Assassin's Creed (video game) and Toqta: Difference between pages

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'''Tokhta''' ('''Toqta''', '''Tokhtai''',or '''Tokhtogha''') (Тохтога, Тохтох) (? - [[Circa|c.]]1312) was a [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]], son of [[Mengu-Timur]] and great grandson of [[Batu Khan]].
{{Infobox VG
[[Image:Tokhtogha coin.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Obverse: "Just the Khan Tokhta" with the tamgha (imperial seal) of the House of [[Batu]]]]
| title = Assassin's Creed
| image = [[Image:Assassin's Creed.jpg|256px]]
| developer = [[Ubisoft Montreal]]
| publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
| designer = [[Patrice Desilets]] (Creative director), [[Jade Raymond]] (Producer)
| composer = [[Jesper Kyd]]
| engine = [[Scimitar (game engine)|Scimitar]]
| resolution = [[720p]]
| released = '''Xbox 360''', '''PlayStation 3''':<br/>
{{vgrelease|NA=November 14, 2007<ref name="Assassins creed Dated">{{cite web | url = http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/35048/Jades-Ass-Has-Gone-Gold | title = Launch date announced | work = IGN | accessdate = October 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>|EU=November 14, 2007<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.xbox.com/en-au/games/a/assassinscreed/ | title = Assassin's Creed game detail page at Xbox.com | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref>|AUS=November 21, 2007<ref>{{cite web | url = http://assassinscreed.uk.ubi.com/index_old.php | title = Assassin's Creed official site | publisher = Ubisoft}}</ref>}}
'''Microsoft Windows''':<br />
{{vgrelease|North America|NA|April 8, 2008}}<ref name="Gamespot_ship_date">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/assassinscreed/similar.html?mode=versions&om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;versions | title = Unofficial PC ship dates on Gamespot | work = Gamespot | accessdate = February 26 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref><br />
{{vgrelease|North America|NA|April 9, 2008}} ([[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]])<ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.steamgames.com/v/index.php?area=game&AppId=15100&cc=US | title = Assassin's Creed | publisher = Steam | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref><br />
{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|April 10/11, 2008}}<ref>{{web cite | url = http://www.ebgames.com.au/PC/product.cfm?ID=7546 | title = Assassin's Creed | publisher = EB Games Australia | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{web cite | url = http://www.ebgames.co.nz/PC/product.cfm?ID=7546 | title = Assassin's Creed | publisher = EB Games New Zealand | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{web cite | url = http://www.game.com.au/viewtitle?code=ASSCREEPC | title = Assassin's Creed | publisher = GAME | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref><br />
{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|April 10, 2008}}<br />
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]] [[Sandbox game|sandbox]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=M|PEGI=18+<ref>[http://www.ubi.com/FI/Games/Info.aspx?pId=4820 Ubisoft – Assassin's Creed<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|BBFC=15|OFLCA=MA15+|OFLCZ=R13|USK=16}}
| platforms = [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Microsoft Windows]]
| media = [[Blu-ray Disc]], [[DVD#Dual layer recording|DVD-DL]], Download
| input = [[Gamepad]], [[Keyboard (computing)|Keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]
| version = 1.02 <small>(as of May 13, 2008)</small>
| requirements = [[#Development|System requirements]]
}}


== Early reign under Nogai ==
'''''Assassin's Creed''''' is a [[video game]] developed by [[Ubisoft Montreal]] and published by [[Ubisoft]]. It was released worldwide in November 2007 on the [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]] video game consoles.<ref name="Assassins creed Dated" /> The North American PC version was released on April 8, 2008.


In 1288, Tokhta was ousted by his cousins. In 1291, he reclaimed the throne with the help of [[Nogai Khan]]. Tokhta gave [[Crimea]] to Nogai as a gift. And Nogai beheaded many mongol nobles, who were supporters of [[Talabuga|Tulabuga]], thanks to his new puppet khan.
A [[prequel]] for this game, titled ''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]'', developed by [[Gameloft]]<ref>[http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/DS/Assassin%27s+Creed%3A+Altair%27s+Chronicles/review.asp?c=5722&srch=assassins+creed "Assassin's Creed: Altair's Chronicles"] PocketGamer, Retrieved October 7, 2008.</ref>, was released on February 5, 2008 for the [[Nintendo DS]].<ref name="ds">{{cite web | url=http://www.gamespot.com/ds/action/assassinscreed/news.html?sid=6180807&om_act=convert&om_clk=newsfeatures&tag=newsfeatures;title;2 | title=Nintendo lays out Q4 '07, Q1 '08 slate | work = GameSpot | accessdate = December 29 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>


Tokhta wanted to eliminate [[Russia]]n princes' semi-independence and, therefore, sent his brothers - [[Dyuden]] (Tudan) to [[Russia|Rus lands]] in 1293, whose army would devastate fourteen towns and Tokhta-Temur (probably he himself) to [[Tver]], finally forcing [[Dmitry Alexandrovich]] (Nogai's ally) to abdicate. Russians wrote the event in their chronicle as "The harsh-time of Batu returns". Some scholars claimed that Tokhta and Nogai did it togheter.
==Gameplay==
[[Image:AssassinsCreed Dx10 2008-06-11 19-34-39-79.png|left|thumb|200px|The player must climb tall towers in order to map out the city and discover the location of investigation targets.]]
''Assassin's Creed'' is a [[third-person]] [[stealth game]] in which the player primarily assumes the role of Altaïr as experienced by Desmond. The primary goal of the game is to carry out a series of assassinations ordered by Al Mualim. To achieve this goal, the player must travel from the Brotherhood's headquarters in Masyaf, across the terrain of the Holy Land known as the Kingdom to one of three cities, Jerusalem, Acre, or Damascus, to find the Brotherhood agent in that city. There, the agent, in addition to providing a [[safe house]], gives the player minimal knowledge about the target, and requires them to perform additional [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence gathering]] missions prior to attempting the assassination. These missions include [[eavesdropping]], [[interrogation]], [[pickpocketing]], and completing tasks for informers and fellow assassins. Additionally, the player may take part in any number of side objectives, including climbing tall towers to map out the city, and saving citizens who are being threatened or harassed by the city guards. There are also various side quests that do not advance the plot such as hunting down and killing [[Knights Templar|Templars]] and flag collecting. After completing each set of assassinations, the player is returned back to the Brotherhood and rewarded with a better weapon and then given another set of targets, with the player free to select the order of their targets.


Soon, Tokhta and Nogai began a deadly rivalry. The Khan's father in law Saljiday of [[Onggirat|the Khunggirads]], his wife Bekhlemish<ref>Rashid al-Din - universal History, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, ''see:'' Golden Horde</ref>, the granddaughter of [[Tolui]] and other [[Chingis]]ids in the Horde also complained about Nogai's contrariness to him. Nogai refused to come to the court of the Khan. And they disagreed on trade rights of [[Venetian]]s and [[Genoese]] merchants as well.
[[Image:AssassinsCreed Dx10 2008-06-11 20-20-16-49.png|left|thumb|200px|Sitting on a bench will allow the player to blend in and avoid being spotted by guards.]]The player is made aware of how noticeable Altaïr is to enemy guards as well as the current state of alert in the local area via an alertness level meter. To perform many of the assassinations and other tasks, the player must consider the use of commands distinguished by its type of profile. Low profile commands allow Altaïr to blend into nearby crowds, gently pass by other citizens, or other non-threatening tasks that can be used to hide and reduce the alertness level; the player can also use Altaïr's retractable blade to attempt low profile assassinations. High profile commands are more noticeable, and include running, scaling the sides of buildings to climb to higher vantage points, and attacking foes; performing these actions at certain times may raise the local area's awareness level. Once the area is at high alert, the crowds will run and scatter while guards will attempt to chase and bring down Altaïr; in order to reduce the alert level, the player must control Altaïr as to break the guards' [[line of sight]] and then find a hiding space such as a haystack or rooftop garden, or blend in with the citizens or wandering scholars. Should the player be unable to escape the guards, they may fight back using a number of swordplay maneuvers.


The Khan's force lost the first battle with Nogai in 1299-1300. Nogai did not chase him and returned. Tokhta asked [[Ghazan]] his aid. The latter refused because he did not want to mix himself up with their quarrels. In 1300, Tokhta finally defeated Nogai at the battle of the [[Kagamlyk River]] near [[Poltava]] and united the lands from the [[Volga]] to the [[Don River, Russia|Don]] under his authority. But Nogai's son [[Chaka of Bulgaria|Chaka]] fled to at first [[Alan]]s then to [[Bulgaria]] and reigned as emperor there. Soon after it enraged Tokhta, [[Theodore Svetoslav]] sent Chaka's head to the Khan to show his alligiance. Tokhta divided Nogai's land which streched from Crimea and Russian principalities to modern [[Romania]] into brother Sareibugha and his sons.
[[Image:Assassinscreed dna.jpg|right|thumb|200px|During gameplay, intentional glitches that include [[nucleotide]]s (which compose DNA) and computer messages will flash on the screen.]]
The player's health is described as the level of synchronization between Desmond and Altaïr's memories; should Altaïr take damage, some amount of synchronization is lost, and if all synchronization is lost, the current memory that Desmond is experiencing will be restarted at the last checkpoint. When the synchronization bar is full, the player has the additional option to use "eagle vision" which allows the computer-rendered memory to highlight all visible characters in colors corresponding to whether they are friend or foe or even the target of their assassination. Due to Altaïr's memories being rendered by the computer of the Animus project, the player may experience "[[glitch]]es" in the rendering of the historical world, which may help the player to identify targets, or can be used to alter the viewpoint during in-game scripted scenes should the player react fast enough when they appear.


==Plot==
== Late reign ==
[[Image:AssassinsCreed Animus.png|thumb|left|200px|Animus machine]]
The main story of ''Assassin's Creed'' takes place in 2012; Desmond Miles, a [[bartender]], has been kidnapped by the fictional company Abstergo Industries in order to use as a test subject in the "Animus," a device that can recall ancestral memories buried in the user's [[DNA]]. Abstergo has Desmond use the device to recall the role of [[Altaïr|Altaïr ibn La-Ahad]] (الطائر ابن لا أحد , [[Arabic Language|Arabic]], "The Flying Eagle, Son of None"), one of Desmond's ancestors, in the "Assassin Brotherhood" during 1191 as part of the [[Third Crusade]] in the [[Holy Land]]. Desmond at first has trouble adjusting to the device, but eventually is able to relive Altaïr's exploits over the next several days. Much of the core game is then presented from Altaïr's point-of-view as seen by Desmond, though at times interrupted by [[glitch]]es resulting from the Animus.


At the start of the memories, Altaïr is shown attempting to retrieve a "Piece of Eden", a strange artifact, from [[Solomon's Temple]] with the help of other assassins, but is stopped by [[Robert IV de Sablé]], a member of the [[Knights Templar]] and sworn enemies of the assassins. Altaïr breaks all three codes of the Assassin's Creed to attempt to kill de Sablé, but fails; upon returning to the Brotherhood, Al Mualim ("The teacher"), leader of the Assassins, demotes Altaïr to an initiate, giving him another chance to rise through the ranks of the Brotherhood. To this end, Al Mualim assigns Altaïr the task of assassinating nine key figures across the Holy Land in [[Jerusalem]], [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], and [[Damascus]], in order to attempt to bring peace between the Crusaders and [[Muslim]] forces. Altaïr methodically completes each task, learning that each target is connected to Robert and the Templars and share their mysterious goals. Altaïr's final target, de Sablé, reveals in his dying words that Al Mualim is himself a member of the Knights Templar, and used Altaïr to kill the other members so he could keep the treasure for himself. Altaïr quickly returns to [[Masyaf]] to accost his master. Al Mualim reveals the truth; the Piece of Eden creates illusions, and he denounces religion and other seemingly supernatural events as illusions caused by it. He then states his intention to use the artifact to compel mankind into a brainwashed state and so bring an end to conflict. Altaïr attempts to kill his former master, but Al Mualim uses the Piece of Eden to warp Altaïr's vision. Altaïr is eventually able to see through the deception and kill Al Mualim, recovering the artifact. As he does, the Piece of Eden activates, showing a [[holograph]]ic view of the world with numerous locations marked across the globe.


When Tokhta was busy with Nogai, [[Buyan (khan)|Bayan]] asked his assistance against rebels in [[White Horde]]. But Tokhta was unable to send him military forces. In 1301, Bayan fled to Tokhta. Tokhta helped him to reassert the throne of White Horde from Kuruichik who was backed by [[Kaidu]]. The army of Golden Horde won the armed force under [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai Khan]] [[Duwa]] and Kaidu's son Chapar.
[[Image:Assasins Creed Cryptic.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cryptic messages on the wall of Desmond's bedroom at the end of the game.]]
After this memory is completed, Desmond is brought out of the Animus, his purpose seemingly completed. He learns that Abstergo are part of the modern-day Templars and have been using Desmond's memories of Altaïr to discover the holographic map in order to find more artifacts that can be used towards the Templars' mission. Desmond further learns that the modern-day equivalent of the Assassin Brotherhood has tried, and seems to have failed in rescuing him before that knowledge was gained. At the end of the game, Desmond is left alone in the locked Animus room, no longer needed, but finds that through his experience with Altaïr's memories he can see hidden messages painted about the room from a range of religions and cultures that portend the end of the world.


After stabilizing his control over [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Russia Principalities]] and [[Kipchak]] steppes, he demanded Ghazan give back [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Arran]]. But [[Ilkhan]] refused and replied, "That land was conquered by our ancestors indian steel sword." Then Tokhta turned to [[Mamluks]] to restore the former alliance and sent them his envoys. During the reign of [[Oljeitu]], their border troops engaged in a small conflict, but another event changed Tokhta's mind soon after.
==Development==
{{VG Requirements
| useminandrec = yes
| platform1 = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| os1 = [[Windows XP]] with Service Pack 2 or [[Windows Vista]]
| cpu1 = [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] [[Pentium D]] 2.6 [[Hertz|GHz]] or [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] [[Athlon 64 X2]] 3800+ (Dual Core) [[Central processing unit|processor]]
| cpu1rec = [[Intel Core 2 Duo]] 2.2 GHz or better / AMD Athlon 64 X2 4400+
| memory1 = 1 [[Gigabyte|GB]] (XP), 2 GB (Vista)
| gpu1 = 256 MB DirectX 10.0 Graphics Card or DirectX 9.0–compliant card with Shader Model 3.0 or higher, PCI Express
| gpu1rec = 256 MB DirectX 10.0–compliant video card or DirectX 9.0–compliant card with Shader Model 3.0 or higher, PCI Express
| sound1 = DirectX 9.0 or 10.0–compliant, [[5.1]] channel surround (Rec)
| hdspace1 = 8 GB of free space
}}


In 1304, messengers from [[Chagatai Khanate]] and [[Yuan Dynasty]] arrived in [[Sarai]]. They introduced their masters' plan and idea of peace. Tokhta accepted the nominal supremacy of the Yuan Khaan [[Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan|Temür Öljeytü Chengzong]], the grandson of [[Kublai Khan]]; at the same time Muhammad Khudabanda Öljeitü ruled [[Ilkhan]]id [[Persia]] and [[Duwa]] retained nominal sovereignty in the Khanate of Chagatai. Postal system and trade routes restored again.
On September 28, 2006, in an interview with IGN, producer [[Jade Raymond]] confirmed that Altaïr is "a medieval hitman with a mysterious past" and that he is not a time traveler.<ref>[http://ps3.ign.com/articles/736/736393p1.html IGN: Assassin's Creed Preview<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In a later interview on December 13, 2006, with [[IGN]], [[Kristen Bell]] (who lent her voice and likeness to the game) talked about the plot. According to the interview, the plot centers on [[genetic memory]] and a corporation looking for descendants of an assassin.<ref>[http://tv.ign.com/articles/750/750843p3.html IGN: IGN Exclusive Interview: Kristen Bell<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


Tokhta arrested the [[Italians|Italian]] residents of [[Sarai]], and besieged [[Caffa]] in 1307. The cause was apparently Tokhta's displeasure at the Italian trade in [[Turkic]] slaves who were mostly sold for soldiers to the [[Egypt]]ian [[Mamluk Sultanate]]. The [[Genoese]] resisted for a year, but in 1308 set fire to their city and abandoned it. Relations between the Italians and the Golden Horde remained tense until 1312 when Tokhta died during preparations for a new military campaign against the Russian lands. Some sources claimed that he died without a heir. But some muslim source wrote that he had at least 3 sons and one of them was murdered by [[Ozbeg]]'s supporters.
{{bquote|"It's actually really interesting to me. It's sort of based on the research that's sort of happening now, about the fact that your genes might be able to hold memory. And you could argue semantics and say it's instinct, but how does a baby bird know to eat a worm, as opposed to a cockroach, if its parents don't show it? And it's about this science company trying to, ''Matrix''-style, go into people's brains and find out an ancestor who used to be an assassin, and sort of locate who that person is."|||[[Kristen Bell]]}}


Although he was [[Shamanist]], he was interested in [[Buddhism]]. He was the last non-Muslim khan of Golden Horde.
On October 22, 2007, in an IGN Australia interview with [[Patrice Desilets]] mentioned that the lead character's climbing and running were done by "Alex and Richard – the same guys from ''[[Prince of Persia]]''".<ref>[http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/829/829067p1.html IGN: Assassin's Creed AU Interview: Patrice Desilets<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==See also==
Altaïr is voiced by actor [[Philip Shahbaz]],<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1717255/ Philip Shahbaz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and his face is modeled after Spanish model Francisco Randez.<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.lienmultimedia.com/article.php3?id_article=13885 [Assassin’s Creed<nowiki>]</nowiki> Francisco Randez prête son visage à Altaïr] lienmultimedia.com. Retrieved April 15, 2008</ref>
*[[List of Khans of the Golden Horde]]

Altaïr (meaning "The Flying One" in Arabic) is a star in the Northern Sky in the constellation of [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]] ("eagle" in Latin); this ties in well with the white eagle seen in the trailer, that is shown flying over the city of Acre, and lands on the bell tower Altaïr himself is standing on. To complete the theme the Assassin's clothes consist of white flowing robes. His hood also has a hook on the end and his lower robe features a stream on each side, therefore making Altaïr's shadow in air look like an eagle. According to Ubisoft {{Fact|date=April 2008}} Altaïr is not religious but rather spiritual and is the son of a Christian mother and Muslim father. It is also stated that in events before the start of the game, there is an initiation where Altaïr's left ring finger is cut off, so that he is no longer a novice, but an assassin. This procedure provides for the hidden blade to extend from under Altaïr's forearm.

The Nintendo DS prequel, ''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]'', was released on February 5, 2008.

===Music===
[[Jade Raymond]], producer of ''Assassin's Creed'' said "For Assassin's Creed we wanted the score to capture the gruesome atmosphere of medieval warfare but also be edgy and contemporary."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://kotaku.com/gaming/soundtracks/assassins-creed-score-is-baftastic-311580.php |title = Assassin's Creed Score Is BAFTAstic |accessdate = 2008-05-11 |author = McWhertor, Michael |date = 2007-10-16 |publisher = Kotaku }}</ref> The musical score was composed by [[Jesper Kyd]] in 2007. Six tracks were made available online to those who have purchased the game; a password was given to people to insert at the soundtrack section of the Ubisoft website.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://assassinscreed.us.ubi.com/soundtrack/index.php |title = Soundtrack's - Assassin's Creed - Ubisoft |accessdate = 2008-05-11 |publisher = [[Ubisoft]] }}</ref> Several tracks are also available to listen to on Kyd's MySpace and his official website. The released tracks as a whole have the archaic [[Latin]] chorus and dark orchestral music, whilst the track ''"Meditation Begins"'' features a kind of [[Saltarello]] with a very ominous, dark, ambient overtone with men whispering in Latin. The atmosphere in these tracks is what Jesper Kyd is known for and is effective [[in situ]].<ref>[http://tracksounds.blogspot.com/2007/10/assassins-creed-soundtrack-by-jesper.html Tracksounds Now!: Assassin's Creed (Soundtrack) by Jesper Kyd<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

{{tracklist
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Tracks
| title1 = City Of Jerusalem
| title2 = Flight Through Jerusalem
| title3 = Spirit Of Damascus
| title4 = Trouble In Jerusalem
| title5 = Acre Underworld
| title6 = Access The Animus
| title7 = Dunes Of Death
| title8 = Masyaf In Danger
| title9 = Meditation Begins
| title10 = Meditation Of The Assassins}}

===PC version===
It was made public in April 2008 that Assassin's Creed would be sold electronically and available for pre-order through [[Valve Corporation|Valve's]] software distribution program, [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]], and though advertised to the entire Steam customer base it was locked out for any Steam-customers not residing in North America (along with the entire Ubisoft catalog). The PC version of Assassin's Creed was released on April 8, 2008 in North America. Four bonus mission types, not seen in the console version, are included. These 4 new missions are archer assassination, rooftop race challenge, merchant stand destruction challenge and escort challenge.<ref>[http://news.spong.com/article/14941/Assassins_Creed_PC_New_Investigation_Types?cb=496 Assassin's Creed PC: New Investigation Types – News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

A [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] version of the game has been in existence since late February 2008 – more than a month before its expected release. According to Ubisoft a [[computer bug|bug]] was purposely inserted into the pre-release version of the game by the publisher itself to unpredictably crash the game and prevent completion as a security measure,<ref name="gamespot piracy lawsuit">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/news/6195570.html | title = Ubisoft sues over Assassin's Creed leak | publisher = [[Gamespot]] | first = Brendan | last = Sinclair | date = 2008-08-06 | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref> though players were able to use extra content available on the internet to bypass it.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/?p=1254 | title = So… Assassin’s Creed PC? | first = Jim | last = Rossignol | date = 2008-03-04 | accessdate = 2008-03-06 | publisher = Rock, Paper, Scissors }}</ref> The pirated version of ''Assassin's Creed'' was one of the most popular titles for piracy during the first week of March 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/?p=1263 | title= The Yarr-ts: Piracy Snapshot 5.3.2008 | first = Kieron | last = Gillen | date= 2008-03-05 | accessdate = 2008-03-06 | publisher = Rock, Paper, Scissors }}</ref> The presence of the bug and performance of the pirated version of the game was believed by Ubisoft to lead to "irreparable harm" for the game and resulted in low retail sales; [[NPD Group]] reports that 40,000 copies of the PC title were sold in United States in July, while more than 700,000 copies were illegally downloaded according to Ubisoft.<ref name="gamasutra piracy lawsuit">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=19736 | title = Ubisoft Files $10M Suit Over Assassin's Creed PC Leak | publisher = [[Gamasutra]] | first = David | last = Jenkins | date = 2008-08-07 | accessdate = 2008-08-07}}</ref><ref name="gamespot piracy lawsuit"/> In July 2008, Ubisoft sued disc manufacturer Optical Experts Manufacturing, believing the company to be the source of the leak, citing poor security procedures that allowed an employee to leave with a copy of the game.<ref name="gamasutra piracy lawsuit"/><ref name="gamespot piracy lawsuit"/>

===Demos===

On July 10, 2007, during the [[Microsoft]] [[E3]] Press Conference, a demo was shown using a previously unseen city, [[Jerusalem]]. Features that were demonstrated included improved crowd mechanics, the "chase" system (chasing after a target trying to flee), as well as deeper aspects of parkour. This was the first time when Altaïr could be heard speaking. It was again showcased for nearly 20 minutes on Wednesday, July 11. The video showed an extended version of the [[E3]] demo, and included Altaïr trying to escape after his assassination of Talal the Slave Trader.

On August 26, 2007, an 11-minute demo of ''Assassin's Creed'' was shown at the [[Penny Arcade Expo#PAX 2007|Penny Arcade expo]]. The level that was shown was the same as in the E3 demo; however, a different path was taken to reach the target. At the end of the demo, a conversation between Altaïr and the head of the Assassin's bureau in Jerusalem called Malik was shown.

There is no demo available for ''Assassin's Creed'' over Xbox Live, the PlayStation Network, or PC.

==Reception==
{{VG Reviews
|EGC Games = 92/100
|EuroG = 7/10
|Fam = 37/40
|GI = 9.5/10
|GamePro = 5/5
|GRadar = 10/10
|GSpot = 9.0/10
|GT = 9.1/10
|GamesTM = 4/10
|Hyper = 95/100
|OXM = 8.5/10
|IGN = 7.7/10
|Loaded = 9.5/10
|1up = 7.0/10
|Play = 10/10
|Playstaion: The Official Magazine = 5/5
|TX = 7.9/10
|XPlay = 5/5
|Total PC Gaming = 7/10
|PC Format UK = 84%
|rev1 = [[XboxAddict]]
|rev1Score = 9.6/10
|
|MC = 79/100
|GR = 82/100}}

''Assassin's Creed'' has received generally positive reviews, although several publications such as ''Eurogamer'', while still awarding the game decent scores, pointed out a number of significant shortcomings. ''Eurogamer'' stated that the gameplay "never evolves and ultimately becomes a bit boring, and quite amazingly repetitive."<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=87432&page=3 Assassin's Creed Review // Xbox 360 /// Eurogamer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In Andrew P.'s review for EGM(Kage), he writes that the game features "a challenging [[Parkour in popular culture|parkour]] path of escape…"<ref>Andrew P., "Review of ''Assassin's Creed''," ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' 224 (January 2008): 89.</ref> [[Famitsu]] awarded the Xbox 360 version of ''Assassin's Creed'' a 36 (9, 9, 9, 9), while the PS3 version received a 37 (10, 8, 9, 10) out of 40, positively citing the story, presentation, and acrobatics, while criticizing the one button combat, map layout, and camera problems.<ref>[http://www.n4g.com/News-86589.aspx Famitsu reviews Dragon Quest IV, Assassins Creed, Guilty Gear 2 and more]</ref><ref>[http://www.joystiq.com/2007/11/02/assassins-creed-nabs-37-40-from-famitsu/ Assassin's Creed nabs 37/40 from Famitsu]</ref> [[Game Informer]] awarded ''Assassin's Creed'' a 9.5 out of 10, praising the control scheme, replay value, and intriguing story, but expressing frustration over the "repetitive" information gathering missions.<ref>''Game Informer'', December 2007 issue</ref> On the The Hotlist on [[ESPNEWS]], ESPN's Aaron Boulding called the game's concept of social stealth "fairly original" and added, "Visually, the developers nailed it."<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/videogames/news/story?id=3129115 ESPN – Easy Points – 'Tis the Season – Videogames<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[GameTrailers]] similarly praised the story (giving a 9.7 score to its story), and also cited repetitive gameplay and "moronic" AI as somewhat stifling its potential.<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/player/27754.html GameTrailers ''Assassin's Creed'' Video Review]</ref> The game also received a 10 out of 10 from GamesRadar, and has a [[Metacritic]] score of 81.<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/assassinscreed?q=Assassin's%20Creed |title=Assassin's Creed (xbox 360: 2007) Reviews}}</ref> According to [[GamePro]], ''Assassin's Creed'' is one of the "finest gaming experiences ever created" if you are willing to be "patient" due to the lack of fast-paced action.<ref name="GamePro">{{cite web|url=http://gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/games/reviews/146348.shtml|title=''Assassin's Creed'' review|author=Melick, Todd|date=November 14, 2007|publisher=[[GamePro]]|accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref>

Ubisoft announced that the game has sold more than 3.46 million copies as of March 1, 2008, exceeding their initial expectations and prompting the company to raise their sales outlook.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/assassins-creed-passes-25-million-sold-ubisoft-raises-guidance/18847/?biz= | title = Assassin's Creed Passes 2.5 Million Sold; Ubisoft Raises Guidance | publisher = GameDaily | first = James | last = Brightman | date = 2007-12-13 | accessdate = 2007-12-13 }}</ref>

[[Ben Croshaw]] of ''Zero Punctuation'' gave it a positive review, praising the free roaming aspect, assassinations, and overall uniqueness of the game while criticising the combat and the lengthy cutscenes. In a later review for [[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Oblivion]], he again praised it, describing it as "immersive".

===Awards===
The following awards were awarded to Assassin's Creed at [[E3]] 2006:
* '''[[Game Critics Awards]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best Action/Adventure Game''.<ref>{{cite web| title = 2006 Winners | url = http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/2006winners.html | publisher = gamecriticsawards.com | accessdate = 2008-03-23}}</ref>
* '''[[IGN]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best Action Game'', ''PS3 Game of the Show'', ''Best PS3 Action Game'', ''Best PS3 Graphics''
** '''Runner-up''': ''Best Console Game'', ''Best PS3 Artistic Design'', ''PS3 Award for Technological Excellence''
** '''Nominations''': ''Game of the Show'', ''Best Graphics Technology''
* '''[[GameSpot]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best PS3 Game of the Show''
** '''Runner-up''': ''Game of the Show'', ''Best Trailer'', ''Best Graphics'', ''Best Action Adventure Game''
* '''[[GameSpy]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best PS3 Game of the Show''
* '''[[GameTrailers]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best of Show''
** '''Runner-up''': ''Best Trailer'', ''Most Innovative'', ''Best Action/Adventure''
* '''[[1UP.com]]'''
** '''Won''': ''Best PS3 game''
** '''Runner-up''': ''Best Visuals'', ''Game of the Show''

The award nominations and wins after release included:
* '''[[Spike (TV channel)|Spike TV Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6182621.html?sid=6182621&part=rss&subj=6182621
|title=Halo 3, BioShock top Spike TV noms|author=Magrino, Tom|date=2007-11-11|accessdate=2007-11-11|work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>
**'''Nominated''': ''Best PlayStation 3 Game'', ''Best Action Game'', ''Best Graphics – Artistic'', ''Best Plot Twist'', ''Best Trailer ("Lonely Soul")'', ''Breakout Character (Altaïr)''
* '''[[X-Play]] Best of 2007 Awards'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/features/54789/XPlay_Best_of_2007_Awards_Nominations.html
|title=2007 X-Play Best of 2007 Award Nominations
|accessdate=2007-12-10|work=[[G4 (TV channel)|G4]]}}</ref>
** '''Nominated''': ''Game of the Year'', ''Most Original Game'', ''Best Gameplay Innovation'', ''Best Action/Adventure Game'', ''Best Art Direction'', ''Best Animation'', ''Best Sound Design''

===Sales===
Sales for Assassin's Creed have been unexpectedly huge according to the publisher. An official press release from Ubisoft stated:

<blockquote>Assassin's Creed has greatly outstripped Ubisoft's sales expectations and currently ranks among the top two or three best-selling games for the Playstation 3 computer entertainment system and Xbox360 video game and entertainment system in the vast majority of geographical regions. In less than four weeks Assassin's Creed recorded more than two and a half million units in sell-through sales worldwide, and is the fastest-selling new video game intellectual property ever in the U.S. Consequently, Ubisoft now forecasts that it will sell a minimum of five million units of the game in 2007–08 compared with its previous estimate of approximately three million.<ref name="Ubisoft">{{cite web | url = http://www.ubi.com/US/News/Info.aspx?nId=5017 | title = Ubisoft Announces Outstanding Sales Performance For Assassin's Creed and Raises Guidance for Fiscal 2007-08 | work = Ubisoft | accessdate = January 4 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref></blockquote>
==Other media==
=== ''Metal Gear Solid'' rendition ===
Initially revealed on [[April Fool's Day]] 2008, Kojima later announced that the Altaïr costume would actually be in the game ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'', unlockable by doing "something special". To obtain the attire, the player must acquire the "Assassin Emblem", a nod to the game's title.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/873/873462p1.html | title=Assassin's Solid Becomes a Reality | author=John Tanaka | publisher=IGN | date=2008-05-13 | accessdate=2008-06-21 }}</ref>

=== Books ===
[[Pocket Books]] had announced it was planning to novelize ''Assassin’s Creed'' in a trilogy, written by [[Steven Barnes]]. However, the series has reportedly been cancelled.<ref>[http://darkush.blogspot.com/2007/10/why-even-care.html Dar Kush: Why Even Care?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

There was a small comic given out to [[EB Games]] managers during the company's 2007 annual conference. This was scanned and put on [[Photobucket]] soon after.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

=== Short film ===
Ubisoft and [[Independent Film Channel|IFC]] held a contest for short films based on ''Assassin's Creed''. The winning film can be viewed [http://medialab.ifc.com/film_detail.jsp?film_id=5595&list=1 here].

=== Limited editions ===
Alongside the standard retail version, a limited collector's edition was released in North America for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The European limited edition contains the game and a {{convert|10|in|mm|sing=on}} Altaïr figure in addition to other collectibles.


==References==
==References==
* [[David Morgan (historian)|David Morgan]], ''The Mongols''
{{reflist|2}}
* Ж.Бор - ''Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шастир'' боть II
* J.J.Saunders- The history of Mongol conquests


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==External links==
{{succession box|title=[[Khan (title)|khan]] of [[Blue Horde]] and [[Golden Horde]]|after=[[Uzbeg Khan]]|before=[[Talabuga]]|years='''1291 &ndash; 1312'''}}
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* [http://assassinscreed.uk.ubi.com/ Assassin's Creed UK site]
* [http://assassinscreed.us.ubi.com/ Assassin's Creed US site]
* [http://assassinscreed.wikia.com/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Home Assassin's Creed Wiki]


[[Category:Stealth video games]]
[[Category:1312 deaths]]
[[Category:2007 video games]]
[[Category:Khans of the Golden Horde]]
[[Category:Action-adventure games]]
[[Category:Borjigin| ]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Medieval video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]


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Revision as of 02:39, 14 October 2008

Tokhta (Toqta, Tokhtai,or Tokhtogha) (Тохтога, Тохтох) (? - c.1312) was a khan of the Golden Horde, son of Mengu-Timur and great grandson of Batu Khan.

File:Tokhtogha coin.jpg
Obverse: "Just the Khan Tokhta" with the tamgha (imperial seal) of the House of Batu

Early reign under Nogai

In 1288, Tokhta was ousted by his cousins. In 1291, he reclaimed the throne with the help of Nogai Khan. Tokhta gave Crimea to Nogai as a gift. And Nogai beheaded many mongol nobles, who were supporters of Tulabuga, thanks to his new puppet khan.

Tokhta wanted to eliminate Russian princes' semi-independence and, therefore, sent his brothers - Dyuden (Tudan) to Rus lands in 1293, whose army would devastate fourteen towns and Tokhta-Temur (probably he himself) to Tver, finally forcing Dmitry Alexandrovich (Nogai's ally) to abdicate. Russians wrote the event in their chronicle as "The harsh-time of Batu returns". Some scholars claimed that Tokhta and Nogai did it togheter.

Soon, Tokhta and Nogai began a deadly rivalry. The Khan's father in law Saljiday of the Khunggirads, his wife Bekhlemish[1], the granddaughter of Tolui and other Chingisids in the Horde also complained about Nogai's contrariness to him. Nogai refused to come to the court of the Khan. And they disagreed on trade rights of Venetians and Genoese merchants as well.

The Khan's force lost the first battle with Nogai in 1299-1300. Nogai did not chase him and returned. Tokhta asked Ghazan his aid. The latter refused because he did not want to mix himself up with their quarrels. In 1300, Tokhta finally defeated Nogai at the battle of the Kagamlyk River near Poltava and united the lands from the Volga to the Don under his authority. But Nogai's son Chaka fled to at first Alans then to Bulgaria and reigned as emperor there. Soon after it enraged Tokhta, Theodore Svetoslav sent Chaka's head to the Khan to show his alligiance. Tokhta divided Nogai's land which streched from Crimea and Russian principalities to modern Romania into brother Sareibugha and his sons.

Late reign

When Tokhta was busy with Nogai, Bayan asked his assistance against rebels in White Horde. But Tokhta was unable to send him military forces. In 1301, Bayan fled to Tokhta. Tokhta helped him to reassert the throne of White Horde from Kuruichik who was backed by Kaidu. The army of Golden Horde won the armed force under Chagatai Khan Duwa and Kaidu's son Chapar.

After stabilizing his control over Russia Principalities and Kipchak steppes, he demanded Ghazan give back Azerbaijan and Arran. But Ilkhan refused and replied, "That land was conquered by our ancestors indian steel sword." Then Tokhta turned to Mamluks to restore the former alliance and sent them his envoys. During the reign of Oljeitu, their border troops engaged in a small conflict, but another event changed Tokhta's mind soon after.

In 1304, messengers from Chagatai Khanate and Yuan Dynasty arrived in Sarai. They introduced their masters' plan and idea of peace. Tokhta accepted the nominal supremacy of the Yuan Khaan Temür Öljeytü Chengzong, the grandson of Kublai Khan; at the same time Muhammad Khudabanda Öljeitü ruled Ilkhanid Persia and Duwa retained nominal sovereignty in the Khanate of Chagatai. Postal system and trade routes restored again.

Tokhta arrested the Italian residents of Sarai, and besieged Caffa in 1307. The cause was apparently Tokhta's displeasure at the Italian trade in Turkic slaves who were mostly sold for soldiers to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate. The Genoese resisted for a year, but in 1308 set fire to their city and abandoned it. Relations between the Italians and the Golden Horde remained tense until 1312 when Tokhta died during preparations for a new military campaign against the Russian lands. Some sources claimed that he died without a heir. But some muslim source wrote that he had at least 3 sons and one of them was murdered by Ozbeg's supporters.

Although he was Shamanist, he was interested in Buddhism. He was the last non-Muslim khan of Golden Horde.

See also

References

  • David Morgan, The Mongols
  • Ж.Бор - Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шастир боть II
  • J.J.Saunders- The history of Mongol conquests
Preceded by khan of Blue Horde and Golden Horde
1291 – 1312 		Succeeded by
  1. ^ Rashid al-Din - universal History, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Golden Horde
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