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{{otheruses4|the dialects of Flanders|other meanings|Flemish (disambiguation)}}
<!-- please do not add an infobox, per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes]]-->
{{Infobox Language
[[Image:Adrian Boult.jpg|210px|thumb]]
|name=Flemish
'''Sir Adrian Cedric Boult''' [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]] ([[8 April]] [[1889]] &ndash; [[22 February]] [[1983]]) was an [[England|English]] [[Conducting|conductor]].
|nativename=Vlaams
|states=[[Belgium]]
|region=[[Europe]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]]
|fam5=[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|speakers=6.1 million<ref>This number refers to the inhabitants of Flanders, so this number applies to the first meaning, Dutch in Belgium. To see the number of speakers of the whole Dutch language, see the article [[Dutch language]].</ref>
}}


'''Flemish''' ''(Vlaams'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) is a popular informal term to refer to Dutch as spoken in Belgium.<ref>[http://www.vandale.nl/vandale/opzoeken/woordenboek/?zoekwoord=vlaams As according to Van Dale.]</ref> Among linguists, 'Flemish' refers to two specific dialects of Dutch alone, namely [[East Flemish|East]] and [[West Flemish]]. Occasionally 'Flemish' is used to refer to ''tussentaal'' a Dutch [[sociolect]], also spoken in Belgium.
==Biography==
Boult was born in [[Chester, England|Chester]] and educated at [[Westminster School]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. As a schoolboy, he was introduced to the world of music by a family friend, Frank Schuster, who was a friend of [[Edward Elgar]] and introduced the young Boult to the composer around 1905.<ref>"Sir Adrian Boult at 80", ''The Musical Times'', '''110(1514)''', pp. 367-368 (April 1969).</ref>


Dutch is the [[majority language]] in Belgium, being spoken natively by about 59% of the population. Its various dialects contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language.<ref>G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, ''Het Nederlands vroeger en nu'' (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 155 ff.</ref> As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.
He completed his musical education at the [[Leipzig]] Conservatory where he learnt to conduct by watching the eminent [[Hungary|Hungarian]] conductor [[Arthur Nikisch]]. He sang in choral festivals and at the [[Leeds Festival]] of 1913, where he went to watch Nikisch conduct, and made the acquaintance of [[George Butterworth]] and other British [[composer]]s.


All Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium (with the exception of [[East Flemish]]) are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the [[Hollandic]] dialect (spoken in the Northern Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on [[Brabantian]], which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders.
During [[World War I]] he was employed at the [[War Office]], and whilst there in 1918 planned a series of concerts with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], which included several important recent British works: [[Gustav Holst]]'s ''[[The Planets]]'', of which he gave the first private performance, ''[[A London Symphony]]'' by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], of which he gave the first performance of the revised version, and Elgar's ''[[Symphony No. 2 (Elgar)|Symphony No. 2]]'' which had fallen into neglect. Elgar wrote to him and said he felt sure the future of his music was safe in Boult's hands. In this way Boult laid the foundations for a long career as a champion of twentieth century English music. As one example, Vaughan Williams dedicated ''[[Job, a masque for dancing|Job, A Masque for Dancing]]'' to Boult in the mid-1930s, several years after the actual première of the work.


The main difference between Dutch spoken in Belgium and the Netherlands, is that Dutch in Belgium is uses the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects.<ref>[http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/1344/Onderwijs/article/detail/159691/2008/02/05/Jongeren-spreken-geen-AN-maar-wel-Algemeen-Vlaams.dhtml Jongeren spreken geen AN, maar wel Algemeen Vlaams]</ref> which is often called ''tussentaal'' ("in-between-language", between dialects and standard Dutch).<ref name="kul">[http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/qlvl/PDFPublications/01Eenzondagspak.pdf Geeraerts, Dirk. 2001. "Een zondagspak ? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes". Ons
==Career==
Erfdeel 44: 337-344]</ref> This evolution is somewhat similar to the emergence of ''Poldernederlands'' in the Netherlands, a medium of everyday speech heavily influenced by Hollandic. It should be emphasized that neither ''Poldernederlands'' nor ''Tussentaal'' are dialects or different standard forms, but [[sociolect]]s.
===Birmingham and the BBC===
In 1924 Boult was appointed to the conductorship of the City of Birmingham Orchestra—now the [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]]—and in 1930 he was made Director of Music at the [[BBC]] and conductor of the BBC's Wireless Symphony Orchestra (which was renamed the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]]), succeeding the BBC's first Director of Music [[Percy Pitt]].


===Phonological differences===
During the 1930s the BBC orchestra became renowned for its high standard of playing and for Boult's competent performances of new and unfamiliar music, often rehearsed in a very short time. Among these successes were an early performance of [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s ''Variations, Op.31'', the British première of [[Alban Berg]]'s opera ''[[Wozzeck]]'' and the première of Vaughan Williams' Symphony No. 4 in F minor.<ref>’My Own Trumpet’, p. 186/7</ref> In 1933, Boult married Ann Wilson, the ex-wife of [[Steuart Wilson]], tenor singer and administrator. The marriage lasted until Boult's death. Boult was knighted in 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34375|startpage=1324|date=[[26 February]] [[1937]]|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref>
{{Main|Dutch phonology}}
Among vowels, the diphthong "ou/au" (as in ''bout'' [[bolt]] and ''[[fauna]]'') is realized as {{IPA|[ɔu]}}, whereas northern Dutch realizes it as {{IPA|[ʌu]}}. Among [[consonants]], the northern Dutch pronunciation of "w" (as in ''wang'' [[cheek]]) is {{IPA|[ʋ]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}, in some southern Dutch dialects it is {{IPA|[β]}}. Probably the most obvious difference between northern and southern Dutch is the northern [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPA|[x]}}, which is equivalent in southern Dutch to either a [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, most often when spelt "g", or a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPA|/ç/}}, most often when spelt "ch".


===Lexical differences===
During [[World War II]] the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] was evacuated to [[Bristol]], where it suffered from bombing, and to [[Bedford, Bedfordshire|Bedford]], where Boult strove to maintain standards and morale as many key players left. In these years he made recordings of Elgar's Second Symphony, Holst's ''The Planets'' and Vaughan Williams' ''Job, A Masque for Dancing''. After the war the start of the [[BBC Radio 3|BBC Third Programme]] saw Boult involved in several pioneering ventures for Britain, including the British premières of [[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 3]]'' and the ''[[Concerto for Orchestra (Bartók)|Concerto for Orchestra]]'' of [[Béla Bartók]].<ref>’My Own Trumpet’, p. 188</ref>
Flemish encompasses more French loanwords in everyday vocubulary than Dutch spoken in the Netherlands.<ref>G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, ''Het Nederlands vroeger en nu'' (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 156</ref> At the same time Brabantian, traditionally the most spoken Dutch dialect in Belgium, has had a larger influence on the vocabulary used in Belgium. Examples include ''beenhouwer'' (Brabantian) and ''slager'' (Hollandic), both meaning [[butcher]]; and ''schoon'' (Brabantian) vs. ''mooi'' (Hollandic) "beautiful". The changes ([[isogloss]]es) from northern to southern Dutch dialects are gradual, both vocabulary-wise and phonetically, and the boundaries do not coincide with territorial borders.


===Tussentaal===
In 1948 his love for English music and for pioneering took him to the [[Harringay Arena]] where he conducted brass bands and male voice choirs at the first ''National Colliery Music Festival''.
The ''tussentaal'' ("in-between-language") is a primarily informal variety of speech which occupies an intermediate position between regional dialects and the standard language. This ''tussentaal,'' which incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements that are not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects, is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades. Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of standardisation.<ref>G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, ''Het Nederlands vroeger en nu'' (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 196.</ref>


==Dutch dialects in Belgium==
A little later in the same year, [[Steuart Wilson]] was appointed Director of Music at the BBC. Suggestions that the standard of playing had fallen beyond Boult's ability to rectify were taken as a reason to insist on his retirement at the age of 60 in 1949, an incident which remains controversial to this day.<ref>Kennedy, ch 25</ref> The Director General of the BBC at the time, [[William Haley|Sir William Haley]], later broadcast a tribute to Boult, acknowledging that he 'had listened to ill-judged advice in retiring him.'<ref>Kennedy, p. 222</ref> Later the BBC invited Boult to give a warm introduction to [[Arturo Toscanini]]'s historic second broadcast concert with the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]] on [[1 October]] [[1952]]; the speech has been included in some releases of the broadcast.<ref>Arturo Toscanini Society</ref>
<div class="infobox sisterproject">
<div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|45px|none|Wikipedia]]</div>
<div style="margin-left: 60px;">'''''[[:vls:Voorblad|West-Flemish edition]]''''' of [[Wikipedia]], the free encyclopedia
<small>Note this is written in the [[West Flemish|West Flemish dialect of Dutch]], ''not'' Belgian Dutch.</small></div>
</div>
{{Main|West Flemish|East Flemish|Limburgish|Brabantian}}
There are four principal Dutch dialects in Flanders: [[Brabantian]], [[Limburgish]], [[East Flemish]], and [[West Flemish]]. Linguistically however, Flemish is used as a general term encompassing both [[East Flemish]] and [[West Flemish]]. Despite the name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to ''tussentaal.'' Both uses of the term derive from name of the historically most powerful [[county]] in the area, the [[County of Flanders]].


==See also ==
===London Philharmonic===
* [[Dutch language]].
After it became clear that Boult would not be able to retain his position with the BBC Symphony, Thomas Russell, the Managing Director of the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] (LPO), offered Boult the position of Principal Conductor of the LPO in succession to [[Eduard van Beinum]]. In the 1930s under [[Thomas Beecham]], the LPO had been the other crack London orchestra, but since Beecham's departure, was in need of rebuilding. Boult accepted this position and threw himself into this task. The results can be heard to this day in a long series of recordings beginning in 1950 and including in their early years a complete set of the Vaughan Williams symphonies and much Elgar. He obtained for the orchestra a recording contract with American companies and recorded [[Johannes Brahms]] symphonies, [[Hector Berlioz]] and [[Jean Sibelius]], among other composers.
* [[French Flemish]], the West Flemish dialect as spoken in [[France]].

* [[Zeelandic]], a [[dialect|transitional dialect]] between [[West Flemish]] and [[Hollandic]].
There was controversy and ambiguity over Boult's role in the dismissal of Thomas Russell from his position as the LPO Managing Director, in 1952, during the Cold War years, as Russell was an avowed member of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]].<ref>Kennedy, ch 27</ref> Boult served as the LPO's principal conductor until 1957. After the sudden resignation of [[Andrzej Panufnik]] from the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO), Boult returned as Principal Conductor of the CBSO for the 1959-1960 season. That was his last chief conductorship, though he remained closely associated with the LPO as its President until his retirement.

Boult recorded all seven then-existing symphonies by Vaughan Williams for [[Decca Records]] in 1953-54 with the LPO, with the composer present; these sessions included the Sea Symphony's first-ever recording. Decca also taped Vaughan Williams' short speech to the musicians following the recording of the Sixth symphony, and included it in the album. The composer was to have been present for the first recording of his Ninth symphony, for [[Everest Records]] in 1958, but he died the night before the session took place; Boult recorded a short introduction as a memorial tribute to Vaughan Williams. This recording has been reissued on CD.

===Later years===
After what Michael Kennedy described as a 'fallow' period in the early 1960s, Boult acquired the status of a revered figure in British music, and despite advancing years continued to conduct new works, being valued for his impartiality and reliability.<ref>Edmund Rubbra, "Sir Adrian Boult (Born 8 April 1889)" (70th birthday tribute). ''The Musical Times'', '''100(1394)''', 204 (1959).</ref> He was guest conductor with UK orchestras and further afield (Vienna and Boston). In 1966 he resumed conducting for [[EMI]] and until his retirement enjoyed an 'Indian Summer', recording or re-recording his repertory in interpretations which have remained in the catalogues for thirty or forty years. He was made a [[Companion of Honour]] (CH) in the 1969 [[New Year Honours]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=44740|supp=yes|startpage=24|date=[[20 December]] [[1968]]|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref> Having recorded much British music he was encouraged to record the orchestral music of Brahms, whose Third Symphony filled an extra recording session in August 1970 and sparked this exploration of the standard repertory, [[Richard Wagner]], and [[Franz Schubert]]. This surprised those listeners who did not know that his acquaintance with these works dated back to the pre-1914 era when he had heard Nikisch and [[Karl Muck]] conduct them in Germany. His repertory in general was much wider than his late discography might indicate; not only did he conduct seven of the nine Mahler symphonies well before the Mahler revival of the 1960s,<ref>The First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth – Kennedy, p. 336</ref> but he also frequently programmed [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]]'s complete ballet [[Daphnis et Chloé]] and even [[Ferruccio Busoni]]'s rarely-staged opera ''Doktor Faust'' in the late 1940s.

His last public performance was conducting Elgar's [[ballet]] ''[[The Sanguine Fan]]'' for [[London Festival Ballet]] at the [[Coliseum Theatre|Coliseum]], in London on 24 June 1978. His final record, completed in December 1978, was of music by [[Hubert Parry]]. He formally retired from conducting in 1981.<ref>Kennedy, pp. 287/8 and 294</ref>

==Legacy==
The [[Birmingham Conservatoire|Conservatoire ]] in [[Birmingham]], a department of the [[Birmingham City University]] (formerly known as the University of Central England), includes in its home building the ''Adrian Boult Hall,'' a purpose built 500 seater recital hall, in a theatre style setting. It is primarily for classical concerts and recitals, and is occasionally used as a concert venue for [[jazz]] and [[world music]]. It opened in 1986 and was extensively refurbished in 2006.<ref>Conservatoire website, January 2007 {{unverifiable|date=July 2007}} </ref>{{unverifiable|date=July 2007}}

==Recordings==
Boult was a prolific recording artist. Unlike many musicians, he felt at home in the recording studio and was happy working without an audience.<ref>’My Own Trumpet’, p. 98</ref> Most of the recordings below have been released on CD. Except where indicated, they are [[EMI]] recordings.

*[[Malcolm Arnold|Arnold]]
**[[English Dances]] Set I + II (LPO)

*[[J. S. Bach|Bach]]
**[[Brandenburg Concertos]] 1-6 (LPO)

*[[Arnold Bax|Bax]]
**Tintagel (LPO, mono) (Decca)
**Tintagel (LPO, stereo) (Lyrita)
**The Garden of Fand (LPO) (Lyrita)
**November Woods (LPO) (Lyrita)

*[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]
**[[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]] ([[Josef Suk (violinist)|Josef Suk]]/[[New Philharmonia]])
**Symphonies 5&6 (Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra) (Vanguard)

*[[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]]
**Overtures (Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra) (Pye)

*[[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]
**Symphonies 1-4 (LPO/LSO)
**Serenades 1 & 2 (LPO)
**[[Alto Rhapsody]] ([[Janet Baker]]/LPO)

*[[Antonin Dvořák|Dvořák]]
**[[Cello Concerto (Dvořák)|Cello Concerto]] ([[Mstislav Rostropovich]]/[[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]])

*[[Edward Elgar|Elgar]]
**[[The Apostles]]
**[[Three Bavarian Dances|Bavarian Dances]]
**[[Cello Concerto (Elgar)|Cello Concerto]] ([[Pablo Casals]]/[[BBC Symphony Orchestra]]) ([[Paul Tortelier]]/LPO)
**[[Cockaigne]]
**[[Dream Children]]
**[[The Dream of Gerontius]]
**[[Enigma Variations]]
**[[Falstaff (Elgar)|Falstaff]]
**[[Froissart]]
**[[In the South]]
**[[Introduction and Allegro (Elgar)|Introduction and Allegro]]
**[[The Kingdom (Elgar)|The Kingdom]]
**[[The Music Makers (Elgar)|The Music Makers]]
**[[Pomp and Circumstance Marches]]
**[[The Sanguine Fan]]
**[[Symphony No. 1 (Elgar)|Symphony No 1]] (LPO) (Lyrita (also later EMI))
**[[Symphony No. 2 (Elgar)|Symphony No 2]] (LPO) (Lyrita (also later EMI))
**[[Violin Concerto (Elgar)|Violin Concerto]] (Alfredo Campoli/LPO) (Decca) ([[Yehudi Menuhin]]/NPO) ([[Ida Haendel]]/LPO)
**[[Wand of Youth]] Suites

*[[Cesar Franck|Franck]]
**[[Symphony in D minor (Franck)|Symphony in D minor]] (‘London Orchestral Society Orchestra’ – mostly the [[Philharmonia]] under a pseudonym for contractual reasons) (Originally recorded for [[Reader's Digest]])
**Symphonic Variations ([[Clifford Curzon]]/LPO) ([[Decca Records|Decca]])

*[[Edvard Grieg|Grieg]]
**[[Piano Concerto (Grieg)|Piano Concerto]] ([[Shura Cherkassky]]/LPO)

*[[Handel]]
**[[Acis and Galatea]] ([[Peter Pears]], [[Joan Sutherland]]/Philomusica Orchestra) (L'Oiseau Lyre/Decca)
**[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]] ([[Jennifer Vyvyan]] et al/LPO) (Decca)
**[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]] ([[Joan Sutherland]] et al/LSO) (Decca)

*[[Gustav Holst|Holst]]
**Choral Symphony (LPO)
**[[Egdon Heath]] (LPO) (Decca)
**Japanese Suite (LPO) (Lyrita)
**Oriental Suite (LPO) (Lyrita)
**The Hymn of Jesus (BBC Symphony Orchestra & Chorus) (Decca)
**The Perfect Fool Ballet Music (LPO) (Decca)
**[[The Planets]] (five recordings between 1945 (BBC SO) and 1979 (LPO)

*[[John Ireland|Ireland]]
**The Overlanders (LPO) (Lyrita)
**Mai-Dun (LPO) (Lyrita)
**Piano Concerto (LPO) (Lyrita)

*[[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]]
**[[Kindertotenlieder]] ([[Christa Ludwig]]/Philharmonia Orchestra)
**[[Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen]] ([[Kirsten Flagstad]]/[[Vienna Philharmonic]]) (Decca)
**Symphony No. 1 (LPO) (Everest)
**Symphony No. 3 (BBCSO) (Testament)
*[[Ernest John Moeran|Moeran]]
**Symphony (NPO) (Lyrita)
**Sinfonietta (LPO) (Lyrita)

*[[Mozart]]
**Piano Concertos K453 and K491 ([[André Previn]]/LSO)
**Piano Concertos K466 and K488 ([[Annie Fischer]]/Philharmonia)
**[[Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)|Symphony No 41 (Jupiter)]] (LPO)

*[[Hubert Parry|Parry]]
**Blest Pair of Sirens (LPO)
**Symphonic Variations (LSO) (Lyrita)
**Symphony No 5 (LPO)

*[[Rachmaninov]]
**[[Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninov)|Symphony No 2]] (LPO) (Decca)

*[[Ottorino Respighi|Respighi]]
**[[Feste Romane]]/[[Rossiniana]] (Westminster)

*[[Edmund Rubbra|Rubbra]]
**Symphony No. 7 (LPO) (Lyrita)

*[[Schubert]]
**[[Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)|Symphony No 9 (Great C major)]] (LPO)

*[[Robert Schumann|Schumann]]
**[[Piano Concerto (Schumann)|Piano Concerto]] (Shura Cherkassky/LPO)

*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]
**[[Romeo And Juliet]]/[[Hamlet]] ([[London Philharmonic Orchestra]])(SOMERSET P-11600)
**[[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 6 "Pathétique"]] ([[London Philharmonic Orchestra]])

*[[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams]]
**[[Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis]] (mono Philharmonic Promenade Or., stereo VSOO (both Westminster); stereo LPO)
**Pilgrim’s Progress (John Noble etc all/LPO)
**[[Serenade to Music]] (16 soloists/LPO)
**Symphonies 1-9 (two cycles, mono (LPO) (Decca), and stereo (LPO/NPO)
**[[The Lark Ascending]] ([[Hugh Bean]]/NPO)
**[[The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)|The Wasps]] incidental music (LPO)

*[[Malcolm Williamson]]
**Organ Concerto (LPO) (Lyrita)

==Bibliography==
Boult was the author of two books on conducting, ''Thoughts on Conducting'' and ''A handbook on the technique of conducting.'' A selection of his essays was published in the year of his death, as ''Boult on Music: Words from a Lifetime's Communication.'' His autobiography, ''My Own Trumpet'' was published in 1973. He was also a frequent broadcaster, notable for his courteous, understated Edwardian style of speaking.

*{{cite book | last=Boult | first=Adrian | title=A handbook on the technique of conducting | edition=7th edition | location=Oxford | publisher=Hall | origyear=1920 | year=1951| oclc=155756343}}
*{{cite book | last=Boult | first=Adrian | title=Thoughts on Conducting | location=London | publisher=Phoenix House | year=1963 | oclc=892145}}
*{{cite book | last=Boult | first=Adrian | title=My Own Trumpet | location=London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | year=1973 | isbn=0241024455 }}
*{{cite book | last=Boult | first=Adrian | title=Boult on Music: Words from a Lifetime's Communication | location=London | publisher=Toccata Press | year=1983 | isbn=0907689035}}
*{{cite book | last=Kennedy | first=Michael | title=Adrian Boult | location=London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | year=1987 | isbn=0333487524}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{allmusic|41:14377}}
*[http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Boult-Adrian.htm Adrian Boult] at [[Bach Cantatas Website]]
*[http://www.uce.ac.uk/web2/conservatoire/index.html Birmingham Conservatoire website]
*[http://www.westminster.org.uk/activities/music.asp Westminster School website]

{{Birmingham Symphony conductors}}
{{BBCSO conductors}}
{{BBC directors of music}}
{{LPO principal conductors}}


[[Category:Dutch language]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boult, Adrian}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:Languages of Belgium]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:BBC Symphony Orchestra]]
[[Category:English conductors]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Old Westminsters]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists]]


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[[af:Vlaams (taalkunde)]]
[[es:Adrian Boult]]
[[ang:Flemisc sprǣc]]
[[fr:Adrian Boult]]
[[br:Flandrezeg]]
[[bg:Фламандски език]]
[[he:אדריאן בולט]]
[[lb:Adrian Boult]]
[[de:Flämische Dialekte]]
[[el:Φλαμανδική γλώσσα]]
[[nl:Adrian Boult]]
[[es:Idioma flamenco]]
[[ja:エイドリアン・ボールト]]
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[[eu:Flandriera]]
[[fr:Flamand (dialecte)]]
[[is:Flæmska]]
[[it:Lingua fiamminga]]
[[iu:ᐱᓚᒥᔅ/pilamis]]
[[la:Lingua Flandrica]]
[[lt:Flamandų kalba]]
[[lij:Lengua fiamminga]]
[[nl:Vlaams]]
[[ja:フラマン語]]
[[mk:Фламански јазик]]
[[no:Flamsk (dialekt)]]
[[pl:Język flamandzki]]
[[pt:Língua flamenga]]
[[ro:Limba flamandă]]
[[ru:Фламандский язык]]
[[simple:Flemish (linguistics)]]
[[sr:Фламански језик]]
[[fi:Flaamin kieli]]
[[sv:Flamländska]]
[[th:ภาษาเฟลมิช]]
[[vls:Vlams]]
[[bat-smg:Flamandu kalba]]
[[zh:佛兰芒语]]

Revision as of 08:46, 13 October 2008

This article is about the dialects of Flanders. For other meanings, see Flemish (disambiguation).
Flemish
Vlaams
Native toBelgium
RegionEurope
Native speakers
6.1 million[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Flemish (Vlaams in Dutch) is a popular informal term to refer to Dutch as spoken in Belgium.[2] Among linguists, 'Flemish' refers to two specific dialects of Dutch alone, namely East and West Flemish. Occasionally 'Flemish' is used to refer to tussentaal a Dutch sociolect, also spoken in Belgium.

Dutch is the majority language in Belgium, being spoken natively by about 59% of the population. Its various dialects contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language.[3] As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.

All Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium (with the exception of East Flemish) are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect (spoken in the Northern Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian, which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders.

The main difference between Dutch spoken in Belgium and the Netherlands, is that Dutch in Belgium is uses the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects.[4] which is often called tussentaal ("in-between-language", between dialects and standard Dutch).[5] This evolution is somewhat similar to the emergence of Poldernederlands in the Netherlands, a medium of everyday speech heavily influenced by Hollandic. It should be emphasized that neither Poldernederlands nor Tussentaal are dialects or different standard forms, but sociolects.

Phonological differences

Main article: Dutch phonology

Among vowels, the diphthong "ou/au" (as in bout bolt and fauna) is realized as [ɔu], whereas northern Dutch realizes it as [ʌu]. Among consonants, the northern Dutch pronunciation of "w" (as in wang cheek) is [ʋ] or [v], in some southern Dutch dialects it is [β]. Probably the most obvious difference between northern and southern Dutch is the northern voiceless velar fricative [x], which is equivalent in southern Dutch to either a voiced velar fricative [ɣ], most often when spelt "g", or a voiceless palatal fricative /ç/, most often when spelt "ch".

Lexical differences

Flemish encompasses more French loanwords in everyday vocubulary than Dutch spoken in the Netherlands.[6] At the same time Brabantian, traditionally the most spoken Dutch dialect in Belgium, has had a larger influence on the vocabulary used in Belgium. Examples include beenhouwer (Brabantian) and slager (Hollandic), both meaning butcher; and schoon (Brabantian) vs. mooi (Hollandic) "beautiful". The changes (isoglosses) from northern to southern Dutch dialects are gradual, both vocabulary-wise and phonetically, and the boundaries do not coincide with territorial borders.

Tussentaal

The tussentaal ("in-between-language") is a primarily informal variety of speech which occupies an intermediate position between regional dialects and the standard language. This tussentaal, which incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements that are not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects, is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades. Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of standardisation.[7]

Dutch dialects in Belgium

Wikipedia
Wikipedia
West-Flemish edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Note this is written in the West Flemish dialect of Dutch, not Belgian Dutch.
Main articles: West Flemish, East Flemish, Limburgish, and Brabantian

There are four principal Dutch dialects in Flanders: Brabantian, Limburgish, East Flemish, and West Flemish. Linguistically however, Flemish is used as a general term encompassing both East Flemish and West Flemish. Despite the name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to tussentaal. Both uses of the term derive from name of the historically most powerful county in the area, the County of Flanders.

See also

References

  1. ^ This number refers to the inhabitants of Flanders, so this number applies to the first meaning, Dutch in Belgium. To see the number of speakers of the whole Dutch language, see the article Dutch language.
  2. ^ As according to Van Dale.
  3. ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 155 ff.
  4. ^ Jongeren spreken geen AN, maar wel Algemeen Vlaams
  5. ^ [http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/qlvl/PDFPublications/01Eenzondagspak.pdf Geeraerts, Dirk. 2001. "Een zondagspak ? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes". Ons Erfdeel 44: 337-344]
  6. ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 156
  7. ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 196.
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