Belgrade and 1900 Tennessee Volunteers football team: Difference between pages
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Nickknx865 (talk | contribs) ←Created page with '{{NCAATeamFootballSeason |Year=1900 |Team=Tennessee Volunteers |Image=UTVolunteers.png |ImageSize=100 |Conference=SIAA |Division= |ShortConference=SIA...' |
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|Year=1900 |
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<!-- Infobox begins --> |
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|Team=Tennessee Volunteers |
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{{Infobox Settlement |
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|Image=UTVolunteers.png |
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|- bgcolor="#BBDDFF" |
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|ImageSize=100 |
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|name = Belgrade |
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|Conference=SIAA |
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|official_name = City of Belgrade |
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|Division= |
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|other_name = Beograd |
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|ShortConference=SIAA |
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|native_name = Београд |
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|CoachRank= |
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|motto = |
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|APRank= |
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|image_skyline = Belgrade iz balona.jpg |
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|BCSRank= |
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|nickname = ''The Balkan Gate'';<br> ''Key to Central Europe''<ref>http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.belgrade-serbia.com/images-belgrade/Belgrade%2520-%2520fortress%2520-%2520old.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.belgrade-serbia.com/%3Fpage_id%3D3&h=234&w=519&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=6Cq-QT6Ny_SBQ8ak6lShfw&usg=__7611FUNmuATTn9sf5Nakygpg3cU=&tbnid=NyMXxS95pXer6M:&tbnh=59&tbnw=131&ei=3Ae8SPqbHY3g0gWr8LiwDA&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbelgrade%2Bhistory%26start%3D40%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN</ref><br> ''"Antemurale Christianitatis''<ref>http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/istorija.htm</ref>(hist.)<br>Slavic New York<ref>http://images.google.at/imgres?imgurl=http://magt.etf.bg.ac.yu/images/nytimes/belgrade.slide5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://magt.etf.bg.ac.yu/index.php%3Fpage%3Drocks%26id%3D3&h=450&w=650&sz=89&hl=de&start=35&um=1&usg=__5MoKLsmybdYu-YoS9c3zaisBj8U=&tbnid=vHJSoOe9hlmONM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbelgrade%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DN</ref></br> |
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|Record=3-2-1 |
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|imagesize = 240px |
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|ConfRecord=1-2-1 |
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|image_caption = Aerial view of Belgrade downtown and river shores |
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|HeadCoach=J.A. Pierce |
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|image_flag = Flag of Belgrade.svg |
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|OffCoach= |
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|flag_size = |
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|DefCoach= |
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|image_seal = |
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|OScheme= |
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|image_shield = Coat of Arms Belgrade.png |
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|DScheme= |
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|shield_size = |
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|StadiumArena= |
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|image_map = Serbia_Belgrade.png |
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|Champion= |
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|mapsize = 120px |
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|BowlTourney= |
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|map_caption = Location of Belgrade within Serbia |
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|BowlTourneyResult= |
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|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Serbia}} |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Serbia|District]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = City of Belgrade |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Serbia|Municipalities]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[#Municipalities|17]] |
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|government_type = |
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|leader_title = [[Mayor of Belgrade|Mayor]] |
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|leader_name = Dragan Đilas([[Democratic Party (Serbia)|DS]]) |
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|leader_title1 = [[List of political parties in Serbia|Ruling parties]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|DS]]/[[G17+]]/[[Socialist Party of Serbia|SPS]]/[[Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia 2005)|LDP]] |
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|leader_title2 = |
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|leader_name2 = |
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|leader_title3 = |
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|leader_name3 = |
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|established_title = Founded |
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|established_date = '''269 [[Before Christ|B.C.]]''' |
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|established_title2 = City rights |
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|established_date2 = '''150 [[Anno Domini|A.D.]]''' |
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|established_title3 = |
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|established_date3 = |
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|area_footnotes = |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|area_total_km2 = 3222.68 |
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|area_total_sq_mi = |
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|area_land_km2 = |
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|area_land_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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|area_water_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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|area_urban_km2 = 359.96 |
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|area_urban_sq_mi = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|area_blank1_title = |
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|area_blank1_sq_mi = |
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|area_blank1_km2 = |
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|area_blank2_title = |
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|area_blank2_sq_mi = |
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|area_blank2_km2 = |
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|population_as_of = 2006. |
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|population_footnotes = |
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<ref name=popis>{{cite book |
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|author=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |
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|title=Национална или етничка припадност - подаци по насељима |
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|url=http://www.zis.bg.gov.yu/upload/G_2006S%2003.pdf |
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|format=PDF |
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|accessdate=2006-10-29 |
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|edition = Procena stanovnistva 2006 |
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|year=2006 estimate |
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|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |
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|location=Belgrade |
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|language=Serbian |
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|page=14 |
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}}</ref> |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 1 689 000 |
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|population_density_km2 = 488.42 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = |
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|population_metroregion_ = |
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|population_density_metro_km2 = |
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|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_urban = 1 281 801 |
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|population_density_urban_sq_mi = |
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|population_density_urban_km2 = |
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|population_blank1_title = |
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|population_blank1 = |
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|population_density_blank1_km2 = |
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|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |
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|population_blank2_title = |
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|population_blank2 = |
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|population_density_blank2_km2 = |
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|population_density_blank2_sq_mi = |
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|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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|utc_offset = +1 |
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|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|latd = 44|latm= 49|lats =14|latNS = N |
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|longd = 20|longm = 27|longs =44|longEW = E |
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|elevation_footnotes = |
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<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201029|title=Geographical Position|publisher=Official website of City of Belgrade|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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|elevation_m = 117 |
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|elevation_ft = |
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|postal_code_type = Postal code |
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|postal_code = 11000 |
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|area_code = (+381) 11 |
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|website = [http://www.beograd.rs/ www.beograd.rs] |
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|blank_name = [[Serbian vehicle registration plates|Car plates]] |
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|blank_info = BG |
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}} <!-- Infobox ends --> |
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'''Belgrade''' ({{lang-sr|Београд, ''Beograd''}} {{Audio|sr-beograd.ogg|listen}} is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Serbia]]. The city lies on two [[international waterway]]s, at the confluence of the [[Sava River|Sava]] and [[Danube]] in north central Serbia, where the [[Pannonian Plain]] meets the [[Balkan Peninsula]]. With a population of 1.689.000 (official estimate 2006)<ref>http://www.zis.bg.gov.yu/upload/G_2006S%2003.pdf</ref>, Belgrade is the largest city in the territory of the [[former Yugoslavia]], second largest city on the [[Danube]] river<ref>http://www.budapestinfo.hu/en/</ref> and the fourth largest in [[South Eastern Europe#Southeastern Europe|Southeastern Europe]], after [[Istanbul]], [[Athens]], and [[Bucharest]]. |
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One of the oldest cities of [[Europe]], with archeological finds tracing settlements as early as 6th millenium BC,<ref>[http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=320 Discover Belgrade]</ref><ref>[http://www.visiteurope.com/ccm/where_to_go/city/detail/?nav_cat=677231&lang=fr_GL&item_url=/NTO-Serbia/unique-pages/regions/cities/belgrade-capital-city.pt Belgrade, capital city]</ref> Belgrade's wider city area was the birthplace of the largest prehistoric culture of [[Europe]], the [[Vinča culture]].<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-30447520071112?pageNumber=1 Prehistoric women had passion for fashion | World | Reuters<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> The city was discovered by the [[Greeks]],<ref>http://p104.ezboard.com/Skordiski/fistorijabalkanafrm27.showMessage?topicID=209.topic</ref> founded and named by the [[Celts]] (''White City'', name it still bears),<ref>http://www.qtours.dk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=97</ref> then colonized by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] before it was permanently settled by [[White Serbs]] from the 600s onwards. As a strategic key, the city was battled over in 140 separate wars since the ancient period by countless armies of the [[East]] and [[West]].<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/music_and_travel/article4385812.ece</ref> In medieval times, it was in the possession of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Frankish]], [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian]], [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Hungarian]] and [[Serbian Despotate|Serbian]] rulers. In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and became the seat of the [[Pashaluk of Belgrade]], as the principal city of Ottoman Europe<ref>http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html</ref> and among the largest European cities.<ref>http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251</ref> Frequently passing from [[Ottoman]] to [[Habsburg Empire|Austrian rule]], the status of Serbian capital would be regained only in 1841, after the [[Serbian revolution]]. [[Zemun|Northern Belgrade]], though, remained an [[Austrian]] outpost until the breakup of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1918. The united city then became the capital of several incarnations of [[Yugoslavia]], up to 2006, when Serbia became an independent state again. |
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Belgrade has the status of a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city government.<ref name="assemb">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201014|title=Assembly of the City of Belgrade|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Its territory is divided into [[Belgrade#Municipalities|17 municipalities]], each having its own local council.<ref name="municip">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201906|title=Urban Municipalities|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> It covers 3.6% of the territory of Serbia, and 24% of the country´s population lives in the city.<ref name="mdata">{{cite web|title=2005 Municipal indicators of Republic of Serbia|url=http://webrzs.statserb.sr.gov.yu/axd/en/pok.php?god=2005|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref> Belgrade is the central economic hub of Serbia, and the capital of [[Serbian culture]], [[Education in Serbia|education]] and science. |
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==Geography== |
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[[Image:Beograd Sat.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Satellite view of Belgrade]] |
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Belgrade lies {{m to ft|116.75|spell=Commonwealth}} above [[sea level]] and is located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, at [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] 44°49'14" North, 20°27'44" East. The historical core of Belgrade, today's [[Kalemegdan]], is on the right bank of the rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east, and after World War II, [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]] was built on the Sava's left bank, merging Belgrade with [[Zemun]]. Smaller, chiefly residential communities across the Danube, like [[Krnjača]] and [[Ovča]], also merged with the city. The city has an urban area of {{km2 to mi2 |num=360|spell=Commonwealth}}, while together with its metropolitan area it covers {{km2 to mi2|3223|abbr=yes}}. Throughout history, Belgrade has been a major crossroad between the [[Western world|West]] and [[the Orient]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201029|title=Geographical Position|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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Beograd has in many years been in war with other countries and because of all the bombs and guns the average age is 21 years old.On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is [[Torlak (Belgrade)|Torlak hill]] at {{m to ft|num=303|abbr=yes|precision=0}}. The mountains of [[Avala]] ({{m to ft|num=511|abbr=yes|precision=0}}) and [[Kosmaj]] ({{m to ft|num=628|abbr=yes|precision=0}}) lie south of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201033|publisher=Official site|title=Natural Features|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting of [[alluvial plain]]s and [[loam|loessial]] [[plateau]]s. |
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<!--{{cite conference|url=http://www.geo.uni.lodz.pl/~icuc5/text/P_1_10.pdf|title=Topoclimate and air pollution effects on respiratory diseases occurrences in Belgrade|first=Verica|last=Gburčik|coauthors=Valentina Gburčik, Ljubinka Marčetić, Slobodan Tošović|publisher=Institute of Public Health of Belgrade|format=PDF}}--> |
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===Climate=== |
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{{climate chart |
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|Belgrade |
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|-2|4|49 |
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|0|6|44 |
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|3|12|50 |
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|8|18|59 |
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|12|23|71 |
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|15|25|90 |
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|16|27|66 |
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|16|27|51 |
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|13|24|51 |
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|8|18|40 |
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|4|11|54 |
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|0|5|58 |
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|source=[http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/y/YG13274.html#data Climate-Charts.com] |
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|float=right |
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}} |
}} |
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The 1900 Volunteers would see J.A. Pierce coach his second and final season as coach of the Vols. The Vols this year would go 3-2-1, with the first tie in school history coming vs. [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]] in [[Nashville]]. |
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== 1900 Schedule == |
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Belgrade has a moderate [[continental climate]]. The year-round average temperature is {{C to F|11.7}}, while the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of {{C to F|22.1}}. There are, on average, 31 days a year when the temperature is above 30°C, and 95 days when the temperature is above 25°C. Belgrade receives about 700 millimetres (27.56 [[inch|in]]) of precipitation a year. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,096. The sunniest months are July and August, with an average of about 10 sunny hours a day, while December and January are the gloomiest, with an average of 2–2.3 sunny hours a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201193|title=Climate|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was +43,1 °C,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1334095.php/Record-breaking_heat_measured_in_Belgrade |author=m&c News |title=Record-breaking heat measured in Belgrade |date=2007-07-24 |accessdate=2007-08-10}}</ref> while on the other end, the lowest temperature was -26.2 °C on January 10, 1893.<ref>www.mherrera.org/temp.htm</ref> |
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{{CFB Schedule Start |
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==History== |
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{{seealso|Timeline of Belgrade history}} |
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===Ancient city=== |
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[[Image:Jovian1.jpg|thumb|left|140px|[[Jovian|Flavius Iovanus]], [[Roman Emperor]] from [[Singidunum]]]] |
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The [[Neolithic]] [[Starčevo-Körös|Starčevo]] and [[Vinča culture]]s existed in or near Belgrade and dominated the [[Balkans]] (as well as parts of [[Central Europe]] and [[Asia Minor]]) about 7,000 years ago.<ref name="Vinca">{{cite book |author=Nikola Tasić |coauthors=Dragoslav Srejović, Bratislav Stojanović |editor=Vladislav Popović | other = Smiljka Kjurin (translator) |title=Vinča: Centre of the Neolithic culture of the Danubian region |url=http://www.rastko.org.yu/arheologija/vinca/vinca_eng.html |accessdate=2006-10-28 |year=1990 |location=Belgrade |chapter=Vinča and its Culture | chapterurl = http://www.rastko.org.yu/arheologija/vinca/vinca_eng.html#_Toc504111710}}</ref><ref name="ancient">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172|title=History (Ancient Period)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Some scholars believe that the prehistoric [[Vinča signs]] represent the earliest form of [[alphabet]] known to men.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=iWlpqkVMX2YC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Vin%C4%8Da+signs+earliest+alphabet&source=web&ots=fujg0dANsG&sig=WIElz2jkSAwDGHT8dD4KJGcw6e4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result</ref> Many centuries later, the Greek [[Argonauts]] have discovered the river [[Sava]] in ancient Belgrade (which they named ''Cauliac'') while sailing from the [[Black Sea]] upstream (''Appolonius'').<ref>http://p104.ezboard.com/Skordiski/fistorijabalkanafrm27.showMessage?topicID=209.topic</ref> Settled in the fourth century BC by a [[Celt]]ic tribe, the [[Scordisci]], the city's recorded name was Singidūn, before becoming the [[Roman Empire|romanized]] ''[[Singidunum]]'' in the first century AD. In the mid 2nd century, the city was proclaimed a [[municipium]] by the Roman authorities, evolving into a full fledged [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] (highest class Roman city) by the end of the century. The first [[Christian]] [[Roman Emperor|Emperor of Rome]] was born in modern [[Serbia]]: [[Constantine I]] known as [[Constantine the Great]] ([[Niš|Naissus]], 280 A.D.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I Constantine I - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>) and a Roman Emperor was born in Belgrade, [[Jovian]], the restorer of [[Christianity]], [[Flavius Iovianus]], ([[Singidunum]], 332 A.D.<ref>[http://artfl.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.25:1:283.harpers Philologic Results<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>) Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the [[Roman Empire]], ending the brief revival of paganism under his predecessor [[Julian]]. In 395 AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="ancient"/> Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of [[Zemun|Taurunum (Zemun)]], that through Roman and Byzantine times shared a common fate with its "twin brother" (the two cities were connected by a bridge).<ref>[http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201172 City of Belgrade - Ancient Period<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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[[Image:Siege of Nándorfehérvár.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The [[Siege of Nándorfehérvár|Siege of Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár)]] in 1456]] |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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===Middle Ages=== |
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| date = October 10 |
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[[Image:Dizd ops.jpg|225px|thumb|right|Belgrade Fortress - Despot Stefan's Tower]] |
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Singidunum was occupied and often ravaged by successive invasions of [[Huns]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Gepids]], [[Ostrogoths]] and [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] before the arrival of the [[Slavic peoples|Slav]]s around 630 AD. It served as the center of the [[Gepids|Gepidean Kingdom]] in the early 500s, before being taken by the Avars. When the [[Avars]] were finally destroyed in the 9th century by the [[Frankish Kingdom]], it fell back to Byzantine rule, whilst [[Taurunum]] became part of the Frankish realm (and was renamed to Malevilla).<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/kadezi/zemunhistory.html History of Zemun<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> At the same time (around 878), the first record of the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] name ''Beligrad'' has appeared, during the rule of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. For about four centuries, the city remained a battleground between the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref name="ancbhistory">[http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_ancient.html The History of Belgrade]</ref> The city hosted the armies of the [[First Crusade|First]] and the [[Second Crusade]];<ref name="beligrad_history">[http://www.beligrad.com/history.htm How to Conquer Belgrade - History<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> while passing through during the [[Third Crusade]], [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and his 190,000 [[Third Crusade|crusaders]] saw Belgrade in ruins.<ref>[http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history.html The History of Belgrade<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Capital of the [[Kingdom of Syrmia]] since 1284, the first [[List of Serbian monarchs|Serbian king]] to rule over Belgrade was [[Stefan Dragutin|Dragutin]], who received it as a gift from his [[father-in-law]], the Hungarian king [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]].<ref name="MSH">{{citeweb|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201247|title=History (Medieval Serbian Belgrade)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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| w/l = w |
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Following the [[Battle of Maritsa]] in 1371, and the [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389, the [[Serbian Empire]] began to crumble as the [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered its southern territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050991/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River|title=Battle of Maritsa|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046112/Battle-of-Kosovo|title=Battle of Kosovo|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The north, however, resisted through the [[Serbian Despotate]], which had Belgrade as its capital. The city flourished under [[Despotism|despot]] [[Stefan Lazarević]], son of the famous Serbian ruler [[Prince Lazar|Lazar Hrebeljanović]]. Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers, of which only the [[Despot Stefan Tower|Despot's tower]] and the west wall remain. He also refortified the city's ancient walls, allowing the Despotate to resist the Ottomans for almost 70 years. During this time, Belgrade was a haven for the many Balkan peoples fleeing from Ottoman rule, and is thought to have had a population of some 40–50,000.<ref name="MSH"/> |
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| homecoming = no |
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In 1427, Stefan's successor [[Đurađ Branković]] had to return Belgrade to the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarians]], and the capital was moved to [[Smederevo fortress|Smederevo]]. During his reign, the Ottomans captured most of the [[Serbian Despotate]], unsuccessfully besieging Belgrade first in 1440<ref name = "beligrad_history">www.beligrad.com/history.htm</ref> and again in 1456.<ref name="corovic">{{cite book |last=Ćorović |first= Vladimir |authorlink=Vladimir Ćorović |title=Istorija srpskog naroda |url=http://www.rastko.org.yu/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html |year=1997 |publisher=[[Project Rastko]] |location=Banja Luka / Belgrade |language=Serbian |chapter=V. Despot Đurađ Branković | chapterurl = http://www.rastko.org.yu/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_5_l.html |accessdate=2007-07-17|isbn=86-7119-101-X}}</ref> As it presented an obstacle to their further advance into [[Central Europe]], over 100,000 Ottoman solders<ref name = "belgradenet-middleages">[http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html The History of Belgrade<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> have launched the famous [[Siege of Belgrade]], where the [[Christendom|Christian]] army under [[John Hunyadi]] successfully defended the city from the Ottomans, wounding the Sultan [[Mehmed II]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3030796.html|author=Tom R. Kovach|title=Ottoman-Hungarian Wars: Siege of Belgrade in 1456|publisher=Military History magazine|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> This battle "decided the fate of Christendom";<ref>[http://wiki.viitorulroman.com/pmwiki.php/Heritage/JohnHunyadi Romanian Heritage | Heritage / JohnHunyadi<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> the ''[[noon bell]]'' ordered by [[Pope Callixtus III]] commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day.<ref>[http://www.mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm Hungary: A Brief History]</ref><ref name = "beligrad_history"/> |
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| away = |
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| neutral = |
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===Turkish conquest / Austrian invasions=== |
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| rank = no |
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[[Image:Fortress Belgrade.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Belgrade in the 16th century]] |
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| opponent = King |
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It wasn't until August 28, 1521 (7 decades after the last siege), that the fort was finally captured by Sultan [[Suleyman the Magnificent]] and his 250,000 soldiers; subsequently, most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Christian population (including Serbs, Hungarians, Greeks, Armenians etc) was deported to [[Istanbul]].<ref name = "beligrad_history"/> Belgrade was made the seat of the district ([[Sanjak]]), attracting new inhabitants—[[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] traders, and others, and there was peace for the next 150 years. The city became the second largest [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] town in [[Europe]] at over 100,000 people, surpassed only by [[Constantinople]].<ref name = "belgradenet-middleages"/> Turkish rule also introduced [[Ottoman architecture]] to Belgrade and many [[mosque]]s were built, increasing the city's [[Oriental]] influences.<ref name="imperialrule">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201251|title=History (Turkish and Austrian Rule)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> In 1594, a major [[Banat Uprising|Serb rebellion]] was crushed by the Turks. Further on, [[Albania]]n- born [[Grand vizier]] [[Sinan Pasha]]<ref>[http://www.frosina.org/culturehistory/reviews.asp?id=121 Welcome to Frosina.org :: An Albanian Immigrant and Cultural Resource<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> ordered the [[relic]]s of [[Saint Sava]] to be publicly torched on the [[Vračar plateau]]; more recently, the [[Temple of Saint Sava]] was built to commemorate this event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitropolija.cg.yu/dvavoda/knjige/aradovic-hram_l.html|title=Duhovni smisao hrama Svetog Save na Vračaru (Online book reprint)|author=[[Amfilohije Radović]]|publisher=Janus, Belgrade|year=1989|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> In retaliation for the rebellion, most of the city's population was deported to [[Istanbul]]; the ''Belgrade Forest'' is, centuries on, still named after those Serbian refugees.<ref>[http://icdea.bahcesehir.edu.tr/istanbul.htm University of Bahçeşehir<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> |
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| opprank = |
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| site_stadium = |
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[[Image:Belagerung belgrad 1717.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Austrian conquest of Belgrade: 1717 by [[Eugene of Savoy]], during the [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18]]]] |
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| site_cityst = [[Knoxville]] |
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Occupied by [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] three times (1688–1690, 1717–1739, 1789–1791), headed by the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Princes]] [[Maximilian of Bavaria]] and [[Eugene of Savoy]],<ref>[http://razgledanje.tripod.com/tvrdjava/english.htm Belgrade Fortress: History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> respectively, Belgrade was quickly recaptured and substantially razed each time by the Ottomans.<ref name="imperialrule"/> During this period, the city was affected by the two [[Great Serbian Migrations]], in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs, led by their [[Patriarch of Serbia|patriarchs]], retreated together with the Austrians into the Habsburg Empire, settling in today's [[Vojvodina]] and [[Slavonia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.suc.org/culture/library/Oci/tajne-poruke-svetoga-save-16-03-03.html|title=Oči u oči|chapter=Tajne poruke svetog Save" Svetosavka crkva i velika seoba Srba 1690. godine|authorlink=Dejan Medaković|publisher=[[BIGZ]] (online reprint by Serbian Unity Congress library)|location=Belgrade| |isbn=978-8613009030|last=Medaković|first=Dejan|accessdate=2007-05-17|year=1990}}</ref> |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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===Serbian capital=== |
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| score = 22-0 |
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| overtime = |
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During the [[First Serbian Uprising]], the Serbian revolutionaries held the city from January 8, 1807 until 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans.<ref name="bglib">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201255|title=History (Liberation of Belgrade)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> After the [[Second Serbian Uprising]] in 1815, Serbia reached semi-independence, which was formally recognized by the [[Porte]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite paper|title=Nations into States: National Liberations in Former Yugoslavia|last=Pavkovic|first=Aleksandar|publisher=The Australian National University|date=2001-10-19|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref> In 1841, Prince [[Mihailo Obrenović]] moved the capital from [[Kragujevac]] to Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kragujevac.org.yu/en/history.htm|title=History of Kragujevac|publisher=Official website of Kragujevac|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201239 |title=History (Important Years Through City History)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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With the [[Principality of Serbia|Principality]]'s full independence in 1878, and its transformation into the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.<ref name="bglib">src</ref><ref name="20c">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201259|title=History (The Capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia as a whole remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to [[Niš]], Serbia's second city, and in 1900 the capital had only 69,100 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/yugoslft.htm|title=The Yugoslav Federation: Historical demographical data of the urban centers|publisher=www.populstat.info|date=2003-02-03|accessdate=2007-05-17|author=Jan Lahmeyer}} |
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| date = October 22 |
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</ref> Yet by 1905 the population had grown to more than 80,000, and by the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, not counting [[Zemun]] which then belonged to [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Belgrade and Smederevo|Belgrade and Smederevo]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' - Retrieved on 2007-10-16}}</ref> |
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| time = |
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| w/l = t |
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[[Image:Knez stara.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Knez Mihailova street at the beginning of the 19th century]] |
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| nonconf = |
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The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the [[Balkans]] and [[Central Europe]] was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by Andre Carr, a representative of the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]]. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.rastko.org.yu/isk/index_e.html|chapterurl=http://www.rastko.org.yu/isk/dkosanovic-cinematography.html|title=The history of Serbian Culture|chapter=Serbian Film and Cinematography (1896-1993)|last=Kosanovic|first=Dejan|isbn=1-870732-31-6|publisher=Porthill Publishers|origyear=1995|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><!-- [[Johann Strauss II]] performed in the city the same year.--> |
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| homecoming = no |
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| away = yes |
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===World War I / Unified city=== |
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| neutral = |
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{{Quote_box |
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| rank = no |
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|width=140px |
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| opponent = Vanderbilt |
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|align=right |
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| opprank = |
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|quote="''[[Kalemegdan]] is the prettiest and most courageous piece of optimism I know.''" |
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| site_stadium = |
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|source= [[Rebecca West]] in 1913<ref>[http://www.balkanology.com/serbia/article_belgrade.html Balkanology :: Serbia :: Belgrade<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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| site_cityst = [[Nashville]] |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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| score = 0-0 |
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| overtime = |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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| date = November 1 |
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| time = |
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| w/l = l |
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| nonconf = |
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| homecoming = no |
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| away = |
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| neutral = |
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| rank = no |
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| opponent = [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|North Carolina]] |
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| opprank = |
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| site_stadium = |
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| site_cityst = [[Knoxville]] |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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| score = 5-22 |
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| overtime = |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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| date = November 10 |
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| time = |
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| w/l = l |
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| nonconf = |
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| homecoming = no |
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| away = |
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| neutral = yes |
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| rank = no |
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| opponent = Auburn |
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| opprank = |
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| site_stadium = |
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| site_cityst = [[Birmingham, AL]] |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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| score = 0-23 |
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| overtime = |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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| date = November 27 |
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| time = |
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| w/l = w |
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| nonconf = |
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| homecoming = no |
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| away = |
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| neutral = |
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| rank = no |
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| opponent = [[University of Tennessee at Chattanooga|Chattanooga]] |
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| opprank = |
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| site_stadium = |
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| site_cityst = [[Knoxville]] |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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| score = 28-0 |
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| overtime = |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule Entry |
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| date = December 1 |
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| time = |
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| w/l = w |
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| nonconf = yes |
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| homecoming = no |
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| away = |
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| neutral = |
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| rank = no |
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| opponent = [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]] |
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| opprank = |
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| site_stadium = |
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| site_cityst = [[Knoxville]] |
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| gamename = |
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| tv = no |
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| score = 12-6 |
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| overtime = |
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}} |
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{{CFB Schedule End |
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| rank = no |
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| poll = no |
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| timezone = Eastern |
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| ncg = |
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| hc = no |
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}} |
}} |
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[[Image:Knez Mihailo, Republic Square.jpg|thumb|right|The statue of [[Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia|Prince Mihailo III]] on [[Republic Square (Belgrade)|Republic Square]], mid 19th century.]] |
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[[Gavrilo Princip]]'s [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in [[Sarajevo]] on June 28, 1914 triggered [[World War I]]. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade. [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian]] [[Monitor (warship)|monitors]] shelled Belgrade on July 29, 1914, and it was taken by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] under General [[Oskar Potiorek]] on November 30. On December 15, it was re-taken by [[Serbian Campaign (World War I)|Serbian troops]] under Marshal [[Radomir Putnik]]. After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city, between October 6 and October 9, 1915, Belgrade fell to [[German Army|German]] and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal [[August von Mackensen]] on October 9, 1915. The city was liberated by Serbian and [[French Army|French troops]] on November 5, 1918, under the command of Marshal [[Louis Franchet d'Espérey]] of [[France]] and [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia]]. Decimated as the front-line city, for a while it was [[Subotica]]<ref>[http://www.balkanology.com/serbia/article_vojvodina.html Balkanology :: Serbia :: Vojvodina<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> that was the largest city in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom]]; still, Belgrade grew rapidly, retrieving its position by the early 1920s. |
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After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1929. The Kingdom was split into [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|banovinas]], and Belgrade, together with [[Zemun]] and [[Pančevo]], formed a separate administrative unit.<ref>ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 144</ref> |
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During this period, the city experienced faster growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (incorporating the town of [[Zemun]], formerly in Austria-Hungary), and 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.<ref name="stan">{{cite journal |
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|url=http://nainfo.nbs.bg.ac.yu/sfoa/pdfovi/0350-03730101087P.pdf |title=Industrija i urbani razvoj Beograda|last=Petrović|first=Dragan|journal=Industrija|year=2001|volume=21, No. 1–4|pages=87–94|accessdate=2007-07-10|issn=0350-0373|format=PDF}}</ref> In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened, and in 1929, its first radio station began broadcasting. The [[Pančevo Bridge]], which crosses the Danube, was opened in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serbia-info.com/g3/images/1930-50-e.htm|title=Twentieth Century - Innovations in Belgrade|publisher=Serbia-info.com (Government of Serbia website)|accessdate=2007-07-21}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Beograd - National Theater 02.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[National Theatre in Belgrade]], mid 19th century]] |
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===World War II=== |
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On March 25, 1941, the government of [[regent]] [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Paul]] signed the [[Tripartite Pact]], joining the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis powers]] in an effort to stay out of the [[Second World War]]. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a military [[coup d'état]] led by Air Force commander General [[Dušan Simović]], who proclaimed [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] to be of age to rule the realm. Consequently, the city was [[Bombing of Belgrade in World War II#German bombing|heavily bombed]] by the [[Luftwaffe]] on April 6, 1941, and up to 17,000 citizens were killed.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/CMH/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_2.htm THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN THE BALKANS (SPRING 1941): PART II<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> [[Yugoslavia]] was then [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded]] by [[Nazi Germany|German]], [[Italian fascism|Italian]], [[Hungary between the two world wars|Hungarian]], and [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgarian]] forces, and suburbs as far east as [[Zemun]], in the Belgrade metropolitan area, were incorporated into a Nazi [[puppet state]], the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. Belgrade became the seat of [[Nedić's Serbia|another puppet government]], headed by General [[Milan Nedić]]. |
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During the summer and fall of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of the [[History of the Jews in Serbia|Jewish]] community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General [[Franz Böhme]], the German Military Governor of Serbia. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rubenstein|first=Richard L|coauthors=Roth, John king|title=Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=0664223532|pages=170|url=http://www.questia.com/library/book/approaches-to-auschwitz-the-holocaust-and-its-legacy-by-john-k-roth-richard-l-rubenstein.jsp}}</ref> |
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[[Bombing of Belgrade in World War II#Allied bombing|Belgrade was bombed]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on April 16, 1944, killing about 1,600 people. Both this and the earlier Luftwaffe bombing fell on the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] [[Easter#Eastern Christianity 2|Easter]]. Most of the city remained under German occupation until October 20, 1944, when it was liberated by [[Communism|Communist]] [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisans]] and the [[Red Army]]. On November 29, 1945, Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] proclaimed the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade (later to be renamed to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] on April 7, 1963). |
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===Communist Yugoslavia=== |
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During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre.<ref name="20c"/> In 1958, Belgrade's first television station began broadcasting. In 1961, the conference of [[Non-Aligned Movement|Non-Aligned Countries]] was held in Belgrade under Tito's chairmanship. In 1968, major student protests against Tito led to several street clashes between students and the police, ending with Tito's famous saying, "Students are right!". In March 1972, Belgrade was at the centre of [[1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia|the last major outbreak of smallpox in Europe]], which, through enforced quarantine and mass vaccination, was contained by late May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/news/specials/response/anthrax/features/2001/oct/011023.quarantine.html|title=Bioterrorism: Civil Liberties Under Quarantine|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=2001-10-23|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> |
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===Post-communist history=== |
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[[Image:Belgrade Kalemegdan&Pobednik.JPG|250px|thumb|right|[[Pobednik]] (''The Victor''), a symbol of Belgrade]] |
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On March 9, 1991, [[March 9, 1991 protest|massive demonstrations]] led by [[Vuk Drašković]] were held in the city against [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danas.co.yu/20060309/hronika1.html|title=Prvi udarac Miloševićevom režimu|publisher=[[Danas]]|date=2006-03-09|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> According to various media outlets, there were between 100,000 and 150,000 people on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972607-1,00.html |title=Yugoslavia: Mass bedlam in Belgrade|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|author=James L. Graff|date=1991-03-25|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Two people were killed, 203 injured and 108 arrested during the protests, and later that day tanks were deployed onto the streets to restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/450/2.html|title=Srbija na mitinzima (1990–1999)|publisher=[[Vreme]]|date=1999-08-21|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> [[1996-1997 protests in Serbia|Further protests]] were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud at local elections.<ref name="twelveyears">{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201267|title=History (Disintegration Years 1988–2000)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> These protests brought [[Zoran Đinđić]] to power, the first [[mayor of Belgrade]] since [[World War II]] who did not belong to the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] or its later offshoot, the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40616F83B5A0C708EDDAB0894DF494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDjindjic%2c%20Zoran |title=New Mayor of Belgrade: A Serbian Chameleon|publisher=The New York Times|date=1997-02-23|author=Jane Perlez|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref> |
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The [[Operation Allied Force|NATO bombing]] during the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999 caused substantial damage to the city. Among the sites bombed were the buildings of several ministries, the [[Radio Television of Serbia|RTS]] building, which [[NATO bombing of RTS|killed 16 technicians]], several hospitals, the Jugoslavija Hotel, the [[Ušće Tower|Central Committee building]], the [[Avala TV Tower]], and the [[NATO Bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade|Chinese embassy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201271|title=NATO bombing|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref> |
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After the elections in 2000, Belgrade was the site of major street protests, with over half a million people on the streets (800,000 by police estimates, over 1,000,000 according to [[Misha Glenny]]). These demonstrations resulted in the [[5th October (Serbia)|ousting of president Milošević]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Антонић, Слободан|url=http://www.nspm.org.yu/Tekstovi/txt%20sr%20p%20m%20-%20s%20antonic.htm|title="Србија после Милошевића"|publisher=Нова спрска политичка мисао|date=2001-03-15|language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Glenny, Misha|url=http://www.glypx.com/BalkanWitness/glenny3.htm|title=Can Serbia's new leaders overcome the legacy of Slobodan Milosevic?|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=2000-10-30|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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===Names through history=== |
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Belgrade has had many different names throughout history, and in nearly all languages could be translated into modern english "white city" (for slavic languages compare [[Belgorod]], a Russian city also called white city). |
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<!--"Belogrados poleos", which language is that?--> |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: center;" |
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|- |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes |
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|- |
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| Singidūn(on) |
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| Named by the Celtic tribe of the [[Scordisci]]; ''[[dun|dūn(on)]]'' means 'lodgment, enclosure, fort'; Singi probably meaning ''white'', 279 BC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/femdruids/onomaris.html|title=The Power of Women in Celtic Society: Female Druids: Onomaris|publisher=University of North Carolina|author=Margaret R. Minor|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref><ref>http://www.qtours.dk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=97</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Singidunum|Singidūnum]] |
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| Romans conquered the city and Romanised the Celtic name |
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|- |
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| Beograd, Београд |
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| Slavic name first mentioned in 878 as ''Beligrad'' in the letter of [[Pope John VIII]] to Boris of Bulgaria which means "White city / white fortress".<ref name=Byzantine>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201243|title=History (Byzantine Empire)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| Alba Graeca, "Alba" may be derived from the [[Latin]] word for "white" |
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| [[Latin]] |
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|- |
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| Alba Bulgarica |
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| Latin name during the period of Bulgarian rule over the city<ref name=Byzantine/> |
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|- |
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| Weißenburg and Griechisch-Weißenburg |
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| [[German language|German]] translation. Modern German is Belgrad.<ref name=Byzantine/> |
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|- |
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| Castelbianco |
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| [[Italian language|Italian]] translation<ref name=Byzantine/> |
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|- |
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| Nandoralba |
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| In [[Kingdom of Hungary|medieval Hungary]] up to the 14th century<ref name=Byzantine/> |
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| Nándorfehérvár, Landorfehérvár |
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| In medieval Hungary, means White Knight's City. Modern [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] is Belgrád.<ref name=Byzantine/> |
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| Veligrad(i)on or Velegrada/Βελέγραδα |
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| [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] name. Modern [[Greek language|Greek]] is Veligradi (Βελιγράδι). |
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|- |
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| Dar Al [[Jihad]] |
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| Arabic name during [[Ottoman empire]]. |
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== Government and politics == |
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[[Image:Belgrade Old Court 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Old Palace (Belgrade)|Old Palace]], seat of the [[Assembly of the City of Belgrade]]]] |
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Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city government.<ref name="assemb"/> The post of [[mayor of Belgrade|mayor]] was held by the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] member [[Nenad Bogdanović]] from 2004 and until his death on September 27, 2007. The first mayor to be [[democracy|democratically]] elected after [[World War II]] was [[Zoran Đinđić|Dr. Zoran Đinđić]], in 1996. Mayors were also elected democratically prior to the war. |
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The Civic Assembly of Belgrade has 110 councilors who are elected for four-year terms. The current majority parties are the same as in the [[Parliament of Serbia]] ([[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]]-[[G17 Plus]] and [[Socialist Party of Serbia]]-[[Party of United Pensioners of Serbia]] with the support of [[Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia 2005)|Liberal Democratic Party]]), and in similar proportions, with the [[Serbian Radical Party]] and the [[Democratic Party of Serbia]]-[[New Serbia]] in opposition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councilors of the Assembly of the City of Belgrade|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201942|publisher=Official site|accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> |
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=== Municipalities === |
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{{seealso|Subdivisions of Belgrade|List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs|List of former and proposed municipalities of Belgrade}} |
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The city is divided into 17 municipalities, ten with "urban" status, and seven with "suburban" status. While each has its own local council, the suburban municipalities have slightly expanded municipal powers, mainly with regard to construction, town planning and public utility provision.<ref name="municip"/> |
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Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, in the [[Šumadija]] region. Three municipalities ([[Zemun]], [[Novi Beograd]], and [[Surčin]]) are on the northern bank of the Sava, in the [[Syrmia]] region, and the municipality of [[Palilula (Belgrade)|Palilula]], spanning the Danube, is in both the Šumadija and [[Banat]] regions. |
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[[Image:Belgrade municipalities03.png|250px|right|thumb|Map of the municipalities of Belgrade]] |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: center;" |
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|- |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Area (km²) |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population (1991) |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Population (2002) |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Urban/Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Barajevo]] || align="right" | 213 || align="right" | 20,846 || align="right" | 24,641 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Čukarica]] || align="right" | 156 || align="right" | 150,257 || align="right" | 168,508 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Grocka]] || align="right" | 289 || align="right" | 65,735 || align="right" | 75,466 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Lazarevac]] || align="right" | 384 || align="right" | 57,848 || align="right" | 58,511 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Mladenovac]] || align="right" | 339 || align="right" | 54,517 || align="right" | 52,490 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Novi Beograd]] || align="right" | 41 || align="right" | 218,633 || align="right" | 217,773 || Urban |
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| [[Obrenovac]] || align="right" | 411 || align="right" | 67,654 || align="right" | 70,975 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Palilula (Belgrade)|Palilula]] || align="right" | 451 || align="right" | 150,208 || align="right" | 155,902 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Rakovica, Belgrade|Rakovica]] || align="right" | 31 || align="right" | 96,300 || align="right" | 99,000 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Savski Venac]] || align="right" | 14 || align="right" | 45,961 || align="right" | 42,505 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Sopot, Serbia|Sopot]] || align="right" | 271 || align="right" | 19,977 || align="right" | 20,390 || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Stari Grad, Belgrade|Stari Grad]] || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 68,552 || align="right" | 55,543 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Surčin]] || align="right" | 285 || align="right" | <small>Part of Zemun <br />municipality until 2004.</small> || align="right" | 55,000 (est.) || Suburban |
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|- |
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| [[Voždovac]] || align="right" | 148 || align="right" | 156,373 || align="right" | 151,768 || Urban |
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|- |
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| [[Vračar]] || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 67,438 || align="right" | 58,386 || Urban |
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| [[Zemun]] || align="right" | 154 || align="right" | 176,158 || align="right" | 136,645 || Urban |
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| [[Zvezdara]] || align="right" | 32 || align="right" | 135,694 || align="right" | 132,621 || Urban |
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|- style="background: #E9E9E9;" |
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| TOTAL ||align="right" | 3227 || align="right" |1,552,151 || align="right" |1,576,124 || |
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|- |
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| colspan="6" | <small><center>Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia<ref name="mdata"/></center></small> |
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|} |
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==Demographics== |
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{{main|Demographics of Belgrade}} |
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{{seealso|Historical population of Belgrade}} |
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{{seealso|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beograd}} |
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[[Image:Saint Sava et Partizan stadium.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Cathedral of Saint Sava]] and the [[National Library of Serbia]]]] |
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According to the (already) outdated Census 2002, the main ethnic groups in Belgrade are [[Serbs]] (1,480 045), [[Montenegrins]] (25,000), [[Romani people|Roma]] (19,000), [[Croats]] (7,000), [[Macedonians]] (8,372), and [[Muslims by nationality]] (4,617).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201201|title=Facts (Population)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Recent polls (2007) show that Belgrade's population has increased by 400,000 in just five years since the last official Census was undertaken.<ref>[http://www.blic.co.yu/temadana.php?id=17781 Blic Online | Tema dana | Svi putevi vode u Beograd<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> As of August 2, 2008, the city's Institute for Informatics and Statistics has registered 1,542,773 eligible voters, which confirms that Belgrade's population has risen dramatically since the 2002 Census, as the number of the registered voters has almost surpassed the entire population of the city six years before.<ref>[http://www.zis.bg.gov.yu/spisak.php Завод за информатику и статистику - Бирачки списак<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Official estimates for 2006, according to the Institute for Informatics and Statistics, have been projected at 1,689,000<ref>http://www.zis.bg.gov.yu/upload/G_2006S%2003.pdf</ref> which can thus represent a lower estimate of Belgrade s population for that year. According to the NGO ''Differentia'' however, Belgrade has reached 2 million citizens as of 2008- which represents a higher estimate of the demographics.<ref>[http://www.differentia-nis.org/2007/10/29/svi-putevi-vode-u-beograd/ Gradjanski forum - Differentia » Blog Archive » Svi putevi vode u Beograd<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> The official Census has yet to confirm these figures. |
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Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from all over the former Yugoslavia.<ref name=popis/> Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside, while thousands arrived as refugees from [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] and [[Kosovo]], as a result of the [[Yugoslav wars]] of the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/belgrade062299.htm Refugee Serbs Assail Belgrade Government]: ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Tuesday, June 22, 1999.</ref> Between 10,000 and 20,000 <ref>[http://www.novosti.co.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=14&status=jedna&vest=120710&datum=2008-05-06]</ref> [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] are estimated to live in Belgrade; they began immigrating in the [[1990s|mid-1990s]]. [[Blok 70]] in [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]] is known locally as the Chinese quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurir-info.co.yu/Arhiva/2005/februar/19-20/B-01-19022005.shtml|title=Kinezi Marko, Miloš i Ana|publisher=[[Kurir]]|date=2005-02-20|accessdate=2007-07-18|language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/471/10.html|title=Kineska četvrt u bloku 70|publisher=[[Vreme]]|date=2001-01-15|author=Biljana Vasić|accessdate=2007-07-18|language=Serbian}}</ref> Many [[Middle Easterners]], mainly from [[Syria]], [[Iran]], [[Jordan]] and [[Iraq]], arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s, and have remained and started families in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/07/int17.htm|title=A unique friendship club in Belgrade|publisher=Dawn - International|date=2005-12-07|accessdate=2007-07-17|author=Vesna Peric Zimonjic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/041199003.htm|title=Government, public diverge in assessment of Kosovo crisis|author=Francesca Ciriaci|publisher=[[Jordan Times]]|date=1999-04-11|accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref> Afghani and Iraqi Kurdish refugees are among some of the recent arrivals from the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ins.onlinedemocracy.ca/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=9214|title=CHINESE AND IRAQI IMMIGRANTS RECEIVE QUIET WELCOME|publisher=international|date=2007-05-31|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> |
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Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogenous. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] community is by far the largest, with 1,429,170 adherents. There are also 20,366 [[Islam|Muslims]], 16,305 [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], and 3,796 [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. There used to be a significant [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[History of the Jews in Serbia|community]], but following the [[History of Serbia#Serbia in World War II|Nazi occupation]], and many Jews' subsequent emigration to [[Israel]], their numbers have fallen to a mere 515.<ref name=popis/> |
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==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Belgrade}} |
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Belgrade is the most [[Economy of Serbia|economically developed]] part of Serbia, and is home to the country's [[National Bank of Serbia|National Bank]]. Many notable companies are based in Belgrade, including [[Jat Airways]], [[Telekom Srbija]], [[Telenor Serbia]], [[Delta Holding]], regional centers for [[Société Générale]], [[Asus]][http://www.emportal.co.yu/vesti/srbija/62935.html], [[Intel]],<ref>[http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/140159 E kapija - Centar kompanije `Intel` za Balkan u Beogradu - Srbija deo `Intel World Ahead Program`<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> [[Motorola]], [[Kraft Foods]] [http://www.emportal.co.yu/vesti/srbija/40020.html] , [[Carlsberg]] [http://www.politika.co.yu/rubrike/Ekonomija/Beograd-konkurishe-Bechu.sr.html] , [[Microsoft]], [[OMV]], [[Unilever]], [[Zepter International|Zepter]], [[Japan Tobacco]] and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/srbija.php?yyyy=2007&mm=04&dd=24&nav_id=243493&fs=1|title=JTI u Srbiju ulaže oko $100 mil.|publisher=B92 Biz|date=2007-04-24|accessdate=2007-05-19|language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24x7.co.yu/default.aspx?cid=400&fid=300&pid=izbor_societe_generale_group |title=Beograd - Bankarski razvojni centar|publisher=24x7 business news|date=2006-03-29|accessdate=2007-05-19|language=Serbian}}</ref> |
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The troubled transition from the [[SFRY|former Yugoslavia]] to the [[Federal republic of Yugoslavia|Federal Republic]] during the early 1990s left Belgrade, like the rest of the country, severely affected by an internationally imposed [[trade embargo]]. The [[hyperinflation]] of the [[Yugoslav dinar]], the highest inflation ever recorded in the world,<ref name=inflation1>{{cite web|last=Watkins|first=Thayer|title=The Worst Episode of Hyperinflation in History: Yugoslavia 1993-94|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hyper.htm#YUGO|work=Episodes of Hyperinflation|publisher=San José State University Department of Economics|accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name=inflation2>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Bryan|title=Countries that Suffered the Greatest Inflation in the Twentieth century|url=http://www.globalfindata.com/articles/Century_of_Inflation.doc|format=[[DOC (computing)|Word document]]|work=The Century of Inflation|publisher=Global Financial Data|pages=8, 10|accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref> decimated the city's economy. Yugoslavia overcame the problems of inflation in the mid 1990s, and Belgrade has been growing strongly ever since. Today, over 30% of Serbia's [[GDP]] is generated by the city, which also has over 30% of Serbia's employed population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kombeg.org.yu/privredabg/privreda.htm|publisher=Economic Chamber of Belgrade|title=Privreda Beograda|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The average monthly income per capita is 47.500 RSD (€572, $903). |
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This equates to a GDP per capita of €6,864 and $10,836. Purchasing power parity (PPP) is $18,204. |
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According to the [[Eurostat]] methodology, and contrasting sharply to the Balkan region, 53% of the city's households own a computer (surpassing all of the regional capitals).<ref>http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/U-Srbiji-sve-vishe-rachunara.sr.html</ref><ref>[http://www.economy.co.yu/eng/index.php?action=news&subact=full&id=514 Almost 98% of companies in Serbia are computerised] - Economy.co.yu</ref> According to the same survey, 39.1% of Belgrade's households have an internet connection; these figures are above those of the regional capitals such as [[Sofia]], [[Bucharest]] and [[Athens]].<ref>http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/U-Srbiji-sve-vishe-rachunara.sr.html</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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{{main|Culture of Belgrade}} |
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[[Image:Serbia Beograd SANU - Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The building of the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], erected in 1922]]<!--Not a great picture, but OK for now--> |
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Belgrade hosts many annual cultural events, including [[FEST (Belgrade)|FEST]] (Belgrade Film Festival), [[Bitef|BITEF]] (Belgrade Theatre Festival), [[BELEF]] (Belgrade Summer Festival), [[BEMUS]] (Belgrade Music Festival), [[Belgrade Book Fair]], and the [[Belgrade Beer Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201299|title=Culture and Art (Cultural Events)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel prize]] winning author [[Ivo Andrić]] wrote his most famous work, [[The Bridge on the Drina]], in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivoandric.org.yu/html/biography.html |title=The biography of Ivo Andrić|publisher=The Ivo Andrić Foundation|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> Other prominent Belgrade authors include [[Branislav Nušić]], [[Miloš Crnjanski]], [[Borislav Pekić]], [[Milorad Pavić (writer)|Milorad Pavić]] and [[Meša Selimović]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rastko.org.yu/knjizevnost/nauka_knjiz/pekic-biograf.html|title=Borislav Pekić - Biografija|publisher=[[Project Rastko]]|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/internetnation/sumatrism|title=Miloš Crnjanski and his descendents|publisher=Electronic Book Review|author=Joseph Tabbi|date=2005-07-26|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~eteia/kitabhana/Selimovic_Mehmed_Mesa/Biografija.html|title=Meša Selimović - Biografija|publisher=Kitabhana.net|accessdate=2007-07-10|language=Bosnian}}</ref> Most of [[Cinema of Serbia|Serbia's film industry]] is based in Belgrade; the 1995 [[Palme d'Or]] winning ''[[Underground (film)|Underground]]'', directed by [[Emir Kusturica]], was produced in the city. |
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The city was one of the main centres of the [[Yugoslav New Wave]] in the 1980s: [[VIS Idoli]], [[Ekatarina Velika]] and [[Šarlo Akrobata]] were all from Belgrade. Other notable Belgrade rock acts include [[Riblja Čorba]], [[Bajaga i Instruktori]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/magazin/hall/corba/biografija2.shtml|title=Riblja Čorba|publisher=Balkan Media.com|accessdate=2007-07-10|language=Serbian}}</ref> The city was the main centre former Yugoslavia of a musical style known as [[turbofolk]], one of whose most famous stars is [[Ceca|Ceca Ražnatović]]. Today, it is the centre of the [[Serbian hip hop]] scene, with acts such as [[Beogradski Sindikat]], [[Škabo]], [[Marčelo]], and most of the [[Bassivity|Bassivity Music]] stable hailing from or living in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popboks.com/albumi/beogradskisindikat.shtml|title=Beogradski Sindikat: ''Svi Zajedno''|publisher=Popboks magazine|date=2005-02-09|author=Aleksandar Pavlić|accessdate=2007-05-23|language=Serbian}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkanmedia.com/m2/doc/3184-1.shtml|title=Liričar među reperima|publisher=Balkanmedia|author=S. S. Todorović|date=2004-01-30|accessdate=2007-05-23|language=Serbian}}</ref> There are numerous theatres, the most prominent of which are [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Theatre on Terazije]], [[Yugoslav Drama Theatre]], [[Zvezdara Theatre]], and [[Atelje 212|Atelier 212]]. The [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] is also based in Belgrade, as well as the [[National Library of Serbia]]. Belgrade's two opera houses are: [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]] and [[Zemun|Madlenijanum Opera House]]. |
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There are many foreign cultural institutions in Belgrade, including [[Instituto Cervantes]], [[Goethe-Institut]] and the [[Centre Culturel Français]], which are all located on [[Ulica Knez Mihailova|Prince Michael Street]]. Other cultural centres in Belgrade are [[American Corner, Belgrade|American Corner]], the [[Austrian Cultural Forum]] (''Österreichischen Kulturforums''), the [[British Council]], and [[Russian Center for Science and Culture]] (Российский центр науки и культуры), the [[Confucius Institute]], the [[Canadian Cultural Center]], the [[Italian Cultural Institute, Belgrade|Italian Cultural Institute]] (''Istituto Italiano di Cultura''), and the [[Culture Center of Islamic Republic of Iran]]. |
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Following the victory of Serbia's representative [[Marija Šerifović]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]], Belgrade hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Serbian+ballad+wins+Eurovision+Song+Contest+-+Belgrade+hosts+in+2008+/1135227223254|publisher=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|title=Serbian ballad wins Eurovision Song Contest - Belgrade hosts in 2008|date=2007-05-14|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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===Museums=== |
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{{seealso|List of museums in Belgrade}} |
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[[Image:Miroslavs Gospel.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Miroslav's Gospel]], 12th century manuscript entered the [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World Programme]] in 2005]] |
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[[Image:Belgrade Rail HQ.JPG|thumb|right|Railway Museum]] |
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The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], founded in 1844; it houses a collection of more than 400,000 exhibits,(over 5600 paintings and 8400 drawings and prints) including many foreign masterpieces and the famous [[Miroslav's Gospel|Miroslavljevo Jevanđelje]] (Miroslav's Gospel).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narodnimuzej.org.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=75|title=From the history of the National Museum in Belgrade|publisher=National Museum of Serbia|author=Tatjana Cvjetićanin|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> The [[Military Museum (Belgrade)|Military Museum]] houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military exhibits dating as far back as to the [[Roman Empire|Roman period]], as well as parts of a [[F-117]] stealth aircraft shot down by Yugoslav forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201283|title=Museums|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/serbia/belgrade?v=print|title=World Guide:Belgrade|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> The [[Museum of Aviation in Belgrade]] has more than 200 aircraft, of which about 50 are on display, and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type, such as the [[Fiat G.50]]. This museum also displays parts of shot down [[United States|US]] and [[NATO]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muzejrv.org/istorija/istorija.html|title=Lična karta Muzeja ratnog vazduhoplovstva|publisher=Museum of Air force Belgrade|accessdate=1007-05-19|language=Serbian}}</ref> The [[Ethnographic Museum (Belgrade)|Ethnographic Museum]], established in 1901, contains more than 150,000 items showcasing the rural and urban culture of the Balkans, particularly the countries of the [[former Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201167|title=Museums 3|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The [[Museum of Contemporary Art (Belgrade)|Museum of Contemporary Art]] has a collection of around 8,540 works of art produced in [[Yugoslavia]] since 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201055|title=Museums 2|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The [[Nikola Tesla Museum]], founded in 1952, preserves the personal items of [[Nikola Tesla]], the inventor after whom the [[Tesla (unit)|Tesla unit]] was named. It holds around 160,000 original documents and around 5,700 other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/nt.php?link=muzej/m&opc=sub2|publisher=Nikola Tesla Museum|title=About the museum|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> The last of the major Belgrade museums is the [[Museum of Vuk and Dositej]], which showcases the lives, work and legacy of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] and [[Dositej Obradović]], the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201051|title=City of Belgrade - Museums 1|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> One of the more unusual museums in Belgrade is the [[Museum of African Art, Serbia|Museum of African Art]], founded in the days of socialist solidarity with the undeveloped nations of the [[Third World]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=202308|title=Cultural institutions:Museum of African Art|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, the [[Yugoslav Film Archive]] is the largest in the region and amongst the 10 largest archives in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ear.europa.eu/serbia/main/documents/2006Media.pdf|title=Action programme 2006 for Serbia: Support to the Yugoslav Film Archive|publisher=European Agency for Reconstruction|date=2006-01-01|accessdate=2007-07-10|format=PDF}}</ref> The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seecult.org/english/module-News-display-sid-211.html|title=New Depository for the Yugoslav Film Archive’s treasure|publisher=SEECult.org, Culture Portal of Southeastern Europe|date=2007-06-07|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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[[Museum of the City of Belgrade]] will move in new building in [[Nemanjina Street]] in downtown. Museum has interesting exhibits such Belgrade Gospel (1503) , [[full plate armour]] from [[Battle of Kosovo]] and various paintings and graphics. A new ''Museum of Science and Technology'' will begin construction in late 2008. |
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===Architecture=== |
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[[Image:ParlamentBelgrad.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The [[Parliament of Serbia]], and the headquarters of the [[Pošta Srbije|Serbian Post]], erected in 1938]] |
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[[Image:Beogradjanka, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The [[Beograđanka]]]] |
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{{see also|List of notable buildings in Belgrade|List of notable streets and squares in Belgrade|Architectural projects under construction in Belgrade|Religious architecture in Belgrade|Gates of Belgrade}} |
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Belgrade has wildly varying [[architecture]], from the centre of [[Zemun]], typical of a [[Central Europe]]an town,<ref>{{cite web|title=Zemun: The Town Within the City|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/travel/index.php?nav_id=38986|author=Nicholas Comrie, Lucy Moore|publisher=[[B92]] Travel|date=2007-10-01|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref> to the more modern architecture and spacious layout of [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]]. The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from 19th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.<ref name=manevic>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/zoran_manevic.html|title=Architecture and Building|author=Zoran Manević|publisher=[[MIT]] website|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish [[turbe]], while the oldest house is a modest clay house on [[Dorćol]], from late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulus.org.yu/ENGLISH/Exhibitions/TriennialA/TriennialA.htm|title=Seventh Belgrade triennial of world architecture|publisher=ULUS|author= |
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Prof. Dr. Mihajlo Mitrović|date=2003-06-27|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> Western influence began in the 19th century, when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time, with influences from [[neoclassicism]], [[romanticism]] and [[academic art]]. Serbian architects took over the development from the foreign builders in the late 19th century, producing the [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Old Palace (Belgrade)|Old Palace]], [[Saborna Crkva|Cathedral Church]] and later, in the early 20th century, the [[National Assembly of Serbia|National Assembly]] and [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]], influenced by [[art nouveau]].<ref name=manevic/> Elements of [[Neo-Byzantine architecture]] are present in buildings such as [[Vuk's Foundation]], old Post Office in Kosovska street, and sacral architecture, such as [[St. Mark's Church, Belgrade|St. Mark's Church]] (based on the [[Gračanica monastery]]), and the [[Temple of Saint Sava]].<ref name=manevic/> |
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During the period of Communist rule, much housing was built quickly and cheaply to house the huge influx of people from the countryside following World War II, sometimes resulting in the [[brutalist architecture]] of the [[blokovi]] (blocks) of New Belgrade; a [[socrealism]] trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like the [[Trade Union Hall (Belgrade)|Trade Union Hall]].<ref name=manevic/> However, in the mid-1950s, the [[modernism|modernist]] trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.<ref name=manevic/> |
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===Tourism=== |
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[[Image:Street Knez Mihailova.png|185px|right|thumb|[[Knez Mihailova|Knez Mihailova (Prince Mihailo) Street]], main pedestrian area in the city]] |
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[[Image:Kalemegdan park 1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kalemegdan]] park]] |
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The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city's premier attractions. They include [[Skadarlija]], the [[National Museum of Serbia|National Museum]] and adjacent [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theatre]], [[Zemun]], [[Nikola Pašić Square]], [[Terazije]], [[Studentski Trg|Students' Square]], the [[Kalemegdan|Kalemegdan Fortress]], [[Knez Mihailova|Knez Mihailova Street]], the [[Parliament of Serbia|Parliament]], the [[Temple of Saint Sava]], and the [[The Old Palace|Old Palace]]. On top of this, there are many parks, monuments, museums, cafés, restaurants and shops on both sides of the river. The hilltop [[Monument to the Unknown Hero|Avala Monument]] offers views over the city. [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s mausoleum, called [[Kuća Cveća]] (''The House of Flowers''), and the nearby [[Topčider]] and [[Košutnjak]] parks are also popular, especially among visitors from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavia]]. |
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There is also [[Beli Dvor]] or 'White Palace',house of Royal family [[Karadjordjevic]] ,open for visitors.The palace has many valuable works from [[Rembrandt]], [[Nicolas Poussin]], [[Sebastien Bourdon]], [[Paolo Veronese]], [[Antonio Canaletto]], [[Biagio d'Antonio]], [[Giuseppe Crespi]], [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], [[Ivan Mestrovic]], and others. 'White Palace' is open for visitors. |
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[[Ada Ciganlija]] is a former island on the [[Sava River|Sava river]], and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the shore, creating an artificial lake on the river. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are 7 kilometres of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including [[golf]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[rugby union]], [[baseball]], and [[tennis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaciganlija.co.yu/sport_tereni.htm|title=Sportski tereni|publisher=Public utility "Ada Ciganlija"|accessdate=2007-05-19|language=Serbian}}</ref> During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily. Clubs work 24 hours a day, organising live music and overnight beach parties. Extreme sports are available, such as [[bungee jumping]], [[water skiing]] and [[paintball]]ing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tob.co.yu/english/zasto_bg/zeleni_bg/ada/index.html|publisher=[[Tourism Organisation of Belgrade]]|title=Ada Ciganlija|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> There are numerous tracks on the island, where it is possible to ride a bike, go for a walk or go jogging.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaciganlija.co.yu/o_adi.htm|title=O Adi|publisher=Public utility "Ada Ciganlija"|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaciganlija.co.yu/s_tereni/kupaliste.htm|title=Kupalište|publisher=Public utility "Ada Ciganlija"|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> Apart from Ada, Belgrade has total of 16 islands<ref>{{cite paper |author=Ana Nikolov |title=Beograd – grad na rekama|publisher=Institut za Arhitekturu i Urbanizam Srbije |date=2005-07-29 |url=http://www.ekapija.com/website/sr/page/17516 |accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> on the rivers, many still unused. Among them, the [[Great War Island]] at the confluence of Sava, stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife (especially birds).<ref>{{cite web|url= |
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http://www.kurir-info.co.yu/Arhiva/2006/maj/23/B-01-23052006.shtml|title=Zbogom, oazo!|publisher=[[Kurir]]|date=2006-05-23|accessdate=2007-06-05|language=Serbian}}</ref> These areas, along with nearby [[Small War Island]], are protected by the city's government as a [[nature preserve]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prirodno dobro "Veliko ratno ostrvo” stavljeno pod zaštitu Skupštine grada|url=http://www.ekoforum.org.yu/index/vest.asp?vID=181|author=Beoinfo |
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|publisher=Ekoforum|date=2005-08-04|accessdate=2007-06-05|language=Serbian}}</ref><br clear="all"/> |
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===Nightlife=== |
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Belgrade has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife, and many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city. The most recognizable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (''splavovi'') spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/aug/10/observerescapesection1|title="Why I love battered Belgrade"|author=Eve-Ann Prentice|publisher=[[The Guardian]] Travel|date=2003-08-10|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/travel/16belgrade.html?ex=1287115200&en=4cd8ccf41a41542c&ei=5088|title=Belgrade Rocks|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|author=Seth Sherwood|date=2005-10-16|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2129528,00.html|title=Belgrade's Nightlife Floats on the Danube|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|author=Barbara Gruber|date=2006-08-22|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> |
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Many weekend visitors—particularly from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals, due to a perceived friendly atmosphere, great clubs and bars, cheap drinks, the lack of language difficulties, and the lack of restrictive night life regulation.<ref name="slovenci">{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2004&mm=12&dd=21&nav_id=158386|title=Slovenci dolaze u jeftin provod|publisher=[[Glas Javnosti]]|date=2004-12-21|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref name="hrvati">{{cite web|url=http://www.vecernji-list.hr/newsroom/news/international/453911/print.do|title=U Beograd na vikend-zabavu|publisher=[[Večernji list]]|date=2006-01-06|language=Croatian|accessdate=2007-06-15 |
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|archiveurl=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2006&mm=01&dd=08&nav_id=184523|archivedate=2006-01-06}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Skadarlija Blgrade 2.jpg|thumb|[[Skadarlija]], the city's old [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] neighbourhood]] |
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Famous alternative clubs include Akademija and the famed KST (''Klub studenata tehnike'') located in the basement of the [[University of Belgrade]]'s Faculty of Electrical Engineering.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture of Power in Serbia: Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives|pages=121–122|last=Gordy|first=Eric D.|chapter=The Destruction of Musical Alternatives|publisher=Penn State Press|accessdate=2007-07-10|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WqoZsrmYZQIC&dq=Belgrade+KST|isbn=0271019581|year=1999}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.akademija.net/remote/?call=2&lg=2|title=Intro|publisher=Club "Akademija"|accessdate=2007-05-19|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kst.org.yu/|title=Klub Studenata Tehnike - O nama|language=Serbian}}</ref> One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, the [[Beograđanka]]. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skc.org.yu/info.php?lang=2|title=Student cultural center|publisher=SKC|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> |
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A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known as ''[[Starogradska]]'' (roughly translated as ''Old Town Music''), typical of northern Serbia's urban environments, is most prominent in [[Skadarlija]], the city's old [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] neighbourhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Skadar Street (the centre of Skadarlija) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade's best and oldest traditional restaurants (called [[kafana]]s in Serbian), which date back to that period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tob.co.yu/english/zasto_bg/bg_amb/skadarlija/index.html|title=Skadarlija|publisher=[[Tourist Organisation of Belgrade]]|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> At one end of the neighborhood stands Belgrade's oldest beer brewery, founded in the first half of the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bip.co.yu/e-istorija.htm|title=History|publisher=BiP (Belgrade Brewery)|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> One of the city's oldest kafanas is the [[Znak pitanja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1319|title=Znamenite građevine 3|publisher=Official site|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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===Sport=== |
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{{see also|List of sporting events in Belgrade}} |
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[[Image:Belgrade Arena north.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Belgrade Arena]]]] |
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There are around a thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.<ref name=offsport>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201508|title=Sport and Recreation|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Belgrade has hosted several relatively major sporting events recently, including [[Eurobasket 2005]], the [[2005 European Volleyball Championship]], the 2006 [[European Water Polo Championship]], and the [[European Youth Olympic Festival]] 2007. Belgrade will be the host city of the [[Universiade|2009 Summer Universiade]] chosen over the cities of [[Monterrey]] and [[Poznań]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fisu.net/site/page_1068.php|title=Universiade 2009 (Belgrade)|publisher=[[International University Sports Federation|FISU]]|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> |
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The city launched two unsuccessful candidate bids to organize the [[Summer Olympic Games]]: for the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] Belgrade was eliminated in the third round of [[International Olympic Committee]] voting, with the games going to [[Barcelona]]. The [[1996 Summer Olympics]] ultimately went to [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.okscg.org.yu/s101e.htm|title=History of the Olympic Committee of Serbia|publisher=Olympic Committee of Serbia|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1996|publisher=Official Website of the Olympic Movement|title=Atlanta 1996|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> |
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The city is home to Serbia's two biggest and most successful [[Football (soccer)|football]] clubs, [[Red Star Belgrade]] and [[FK Partizan]], as well as a few other first league clubs. The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the ''Marakana'' ([[Red Star Stadium]]) and the [[Partizan Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201754|title=Sport and Recreation (Stadiums)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> [[Belgrade Arena]] is used for basketball matches, and in May 2008 it was the venue of [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]]. Along with [[Pionir Hall]] for [[KK Partizan]] and [[KK Crvena zvezda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201758|title=Sport and Recreation (Sport Centers and Halls)|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd2007.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=131&limit=1&limitstart=3&lang=en|title=Venues|publisher=[[EYOF]] Belgrade 2007|accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref> while the [[Tašmajdan Sports Centre]] is used for [[water polo]] matches. |
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{{wide image|Sava river in Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|900px|[[River Sava]] in Belgrade, joins the [[Danube]] (far right)}} |
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==Media== |
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{{seealso|List of media organisations in Belgrade}} |
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Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster [[Radio Television of Serbia|Radio Television Serbia - RTS]], which is a public service broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rts.co.yu/jedna_vest.asp?belong=&IDNews=125391|title=Samo RTS može da bude javni servis|date=2005-08-23|publisher=Radio Television of Serbia}}</ref> The RTS record label, PGP RTS, is also based in Belgrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgp-rts.co.yu/info/index.html|title=ПГП - РТС (Прича о нама)|publisher=PGP RTS}}</ref> The most popular commercial broadcaster is [[RTV Pink]], a Serbian media multinational, known for its popular entertainment programs, which are considered by many to be sensationalist and of low quality. The most popular commercial "alternative" broadcaster is [[B92]], another media company, which has its own TV station, radio station, and music and book publishing arms, as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/1/manasek-paradox.asp|title=The Paradox of Pink|author=Jared Manasek|publisher=Columbia Journalism Review|date=2005-01|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2006&mm=09&dd=01&nav_category=15&nav_id=210237&fs=1|title=B92 na 8.598. mestu na svetu|publisher=B92|date=2006-09-01|accessdate=2007-05-19|language=Serbian}}</ref> Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include [[TV Košava|Košava]], [[TV Avala|Avala]], [[FOX TV|FOX Televizija]] and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area, such as [[Studio B]]. Numerous specialised channels are also available: [[SOS channel]] (sport), [[Metropolis (TV station)|Metropolis]] (music), [[Art TV]] (art), Cinemania (film), and [[Happy TV]] (children's programs). |
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High-circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include ''[[Politika]]'', ''[[Blic (newspaper)|Blic]]'', ''[[Večernje novosti]]'', ''[[Glas javnosti]]'', ''[[Press (newspaper)]]'' and ''[[Sportski žurnal]]''. Other dailies published in the city are ''[[Danas]]'', and ''[[Kurir]]''. ''[[Novi Plamen]]'' is currently the most left-wing magazine. A new free distribution daily, ''[[24 sata (Serbia)|24 sata]]'', was founded in the autumn of 2006. |
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==Education== |
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{{seealso|List of educational institutions in Belgrade}} |
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[[Image:Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|225px|thumb|left|Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade]] |
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Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions for higher education. The [[Great School]], founded in Belgrade in 1808, was the earliest location of higher education in Serbia and all of the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ius.bg.ac.yu/eng/university_of_belgrade.htm|title=The University of Belgrade – The Seedbed of University Education|publisher=Faculty of Law of University of Belgrade|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> The [[Lyceum]] followed in 1841, when it was moved from [[Kragujevac]] to Belgrade, merging with the ''Great School'' into the precursor of the [[University of Belgrade]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bg.ac.yu/en_istorijat.php|title=History of The University|publisher=[[University of Belgrade]]|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> one of the oldest educational institutions in the country (the oldest higher education facility, the Teacher's College in [[Subotica]], dates from 1689). More than 70,000 students study at the University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bg.ac.yu/pdf/ukupno.pdf|title=Универзитет у Београду - Број Студената|publisher=[[University of Belgrade]]|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-05-18|format=PDF}}</ref> The [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Law]] is the one of the foremost institutions for legal education in [[Southeastern Europe]]. |
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There are also 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. Of the primary schools, there are 162 regular, 14 special, 15 art and 4 adult schools. The secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21 gymnasiums, 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around 1,100,000 [[Square metre|m²]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201008|title=Education and Science|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |
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== Transportation == |
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{{main|Transport in Belgrade}} |
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[[Image:New Railway Bridge 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[New Railroad Bridge]]]] |
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Belgrade has an extensive public transport system based on [[bus]]es (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), [[tram]]s (12 lines), and [[trolleybus]]es (8 lines).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsp.co.yu/english/statistic.htm|title=Statistics|publisher=Public Transport Company "Belgrade"|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> It is run by [[GSP Beograd]] and [[SP Lasta]], in cooperation with private companies on various bus routes. Belgrade also has a [[regional rail|commuter rail]] network, [[Beovoz]], now run by city government. |
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The main railway station connects Belgrade with other European capitals and many towns in Serbia. Travel by [[Coach (vehicle)|coach]] is also popular, and the capital is well-served with daily connections to every town in the country. The [[motorway]] system provides for easy access to [[Novi Sad]] and [[Budapest]], the capital of [[Hungary]], in the north; [[Niš]] to the south; and [[Ljubljana]], to the west. Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has many bridges—the two main ones are [[Branko's bridge]] and [[Gazela bridge|Gazela]], both of which connect the core of the city to [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]]. |
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[[Image:Belgrade Sava bridge.jpg|thumb|330px|left|Old [[Sava]] bridge]] |
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The [[Port of Belgrade]] is on the Danube, and allows the city to receive goods by river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.port-bgd.co.yu/en/history.htm|title=History of the Port of Belgrade|publisher=Port of Belgrade|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> The city is also served by [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: BEG), 12 kilometres west of the city centre, near [[Surčin]]. At its peak in 1986, almost 3 million passengers travelled through the airport, though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vazduhoplovnivodic.co.yu/sr/letelista.htm|title=Aerodromi i letelišta|publisher=Vazduhoplovni vodič kroz Beograd|language=Serbian|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060503063756/www.vazduhoplovnivodic.co.yu/sr/letelista.htm|archivedate=2006-05-03}}</ref> Following renewed growth in 2000, the number of passengers reached approximately 2 million in 2004 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danas.co.yu/20050520/ekonomija1.html|title=Regionalni centar putničkog i kargo saobraćaja|publisher=Danas|date=2005-05-20|language=Serbian|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> In 2006, 2 million passengers passed through the airport by mid-November,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beg.aero/code/navigate.php?Id=130#775|title="Nikola Tesla" Airport received its two millionth passenger|publisher=Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|date=2006-11-14|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> while during the 2007 the figure peaked at 2,5 million customers.<ref>[http://www.airport-belgrade.co.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=63 www.beg.aero | Nikola Tesla Belgrade Airport | News<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> |
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With the city's expansion and a substantial increase in the number of vehicles, congestion has become a major problem; this is expected to be alleviated by the construction of a [[Belgrade bypass|bypass]] connecting the [[E70 in Serbia|E70]] and [[E75 in Serbia|E75]] highways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147584&s=1961998|title=Belgrade Bypass, Serbia|publisher=CEE Bankwatch network|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> Further, an "inner magistral semi-ring" is planned, including a new bridge across the Sava river, which is expected to ease [[commuting]] within the city and unload the Gazela and Branko's bridge.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.ebrd.com/projects/eias/34913s.pdf|title=1. faza prve deonice Unutrašnjeg magistralnog poluprstena|publisher=Belgrade Direction for Building and Real Estate Land/EBRD|date=2005-07-01|accessdate=2007-09-15|language=Serbian|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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Belgrade is going to start the construction of three new bridges in 2008, one over the [[Sava]] river, and two over the [[Danube]] river. Two additional bridges are planned, both over the Danube.<!-- [[Image:sp_bg-prob_01.jpg]] --> |
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== International cooperation and honours == |
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{| |
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These are the official sister cities of Belgrade:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=1225698|title=International Cooperation|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skgo.org/php/opstine/detalji.php?Id=12&IdSvojstva=MO |title=Beograd: Međunarodni odnosi|publisher=Stalna konferencija gradova i opština Srbije|accessdate=2007-06-18}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepost.com.pk/Arc_CityNews.aspx?dtlid=79932&catid=3&date=01/28/2007&fcatid=14 |title=Council okays peace committees: Lahore and Chicago to be declared twin cities.|publisher=[[The Post (Pakistani newspaper)|The Post]]|date=2007-01-28|accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |
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|- |
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! style="background: #811541; color: #FFFFFF" ! | |
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! style="background: #811541; color: #FFFFFF" height="17" width="150" | Country |
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! style="background: #810001; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="120" | City |
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! style="background: #811541; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="100" | County / District / Region / State |
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! style="background: #811541; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="40" | Date |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[United Kingdom]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Coventry]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1957 |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|United States}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[United States]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Chicago]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Illinois]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2005 |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Pakistan}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Pakistan]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Lahore]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2007 |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Israel}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Israel]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Tel Aviv]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Tel Aviv District|Tel Aviv]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1990 |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Austria}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Austria]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Vienna]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''Vienna'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2003 |
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|} |
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Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities, for details see their respective articles. |
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Other similar forms of cooperation and city friendship: |
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{| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |
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|- |
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! style="background: #1560BD; color: #FFFFFF" ! | |
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! style="background: #1560BD; color: #FFFFFF" height="17" width="120" | Country |
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! style="background: #6495ED; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="100" | City |
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! style="background: #1560BD; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="150" | County / District / Region / State |
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! style="background: #1560BD; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="40" | Date |
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! style="background: #1560BD; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="200" | Form |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Greece}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Greece]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Athens]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Attica]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1966 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Banja Luka]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Republika Srpska]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2005 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|China}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[People's Republic of China|China]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Beijing]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1980 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Germany}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Germany]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Berlin]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''Berlin'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1978 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation and Friendship |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Germany}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Germany]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Düsseldorf]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[North Rhine-Westphalia]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2004 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Cuba}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Cuba]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Havana]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Bilteni/Engleski/b290507_e.html#N10|title=INVITATION FOR FRATERNIZATION OF HAVANA AND BELGRADE|publisher=Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=2007-11-04}}.</ref> |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''Havana'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2007 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Fraternization |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Ukraine]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Kiev]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''Kiev'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2002 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Spain}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Spain]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Madrid]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Comunidad de Madrid]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2001 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Italy}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Italy]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Milan]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Lombardy]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2000 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Memorandum of Agreement, City to City Programme |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Russia}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Russia]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Moscow]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Central Federal District]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 2002 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Programme of Cooperation |
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|- |
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! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Italy}} |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | [[Italy]] |
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|! style="background: #FFFFCF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Rome]]''' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Lazio]]'' |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | 1971 |
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|! style="background: #FFFFEF; color: #000000" ! | Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation |
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|} |
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Letters of Intent signed with capital cities of former [[Yugoslavia]]: |
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{|width="100%" |
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|valign="top"| |
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* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} '''[[Ljubljana]]''', [[Slovenia]] ''(Letter of Intent, October 2003)'' <small>''(Signed together with Zagreb)''</small> |
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* {{flagicon|Macedonia}} '''[[Skopje]]''', [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] ''(Letter of Intent, June 2006)'' |
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* {{flagicon|Croatia}} '''[[Zagreb]]''', [[Croatia]] ''(Letter of Intent, October 2003)'' <small>''(Signed together with Ljubljana)''</small> |
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* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} '''[[Podgorica]]''', [[Montenegro]] ''(2006)'' |
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|} |
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<!-- Other partnerships (under reserve): |
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{|width="100%" |
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|valign="top"| |
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* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} '''[[Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Prnjavor]]''', [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |
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* {{flagicon|Belgium}} '''[[Belgrade, Belgium|Belgrade]]''', [[Belgium]] |
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* {{flagicon|Libya}} '''[[Tripoli]]''', [[Libya]] |
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* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} '''[[Tunis]]''', [[Tunisia]] |
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|} --> |
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The City of Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the [[France|French]] [[Légion d'honneur]] in 1920, the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] [[Czechoslovak War Cross|War Cross]], the [[Serbia]]n [[Karađorđe's Star with Swords]] and the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavian]] [[Order of the National Hero]] (proclaimed on October 20, 1974, the anniversary of the overthrow of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupation during [[World War II]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=201227|title=Received Decorations|accessdate=2007-05-16|publisher=Official website}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Financial Times]]''' magazine ''[[FDi magazine|Foreign Direct Investment]]'' awarded Belgrade the title of ''City of the Future of Southern Europe''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1543|title=European Cities of the Future 2006/07|accessdate=2007-07-10|publisher=fDi magazine|date=2006-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seeurope.net/files2/pdf/rgn0906/13_Belgrade_CityOfTheFutureInSEE.pdf|title=Belgrade - City of the Future in Southern Europe|author=Aleksandar Miloradović |date=2006-09-01|accessdate=2007-07-10|publisher=TheRegion, magazine of SEE Europe|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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== Belgrade photo gallery == |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:NoviBG Nov30 2005.jpg| Belgrade panorama |
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Image:Fk Red Star stadium.jpg| [[Stadion Crvena Zvezda]] |
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Image:La place de la République..jpg| The [[Republic Square (Belgrade)|Republic Square]] |
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Image:Le Nouveau Belgrade.jpg| [[Novi Beograd|New Belgrade]] |
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Image:Vue depuis Forteresse Kalemegdan.jpg|[[Kalemegdan]] Park |
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Image:Le Danube entre Novi Beograd et Zemun.jpg|Danube river in [[Zemun]] |
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Image:Serbian Government building.jpg|Building of the [[Government of Serbia]] |
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Image:Aerodrom Nikola Tesla Beograd Terminal 2.jpg|[[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport]] |
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Image:Terazije6.jpg|[[Terazije]] |
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Image:SFD.jpg|[[Tašmajdan park]] |
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Image:Nikole Pasica Beograd.jpg|[[Nikola Pašić Square]] |
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Image:Gardos tower Janos Hunyadi.jpg|[[Gardos]] tower in Zemun |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of notable Belgraders]] |
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* [[Singidunum]] |
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* [[Kalemegdan]] |
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== References == |
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<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4" > |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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</div> |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{cite book |last=Pavić |first=Milorad |authorlink=Milorad Pavić (writer) |title=A Short History of Belgrade |publisher=Dereta |year=2000 |location=Belgrade |isbn=86-7346-117-0}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Tešanović |first=Jasmina |authorlink=Jasmina Tešanović |title=The Diary of a Political Idiot: Normal Life in Belgrade |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |year=2000 |location= |isbn=1-57344-114-7}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Levinsohn |first=Florence Hamlish |authorlink=Florence Levinsohn |title=Belgrade : among the Serbs |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=1995 |location=Chicago |isbn=1-56663-061-4}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Paton |first=Andrew Archibald |authorlink=Andrew Archibald Paton |title=Servia, Youngest Member of the European Family: or, A Residence in Belgrade, and Travels in the Highlands and Woodlands of the Interior, during the years 1843 and 1844. |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans |origyear=1845 |location=London |url=http://pge.rastko.net/dirs/1/6/9/9/16999/16999-h/16999-h.htm |format=Reprint by [[Project Gutenberg]]/[[Project Rastko]] |date=[[2005-11-04]]}} |
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== External links == |
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{{sisterlinks|Belgrade}} |
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* [http://www.beograd.rs/cms/view.php?id=220 City of Belgrade Official Website] |
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* [http://www.tob.co.rs/eng/ Tourist Organization of Belgrade] |
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* [http://www.eurovision.tv/page/explore-belgrade Belgrade, host to Eurosong 2008] |
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* [http://www.bgview.net Photo gallery of Belgrade] |
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* [http://www.antikvarne-knjige.com/fotografije/beograd_foto.html Old photos of Belgrade] |
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* [http://www.skgo.org/php/opstine/detalji.php?Id=12 Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities] |
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* [http://www.eko.bg.gov.yu/ City of Belgrade Secretariat for Environmental Protection] |
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* [http://web.mit.edu/most/www/ser/Belgrade/architecture.html Architecture of Belgrade] |
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* [http://beobuild.net BeoBuild (Construction projects)] |
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* [http://www.belgradexv.com/index.htm Medieval Belgrade - belgradexv.com] |
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* [http://www.zdravlje.org.yu/ekoatlas/01e.htm Environmental Atlas of Belgrade], Institute of Public Health of Belgrade |
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* [http://www.oldstratforduponavon.com/belgrade Belgrade in Old Postcards] |
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* [http://www.belgradenet.com/ Belgrade Travel Guide, Serbia] |
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* {{Wikitravel|Belgrade}} |
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{{coord|44.8162|20.4816|type:city|display=title}} |
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{{Belgrade}} |
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{{List of European capitals by region}} |
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{{Political divisions of Serbia}} |
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{{Danube}} |
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{{Historical capitals of Serbia}} |
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{{featured article}} |
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[[Category:Belgrade]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Settlements on the Danube]] |
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[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Central Serbia]] |
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[[Category:Port settlements in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Settlements established in the 3rd century BC]] |
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[[Category:Šumadija]] |
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{{Link FA|hu}} |
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{{Link FA|sr}} |
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[[af:Belgrado]] |
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[[am:በልግራድ]] |
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[[ar:بلغراد]] |
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[[roa-rup:Biligrad]] |
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[[frp:Bèlgrade]] |
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[[ast:Belgradu]] |
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[[az:Belqrad]] |
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[[be:Горад Белград]] |
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[[be-x-old:Бялград]] |
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[[bs:Beograd]] |
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[[bg:Белград]] |
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[[ca:Belgrad]] |
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[[cv:Белград]] |
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[[cs:Bělehrad]] |
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[[cy:Beograd]] |
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[[da:Beograd]] |
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[[de:Belgrad]] |
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[[dsb:Běłogrod]] |
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[[et:Belgrad]] |
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[[el:Βελιγράδι]] |
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[[es:Belgrado]] |
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[[eo:Beogrado]] |
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[[eu:Belgrad]] |
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[[fa:بلگراد]] |
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[[fo:Beograd]] |
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[[fr:Belgrade]] |
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[[ga:Béalgrád]] |
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[[gv:Belgraaid]] |
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[[gd:Belgrade]] |
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[[gl:Belgrado]] |
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[[ko:베오그라드]] |
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[[hy:Բելգրադ]] |
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[[hi:बेलग्रेड]] |
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[[hsb:Běłohród]] |
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[[hr:Beograd]] |
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[[io:Belgrade]] |
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[[id:Beograd]] |
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[[is:Belgrad]] |
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[[it:Belgrado]] |
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[[he:בלגרד]] |
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[[jv:Beograd]] |
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[[ka:ბელგრადი]] |
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[[la:Belgradum]] |
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[[hu:Belgrád]] |
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[[mk:Белград]] |
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[[ml:ബെല്ഗ്രേഡ്]] |
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[[mt:Belgrad]] |
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[[mr:बेलग्रेड]] |
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[[ja:ベオグラード]] |
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[[no:Beograd]] |
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[[ru:Белград]] |
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[[simple:Belgrade]] |
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[[sk:Belehrad]] |
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[[cu:Бѣ́лъ Гра́дъ · Срь́бїи]] |
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[[sl:Beograd]] |
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[[sr:Београд]] |
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[[sh:Beograd]] |
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[[fi:Belgrad]] |
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[[sv:Belgrad]] |
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[[ta:பெல்கிறேட்]] |
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[[th:เบลเกรด]] |
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[[vi:Beograd]] |
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[[tg:Белград]] |
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[[tr:Belgrad]] |
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[[uk:Белград]] |
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[[vec:Belgrado]] |
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[[vo:Beograd]] |
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[[wo:Belgrad]] |
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[[wuu:贝尔格莱德]] |
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[[yi:בעלגראד]] |
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[[zh-yue:貝爾格萊德]] |
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[[diq:Belgrad]] |
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[[zh:贝尔格莱德]] |
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Revision as of 22:18, 13 October 2008
| {{{year}}} [[{{{team}}} football]] |
|---|
The 1900 Volunteers would see J.A. Pierce coach his second and final season as coach of the Vols. The Vols this year would go 3-2-1, with the first tie in school history coming vs. Vanderbilt in Nashville.
1900 Schedule
October 10King*KnoxvilleW 22-0 October 22at VanderbiltNashvilleT 0-0 November 1North CarolinaKnoxvilleL 5-22 November 10vs. AuburnBirmingham, ALL 0-23 November 27ChattanoogaKnoxvilleW 28-0 December 1Georgetown*KnoxvilleW 12-6