox]]'s lilac [[Calvin Klein]] briefs in ''[[Back to the Future]]'', and [[Oakland Raiders]] star [[Howie Long]] in colorful Hanes bikini and colored brief ads. Colored, patterned, and figured men's bikinis or low-rise briefs, for the trim pant silhouettes, were available and widely popular with men of all ages.

==Watches==
At the beginning of the decade digital watches with metal bands were the dominant fashion. They remained popular but lost some of their status in later years. Newer digital watches with built-in calculators and primitive data organizers were strictly for gadget geeks. Adult professionals returned to dial watches by mid-decade. Leather straps returned as an option. By late in the decade some watch faces had returned to Roman numerals. In contrast, one ultramodern status symbol was the [[Movado]] museum watch. It featured a sleek design with a single large dot at twelve o'clock. Teen culture preferred vibrant plastic [[Swatch]] watches. These first appeared in Europe and reached North America by the middle of the decade. Young people would often wear two or three of these watches on the same arm.

==Eyewear==
[[Image:Sylvester Stallone (1983).jpg|thumb|Sylvester Stallone in 1983, sporting sunglasses]]

In the early-to-mid 1980s, [[glasses]] with large, plastic [[Glasses|frames]] were in fashion for both men and women. Small metal framed eyeglasses made a return to fashion in 1984 and 1985, and in the late 1980s, glasses with tortoise-shell coloring became popular. These were smaller and rounder than the type that was popular earlier in the decade.

Throughout the 1980s, [[Ray-Ban Wayfarer]] were extremely popular, as worn by [[Tom Cruise]] in the [[1983]] movie [[Risky Business]].

Sales of [[Ray-Ban Aviator]] sunglasses jumped 40%, following the release of the 1986 film ''[[Top Gun (film)|Top Gun]]'',{{Fact|date=June 2007}} where they were worn prominently by Maverick, played by [[Tom Cruise]] and Iceman, played by [[Val Kilmer]].

''[[Miami Vice]]'', in particular Sonny Crockett played by [[Don Johnson]], boosted [[Ray-Ban|Ray Ban's]] popularity by wearing a pair of [[Ray-Ban Wayfarer]] (Model L2052, Mock Tortoise),<ref name=rays>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2006-07-24-miami-vice-south_x.htm |title=South Beach and 'Miami Vice,' past and present |publisher=www.usatoday.com |date=2006-09-29 |accessdate=2007-11-25 |work=USA Today}}</ref> which increased sales of Ray Ban's to 720,000 units in 1984.<ref name=wayfarer>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1987/09/28/69577/index.htm |title=A Tale of Mice and Lens |last=Leinster |first=Colin |date=1987-09-28 |accessdate=2007-11-25 |publisher=money.cnn.com |work=Fortune Magazine}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
*London night clubs started to change their format from Friday and Saturday nights as being the only important music nights. The club 'Gossips' in Soho began to do [[David Bowie]] nights on Tuesdays and then more one night specials for niche tastes. That set the scene for special one night club evenings throughout London. Narrow tastes could be catered for.
*The former punk posers had taken to glamor and romance in clothing and the club venues offered them a chance to show off that glamor at dedicated evenings. Theatrical ensembles were worn to selected clubs in London such as Blitz and St. Moritz. These were the recognized venues where the romantic movement started.
*The early designers of the romantic look were Vivienne Westwood, Colin Swift, Stevie Stewart and David Holah. Westwood began her romantic ideas with adaptations of dandified Regency designs which later she developed into a Pirate look. She designed especially for [[Adam and The Ants]].
*Occasion wear included a return of cocktail dresses and evening suits with flared basque jackets, or Chanel line brocade jackets and just above knee short straight skirts, paired with heels.
*Dresses in slinky satins and foulard silks or polyesters were often batwing or with set in sleeves. Both styles had shoulder pads and frequently swathes of fabric were gathered and ruched onto hip bands, with falling silk, crepe de chine or chiffon asymmetric draped swirling skirts.
*Lace was popular for evening, especially cream lace bound with cream satin collars. Lace collars made an appearance after being worn by the [[Princess of Wales]]. Mohair sweaters were over-sized, but covered with lavish beading and satin appliqué they could be worn for evening too. Highly styled intarsia knit jumpers became fashionable.
*Glamorous occasion wear was a reaction and an alternative to the dressing down that was emerging from the wearing of sport and fitness wear as casual wear, due to the fitness craze inspired by [[Flashdance]] and [[Olivia Newton-John]]'s popular single [[Let's Get Physical]].
*The [[shell suit]] became a commonly-worn item, especially in the UK.
*In the UK as well as most of Europe, Italy in particular, black was the preferred colour for teenage girls and young women.
[[Image:Italian Fashion 1989 2.jpg|thumb|right|In the late 1980s, in Italy and most of Europe, it was the fashion for teenage girls and young women to dress completely in black. Note the large belt worn low at the hips]]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
*John Peacock, ''The 1980s'', ISBN 0-500-28076-2 (October 1, 1998)
*Tom Tierney, ''Great Fashion Designs of the Eighties'', ISBN 0-486-40074-3 (Mar 18, 1998)
*Catherine McDermott, ''Made in Britain: Tradition and Style in Contemporary British Fashion'', ISBN 1-84000-545-9 (May 9, 2002)
*Christopher Breward, ''Fashion'', ISBN 0-19-284030-4 (Jun 1, 2003)


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.ismanila.org International School Manila official website]
*[http://www.thefashionpolice.net/80s-fashion-a-guide-.html A guide to 80s Fashion]
* [http://www.ismstudents.com International School Manila official student website]
*[http://80sxchange.com/80s-fashion/80s-fashion.html 80s Fashion Information]
*[http://www.fashion-era.com/new_romantics1.htm New Romantics 1980s Fashion History]
* [http://www.ismstudents.com/hs/bt Bamboo Telegraph (official high school newspaper) website]
*[http://www.nostalgiacentral.com/pop/fashion80.htm Nostalgia Central - Fashion in the 1980s]
* [http://www.aisaam.org/History/index.htm History of the American/International School Manila]
*[http://www.trackies.co.uk/ Museum of 1980s sports and leisurewear]
* [http://www.jeepneygang.com Jeepney Gang]
*[http://www.80srewind.net/80s/80sfashion.htm Rewind back to 80s Fashion]
* [http://www.ismstakeholders.com/ ISM Stakeholders]
*[http://www.klubretro.com Classic 80s t-shirt fashion]
* [http://www.ism-online.org International School Manila Online]
*[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/collections/online/Results.cfm?ParentID=378550 Children's clothing from the 1980s]
*[http://www.liketotally80s.com 80s fashion: hair, clothes, makeup]
{{History of fashion}}

[[Category:1980s fashion]]


{{Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools}}
[[ru:Мода 1980-х]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1920]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in Taguig]]
[[Category:International schools|Manila]]
[[Category:Schools in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Taguig]]

Revision as of 07:28, 13 October 2008

Template:High School Infobox

International School Manila (abbreviation: ISM) is a private school in Taguig City, Metro Manila and a member of the Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools. It is non-denominational, co-educational, and primarily serves Manila's multinational community. It is accredited by the Philippine Department of Education and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. It is headed by superintendent David Toze.

The school consists of an elementary school (including a two-year preschool and the Early Childhood Learning Center), a middle school, and a high school. ISM Elementary School is headed by Jacqueline Pender, ISM Middle School is headed by Danielle Fredericks, and ISM High School is headed by William Brown.

History

International School Manila opened in 1920, during the American occupation of the Philippines, after American and British parents sought the establishment of a school in Manila that would provide for the long-term educational needs of their children and the children of future expatriates. The American School, Inc., chartered on March 4, 1920, was a non-profit, non-stock entity that distinguished itself from other schools geared towards Manila's expatriate community by preparing its students to pursue university studies in their home countries.

The American School changed locations four times between 1920 and 1936, when it constructed a permanent campus on Donada Street in Pasay City. The Japanese occupation of Manila during World War II (1941-1945), however, disrupted regular schooling. The Japanese army took control over the Donada Street campus, while many expatriates were forcibly interned at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). American School classes were held intermittently amongst the expatriate community at UST and resumed in Donada Street after the war ended.

The American School's rapid growth in the years after the war led its administration to seek out a new location that could accommodate the school's burgeoning student population. Construction began on a new campus on Kalayaan Avenue in Bel-Air Village, Makati City. In 1970, the American School changed its name to the International School to reflect its changing enrollment patterns. Between 1965 and 1994, the percentage of American students at ISM declined from approximately 75% of the student body to just 30%. Meanwhile, the percentage of students from East Asia, South Asia, and the Philippines rose significantly. In the 2006-2007 school year, ISM students are nationals of 60 different countries. Approximately 65% are from the Asia-Pacific region, 25% are North American, and 8% are European.

In September 2000 both the International School Manila's sustaining members and the parent community cast the deciding vote to begin the construction of a new, 70,000-square-meter campus. ISM moved to its new location on University Parkway, Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City at the beginning of the 2002-2003 school year. The Bel-Air campus was subsequently purchased by Century Properties Group, which is currently (as of early 2008) developing a mixed-use project on the site.

ISM has been recognized and accredited by the Philippine Department of Education since 1975 and has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges since the 1980s. It is also a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and the East Asia Regional Council of Overseas Schools. It has been a participating member of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program since 1975. It belongs to the Interscholastic Association of Southeast Asian Schools (IASAS), along with Jakarta International School, International School Bangkok, International School of Kuala Lumpur, Singapore American School and Taipei American School.

ISM maintains a large international alumni network through the official website, alumni.ismanila.com, where over 3,000 alumni have registered.

Institution

Organization

The School is normally governed by a ten-member Board of Trustees elected for three-year terms by parents. However, the current Board, elected in a special election on September 18, 2006, will only serve for one year and is composed of individuals who represent ISM's sustaining members.

Admissions and Financial Aid

The admissions process includes the submission of records from previous schools, recommendation letters, and test results, as well as an interview with a guidance counselor. ISM also awards need-based scholarships each year to a small number of students from local schools entering the eighth grade through its Filipino Scholars Program. Applications for the highly competitive scholarships must be made by mid-April for the school year beginning in August. ISM offers no other scholarships and grants no financial aid to its students.

Academics

ISM Campus

Instruction at ISM is in English, and the school provides an English as a Second Language (ESL) program for students whose English language competency falls below that required for their grade level. The Optimal Learning Center (OLC), meanwhile, provides an integrated model of support services for students with special needs, including high academic talent. The foreign languages program includes Filipino, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish.

Unlike most other schools in the Philippines, which hold classes from June to March, ISM's school year runs from early August to early June.!

Elementary School

ISM recently opened its preschool to accept both three- and four year-old children. The school's Early Primary Program is an integrated approach to learning based on the principles of a child's physical, social, personal and mental development. The learning environment fosters a developmentally appropriate approach in the promotion of creative and cognitive learning, independence in and the love of learning, the awareness of responsibility, together with dealing with risk, taking, trust learning and the development of self-esteem in expanding social dimensions.

High School

ISM's high school curriculum is based on the American college-preparatory model and includes both Advanced Placement (AP) courses and courses leading to the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma. Approximately 30% of each graduating class receives the IB Diploma. The majority of ISM graduates (98%) proceed to four-year colleges and universities in the United States (64%), the United Kingdom and Western Europe, Australia, Korea, Japan, and the Philippines.

High-achieving students of ISM High School are eligible to be inducted into the National Honor Society, the Cum Laude Society, and the Quill and Scroll Society for high school journalists.

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Faculty

In the 2004-2005 school year, there were 175 faculty members, 70% of whom were expatriates (though a significant portion of this cut has little teaching experience); the remaining professional staff were Filipino citizens. Potential teachers are interviewed each year at international school job fairs in Bangkok and cities in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Facilities

ISM operates on a brand new seven-hectare campus in Fort Bonifacio in Taguig City capable of providing education for 2000 students, K-12. Facilities include: 3 air-conditioned gymnasiums, 1 covered gymnasium, 6 tennis courts, 3 swimming pools, 3 playing fields, a canteen, a multi-level media center containing a total of 80,000 print and non-print resources, a 350-seat capacity Little Theater and an 880-seat fully-equipped fine and performing arts theatre. All rooms, including the 200 classrooms, are air-conditioned.

Tuition and fees

For the 2007-2008 school year, annual tuition rates range from US$6,180 (for Pre-School 3) to US$17,000 (for Grades 11-12). The School also charges a one-time matriculation fee of US$2,800, and a special project deposit of $5,000 is levied upon enrollment. The latter amount is fully refundable when the student withdraws from the school. In addition, other fees may apply.

Initiatives

ISM is committed to community outreach through its service learning programs, in which students, faculty, and staff work with a range of community organizations serving groups such as street children and physically and mentally challenged people. In the past, the middle school's Outreach program and the high school's International Community Actively Responding to the Environment (ICARE) program sent groups of students, with faculty and staff chaperones, to work with communities around Metro Manila and the Philippines for a week during the school year. The students assisted with local projects such as paving basketball courts while learning about local cultures and development initiatives.

In early January 2007, ISM started a Let's Go Green program mainly operated by the High School looking to decrease the size of the school's carbon footprint. The effort has involved advertising throughout the school ways to keep the environment cleaner. In addition, the school has taken major steps to reduce its electricity and water consumption by replacing four-tube lights with two-tube lights, instating "no idling" policies for the covered parking lot, installing water meters on the garden hoses, and reducing water pressure in all water outlets in the building. A set of five Green Rules were introduced to the school in March of 2007.

Controversies

In June 2000, a 5-year legal struggle between the school and its locally hired teachers was resolved by the Philippine Supreme Court when it ruled that ISM could no longer use "point-of-hire" as a basis to determine salary levels [1]. In effect, the Philippine Supreme Court stated that ISM must pay the same salary to locally hired teachers belonging to the International School Alliance of Educators (ISAE) as was paid to expat teachers hired abroad. The School complied with the ruling in 2000 and has since reached a settlement with the teachers union on the related issue of back wages.

In late August 2006, ISM underwent a leadership crisis resulting from conflicts among the Members of the Board of Trustees, particularly on the issues of the newly elected Trustees' relationship with the Superintendent, David Toze, the Board's apparent interference in the school's day-to-day operations, financial management, and curriculum development. The situation came to a head when two Trustees resigned due to these conflicts, and parents, faculty and staff began to mobilize as ISM Stakeholders[2] calling for steps to remove the remaining Trustees and to reconstitute the Board. On 4 September 2006, the remaining Trustees fired the Superintendent due to his failure to "control" the mobilizing faculty and had him escorted off-campus. Faculty then declared two no-teaching days in protest against the Board's actions. Remaining Board members resigned over the next five days under pressure from parents, faculty and staff.

On September 18, 2006 an Interim Board of Trustees was elected for the duration of the School Year 2006-2007. After they assumed office, an order was issued by the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) to maintain the "status quo ante" and reinstate David Toze as Superintendent. As one of their first decisions, the Interim Board concluded that they needed "quickly to reestablish ISM’s stability and credibility by resolving the issue" of the Superintendent, and conducted an intensive review of performance-related documents. They concluded that "all of these materials reflected strong support for David’s performance as Superintendent." In unanimous decision, the Interim Board renewed Toze's contract through School Year 2007-2008.

References

  1. ^ Intl School Alliance of Educators vs Quisumbing : 128845 : June 1, 2000 : J. Kapunan : First Division
  2. ^ www.ISMstakeholders.com

External links

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