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{{Infobox actor
In [[linguistics]], a '''number name''', or '''numeral''', is a symbol or group of symbols, or a [[word]] in a [[natural language]] that represents a [[number]]. Numerals differ from numbers just as words differ from the things they refer to. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are different numerals, all representing the same number. This article attempts to explain the various systems of numerals.
| name = Hugh Burden
| birthname =
| image =
| birthdate = {{birth date|1913|4|3|df=y}}
| deathdate = {{death date and age|1985|5|17|1913|4|3|df=y}}
| deathplace = [[London]], [[England]]
| location = [[Sri Lanka|Columbo, Ceylon]]
| occupation = [[actor]], [[playwright]]
| spouse =
| academyawards =
| emmyawards =
| tonyawards =
| goldenglobeawards =
| sagawards =
children = Caro
grandchildren = Saffron, India and Tabitha-Rose


'''Hugh Burden''' ([[3 April]], [[1913]] - [[17 May]], [[1985]]) was an English [[actor]] and playwright.
==History==
{{Seealso|Natural number}}
He was the son of a colonial official and was educated at [[Beaumont College]] and trained at the [[Central School of Speech and Drama]] and [[RADA]]. He then appeared on stage in repertory theatre in [[Croydon]] and in London's West End before military service in the [[Hampshire Regiment]] and the Indian Army from 1939 to 1942.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+The numbers one through ten in different numeral systems
|-
! '''Arabic'''
| ١ || ٢ || ٣ || ٤ || ٥ || ٦ || ٧ || ٨ || ٩ || ١٠
|-
! '''Devanagari'''
| १ || २ || ३ || ४ || ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९ || १०
|-
! '''Hebrew'''
| א || ב || ג || ד || ה || ו || ז || ח || ט || י
|-
! '''Arabic'''
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10
|-
! Malayalam'''
| ൧ || ൨ || ൩ || ൪ || ൫ || ൬ || ൭ || ൮ || ൯|| ൧൦
|-


He made appearances in numerous UK television plays and series including ''[[Doctor Who]]'' and ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]].'' His many film appearances include ''[[One of Our Aircraft is Missing]]'', ''[[Fame is the Spur]]'', ''[[The Way Ahead]]'', ''[[The Malta Story]]'', ''[[Funeral in Berlin (film)|Funeral in Berlin]]'', ''[[Blood from the Mummy's Tomb]]'' and ''[[The Ruling Class]]''. He was often cast as diffident characters.
! '''Chinese'''
| 一 || 二 || 三 || 四 || 五 || 六 || 七 || 八 || 九 || 十
|-
! '''Suzhou'''
| 〡 || 〢 || 〣 || 〤 || 〥 || 〦 || 〧 || 〨 || 〩 || 〡〇
|-
! '''Roman'''
| I || II || III || IV || V || VI || VII || VIII || IX || X
|-
! '''Thai'''
| ๑ || ๒ || ๓ || ๔ || ๕ || ๖ || ๗ || ๘ || ๙ || ๑๐
|}


He also acted in radio plays, and was known for readings of the works of authors such as [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Evelyn Waugh]]. He also wrote several television and stage plays and was an [[Equity (trade union)|Equity]] council member.
Counting aids, especially the use of body parts (counting on fingers), were certainly used in prehistoric times as today. There are many variations. Besides counting 10 fingers, some cultures have counted knuckles, the space between fingers, and toes as well as fingers. The [[Oksapmin]] culture of New Guinea uses a system of 27 upper body locations to represent numbers.


==External links==
To preserve numerical information, [[Tally marks|tallies]] carved in wood, bone, and stone have been used since prehistoric times. Stone age cultures, including ancient [[Amerindian|American Indian]] groups, used tallies for gambling, personal services, and trade-goods.
*{{imdb name|id=0120926|name=Hugh Burden}}


{{BD|1913|1985|Burden, Hugh}}
A method of preserving numeric information in clay was invented by the [[Sumerians]] between 8000 and 3500 BC. This was done with small clay tokens of various shapes that were strung like beads on a string. Beginning about 3500 BC clay tokens were gradually replaced by number signs impressed with a round stylus at different angles in clay tablets (originally containers for tokens) which were then baked. About 3100 BC written numbers were dissociated from the things being counted and became abstract numerals.
[[Category:1913 births]]

[[Category:1985 deaths]]
Between 2700 BC and 2000 BC in Sumer, the round stylus was gradually replaced by a reed stylus that was used to press wedge-shaped cuneiform signs in clay. These cuneiform number signs resembled the round number signs they replaced and retained the additive [[sign-value notation]] of the round number signs. These systems gradually converged on a common [[sexagesimal]] number system; this was a place-value system consisting of only two impressed marks, the vertical wedge and the chevron, which could also represent fractions. This sexagesimal number system was fully developed at the beginning of the Old Babylonia period (about 1950 BC) and became standard in Babylonia.
[[Category:English film actors]]

[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Sexagesimal]] numerals were a [[mixed radix]] system that retained the alternating base 10 and base 6 in a sequence of cuneiform vertical wedges and chevrons. By 1950 BC this was a [[positional notation]] system. Sexagesimal numerals came to be widely used in commerce, but were also used in astronomical and other calculations. This system was exported from Babylonia and used throughout Mesopotamia, and by every Mediterranean nation that used standard Babylonian units of measure and counting, including the Greeks, Romans and Egyptians. Babylonian-style sexagesimal numeration is still used in modern societies to measure [[time]] (minutes per hour) and [[angle]]s (degrees).
{{UK-actor-stub}}

In [[China]], armies and provisions were counted using modular tallies of [[prime number]]s. Unique numbers of troops and measures of rice appear as unique combinations of these tallies. A great convenience of [[modular arithmetic]] is that it is easy to multiply, though quite difficult to add. This makes use of modular arithmetic for provisions especially attractive. Conventional tallies are quite difficult to multiply and divide. In modern times modular arithmetic is sometimes used in [[Digital signal processing]].

{{numeral systems}}

The oldest Greek system was the that of the [[Attic numerals]], but in the 4th century BC they began to use a quasidecimal alphabetic system (see [[Greek numerals]]). Jews began using a similar system ([[Hebrew numerals]]), with the oldest examples known being coins from around 100 BC.

The Roman empire used tallies written on wax, papyrus and stone, and roughly followed the Greek custom of assigning letters to various numbers. The [[Roman numerals|Roman numerals system]] remained in common use in Europe until [[positional notation]] came into common use in the 1500s.

The [[Maya numerals|Maya]] of Central America used a mixed base 18{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and base 20 system, possibly inherited from the [[Olmec]], including advanced features such as positional notation and a [[0 (number)|zero]]. They used this system to make advanced astronomical calculations, including highly accurate calculations of the length of the solar year and the orbit of [[Venus (planet)|Venus]].

The Incan Empire ran a large command economy using [[quipu]], tallies made by knotting colored fibers. Knowledge of the encodings of the knots and colors was suppressed by the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[conquistador]]s in the 16th century, and has not survived although simple quipu-like recording devices are still used in the [[Andes|Andean]] region.

Some authorities believe that positional arithmetic began with the wide use of [[counting rods]] in China. The earliest written positional records seem to be [[rod calculus]] results in China around 400. In particular, zero was correctly described by Chinese mathematicians around 932.

The modern positional [[Arabic numeral system]] was developed by [[Indian mathematics|mathematicians in India]], and passed on to [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematicians]], along with astronomical tables brought to [[Baghdad]] by an Indian ambassador around 773.

From [[India]], the thriving trade between Islamic sultans and Africa carried the concept to [[Cairo]]. Arabic mathematicians extended the system to include [[Decimal|decimal fractions]], and {{Unicode|[[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī]]}} wrote an important work about it in the 9th century. The modern [[Arabic numerals]] were introduced to Europe with the translation of this work in the 12th century in Spain and [[Leonardo of Pisa]]'s ''Liber Abaci'' of 1201. In Europe, the complete Indian system with the zero was derived from the Arabs in the 12th century.

The [[binary numeral system|binary system]] (base 2), was propagated in the 17th century by [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. Leibniz had developed the concept early in his career, and had revisited it when he reviewed a copy of the [[I ching]] from China. Binary numbers came into common use in the 20th century because of computer applications.

==Numerals in most popular systems==

{| class="wikitable" summary="Numerals in many different writing systems"
!
! 0
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
|-
! Arabic
| ٠
| ١
| ٢
| ٣
| ٤
| ٥
| ٦
| ٧
| ٨
| ٩
|-
! Bengali
| ০
| ১
| ২
| ৩
| ৪
| ৫
| ৬
| ৭
| ৮
| ৯
|-
! Chinese<br /> (simple)
| 〇
| 一
| 二
| 三
| 四
| 五
| 六
| 七
| 八
| 九
|-
! Chinese<br /> (complex)
| 零
| 壹
| 貳
| 參
| 肆
| 伍
| 陸
| 柒
| 捌
| 玖
|-
! Chinese<br /> 花碼 (huā mă)
| 〇
| 〡
| 〢
| 〣
| 〤
| 〥
| 〦
| 〧
| 〨
| 〩
|-
! Devanagari
| ०
| १
| २
| ३
| ४
| ५
| ६
| ७
| ८
| ९
|-
! Ge'ez<br /> (Ethiopic)
|
| ፩
| ፪
| ፫
| ፬
| ፭
| ፮
| ፯
| ፰
| ፱
|-
! Gujarati
| ૦
| ૧
| ૨
| ૩
| ૪
| ૫
| ૬
| ૭
| ૮
| ૯
|-
! Gurmukhi
| ੦
| ੧
| ੨
| ੩
| ੪
| ੫
| ੬
| ੭
| ੮
| ੯
|-
! Kannada
| ೦
| ೧
| ೨
| ೩
| ೪
| ೫
| ೬
| ೭
| ೮
| ೯
|-
! Khmer
| ០
| ១
| ២
| ៣
| ៤
| ៥
| ៦
| ៧
| ៨
| ៩
|-
! Lao
| ໐
| ໑
| ໒
| ໓
| ໔
| ໕
| ໖
| ໗
| ໘
| ໙
|-
! Limbu
| ᥆
| ᥇
| ᥈
| ᥉
| ᥊
| ᥋
| ᥌
| ᥍
| ᥎
| ᥏
|-
! Malayalam
| ൦
| ൧
| ൨
| ൩
| ൪
| ൫
| ൬
| ൭
| ൮
| ൯
|-
! Mongolian
| ᠐
| ᠑
| ᠒
| ᠓
| ᠔
| ᠕
| ᠖
| ᠗
| ᠘
| ᠙
|-
! Myanmar
| ၀
| ၁
| ၂
| ၃
| ၄
| ၅
| ၆
| ၇
| ၈
| ၉
|-
! Oriya
| ୦
| ୧
| ୨
| ୩
| ୪
| ୫
| ୬
| ୭
| ୮
| ୯
|-
! Roman
|
| I
| II
| III
| IV
| V
| VI
| VII
| VIII
| IX
|-
! Tamil
| ௦
| ௧
| ௨
| ௩
| ௪
| ௫
| ௬
| ௭
| ௮
| ௯
|-
! Telugu
| ౦
| ౧
| ౨
| ౩
| ౪
| ౫
| ౬
| ౭
| ౮
| ౯
|-
! Thai
| ๐
| ๑
| ๒
| ๓
| ๔
| ๕
| ๖
| ๗
| ๘
| ๙
|-
! Tibetan
| ༠
| ༡
| ༢
| ༣
| ༤
| ༥
| ༦
| ༧
| ༨
| ༩
|-
! Urdu
| ۰
| ۱
| ۲
| ۳
| ۴
| ۵
| ۶
| ۷
| ۸
| ۹
|}

==Additional numerals==

{| summary="Additional numerals used in Chinese"
!
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 100
! 1000
! 10000
! 10<sup>8</sup>
! 10<sup>12</sup>
|-
! Chinese<br /> (simple)
| 十
| 廿
| 卅
| 卌
| 百
| 千
| 万
| 亿
| 兆
|-
! Chinese<br /> (complex)
| 拾
|
|
|
| 佰
| 仟
| 萬
| 億
| 兆
|}

{| summary="Additional Ge&#39;ez numerals"
!
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
! 100
! 10000
|-
! Ge'ez<br /> (Ethiopic)
| ፲
| ፳
| ፴
| ፵
| ፶
| ፷
| ፸
| ፹
| ፺
| ፻
| ፼
|}

{| summary="Additional Roman numerals"
!
! 10
! 50
! 100
! 500
! 1000
|-
! Roman
| X
| L
| C
| D
| M
|}

== Counting base ==

===10 - decimal===
Although a majority of traditional number systems are based on the [[decimal]] [[numeral system]], there are many regional variations even within decimal, including:

* Western system: based on [[one thousand|thousand]]s, with variants (see [[English-language numerals]])
* Indian system: [[crore]], [[lakh]] (see [[Indian numbering system]]. [[Indian numerals]])
* East Asian system: based on [[10000 (number)|ten-thousands]] (see below)

===12 - duodecimal===
[[Duodecimal]] numbers have only been used consistently in a few cases. Among these, the [[Chepang|Chepang language]] of [[Nepal]], the [[Mahl language]] of [[Minicoy Island]] in [[India]], and several languages of the [[Nigerian]] [[Middle Belt]], such as [[Janji language|Janji]], [[Kahugu language|Kahugu]] and the [[Nimbia dialect]] of [[Gwandara language|Gwandara]]. However, duodecimal subdivisions offer practical advantages over decimal because of the better divisibility of [[12 (number)|twelve]] (which is a [[highly composite number]]), and as such they have been used extensively in many other cultures as well; for example, in time divisions (twelve months in a year, the twelve-hour clock), in the [[imperial system of units]] (twelve inches to the foot, twelve Troy ounces to the Troy pound), or in the former British monetary system (twelve pence to the shilling). As a result, languages such as English eventually borrowed or evolved terms such ''[[dozen]]'', ''[[Gross (unit)|gross]]'' and ''[[great gross]]'', which allow for a rudimentary duodecimal nomenclature (e.g., saying "two gross and six dozen" instead of "three hundred and sixty"). [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] used decimal for integers, but switched to duodecimal for fractions, and correspondingly [[Latin]] developed a rich vocabulary for duodecimal-based fractions (see [[Roman numerals#Fractions|Roman numerals]]). In fiction, [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Elvish languages]] used duodecimal along with decimal.

===20 - vigesimal===
[[Vigesimal]] numbers were the standard among ancient [[Mesoamerica]]n cultures, and are still in use in the modern indigenous languages of their present-day descendants, such as the [[Nahuatl]] and [[Mayan languages]] (see also [[Maya numerals]]). Vigesimal terminology is also found to some extent in some European languages ([[Basque language|Basque]], [[Celtic languages]], [[French language|French]] (in which case is originally derived from Celtic languages), [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]]). English has a remnant of vigesimal numeration in the word ''[[twenty|score]]'' (famously used in the opening of the [[Gettysburg Address]]).

===5 - quinary===
[[Quinary]] is found in [[Inuit languages]].

===8 - octal===
[[Octal]] is used in the [[Yuki language]] of [[California]] and in the [[Pamean languages]] of [[Mexico]], because their speakers count using the spaces between their fingers rather than the fingers themselves.<ref>{{ citation
| title=Ethnomathematics: A Multicultural View of Mathematical Ideas
| first=Marcia
| last=Ascher
| year=1994
| publisher=Chapman &amp; Hall
| isbn=0412989417
}}</ref>

For very large (and very small) numbers, traditional systems have been superseded by the use of [[scientific notation]] and the system of [[SI prefix]]es. Traditional systems continue to be used in everyday life.

==Types of numerals==
In [[linguistics]] names of numbers can be classified according to their use:[http://www.sil.org/LINGUISTICS/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm]
*'''[[Cardinal number|Cardinal]] numerals''': how many items - ''one'', ''two'', ''three''.
*'''[[Ordinal number|ordinal]] numerals''': position - ''first'', ''second'', ''third''.
*'''Multiplicative numerals''': how many times - ''once'', ''twice'', ''thrice''.
*'''Distributive numerals''': expresses a group of the number specified: In ''pairs'', by the ''dozen''. English does not have distributive numerals for these but other languages such as [[Georgian language|Georgian]] do.[http://wals.info/feature/description/]
*'''Partitive numerals''': expresses a fraction - half, third, quarter.

== Numerals in various languages and scripts ==
* [[Arabic numeral system]]
* [[Armenian numerals]]
* [[Babylonian numerals]]
* [[Chinese numerals]]
* [[English-language numerals]]
* [[Greek numerals]]
* [[Hebrew numerals]]
* [[Indian numbering system|Indian numerals]]
* [[Japanese numerals]]
* [[Korean numerals]]
* [[Mayan numerals]]
* [[Quipu]]
* [[Rod numerals]]
* [[Roman numerals]]

== See also ==
* [[Large numbers]]
* [[Abacus]]
* [[History of large numbers]]
* [[List of numbers in various languages]]
* [[List of numeral system topics]]
* [[Long and short scales]]
* [[Myriad]]
* [[Names of large numbers]]
* [[Numeral system]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Numerals| ]]
[[Category:Names]]

[[de:Zahlennamen]]
[[it:Nome dei numeri]]
[[ja:命数法]]
[[ru:Именные названия степеней тысячи]]

Revision as of 16:15, 12 October 2008

{{Infobox actor | name = Hugh Burden | birthname = | image = | birthdate = (1913-04-03)3 April 1913 | deathdate = 17 May 1985(1985-05-17) (aged 72) | deathplace = London, England | location = Columbo, Ceylon | occupation = actor, playwright | spouse = | academyawards = | emmyawards = | tonyawards = | goldenglobeawards = | sagawards = 

 children = Caro 
 grandchildren = Saffron, India and Tabitha-Rose

Hugh Burden (3 April, 1913 - 17 May, 1985) was an English actor and playwright.

He was the son of a colonial official and was educated at Beaumont College and trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama and RADA. He then appeared on stage in repertory theatre in Croydon and in London's West End before military service in the Hampshire Regiment and the Indian Army from 1939 to 1942.

He made appearances in numerous UK television plays and series including Doctor Who and The Avengers. His many film appearances include One of Our Aircraft is Missing, Fame is the Spur, The Way Ahead, The Malta Story, Funeral in Berlin, Blood from the Mummy's Tomb and The Ruling Class. He was often cast as diffident characters.

He also acted in radio plays, and was known for readings of the works of authors such as T. S. Eliot and Evelyn Waugh. He also wrote several television and stage plays and was an Equity council member.

External links

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