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{{Short description|Tribe of wasps}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| image =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Synergini
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
| familia = [[Cynipidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cynipinae]]
| tribus = '''Synergini'''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * See text
| subdivision = * See text
}}
}}


'''Synergini''' is a [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] of tropical [[gall wasp]]s in the subfamily [[Cynipinae]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wachi N, Ide T, Abe Y |date=2011-05-01|title=A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=104|issue=3|pages=369–373|doi=10.1603/an10187|issn=0013-8746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=YwjnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA467&lpg=PA467 |title=Neotropical Insect Galls|last=Fernandes|first=Geraldo Wilson|last2=Santos|first2=Jean Carlos | name-list-format = vanc |date=2014-06-26|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401787833|location=|pages=467 }}</ref>
'''Synergini''' is a [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] of [[gall wasp]]s in the subfamily [[Cynipinae]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Wachi N, Ide T, Abe Y |date=2011-05-01|title=A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|language=en|volume=104|issue=3|pages=369–373|doi=10.1603/an10187|issn=0013-8746|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwjnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA467 |title=Neotropical Insect Galls|last1=Fernandes|first1=Geraldo Wilson|last2=Santos|first2=Jean Carlos | name-list-style = vanc |date=2014-06-26|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401787833|pages=467 }}</ref>


== Genera ==
== Genera ==
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{{div col begin|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Agastoroxenia]]''<ref name="Nieves-Aldrey&Medianero">{{cite journal| vauthors = Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E |date=1 July 2010|title=''Agastoroxenia panamensis'', a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=103|issue=4|pages=492–499|doi=10.1603/AN09148}}</ref>
* ''[[Agastoroxenia]]''<ref name="Nieves-Aldrey&Medianero">{{cite journal| vauthors = Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E |date=1 July 2010|title=''Agastoroxenia panamensis'', a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=103|issue=4|pages=492–499|doi=10.1603/AN09148|s2cid=86613914}}</ref>
* ''[[Ceroptres]]''
* ''[[Lithosaphonecrus]]''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwéger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, Sinclair F, Hearn J, Bozsó M, Pénzes Z | display-authors = 6 | title = New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4054 | pages = 1–84 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26701460 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4054.1.1 }}</ref>
* ''[[Lithosaphonecrus]]''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwéger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, Sinclair F, Hearn J, Bozsó M, Pénzes Z | display-authors = 6 | title = New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4054 | pages = 1–84 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26701460 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4054.1.1 }}</ref>
* ''[[Periclistus]]''
* ''[[Saphonecrus]]''
* ''[[Saphonecrus]]''
* ''[[Rhoophilus]]''<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Acs Z, Challis RJ, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, Csóka G, Pénzes Z, Pujade-Villar J, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Schönrogge K, Stone GN | display-authors = 6 | title = Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 210–25 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20004727 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.004 | url = http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9524/1/AcsN009524PP.pdf }}</ref>
* ''[[Rhoophilus]]''<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Acs Z, Challis RJ, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, Csóka G, Pénzes Z, Pujade-Villar J, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Schönrogge K, Stone GN | display-authors = 6 | title = Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 210–25 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20004727 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.004 | url = http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/9524/1/AcsN009524PP.pdf }}</ref>
* ''[[Synergus]]''
* ''[[Synergus]]''
* ''[[Synophromorpha]]''
* ''[[Ufo (genus)|Ufo]]''
* ''[[Ufo (genus)|Ufo]]''
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
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All of these except ''Lithosaphonecrus'' and ''Rhoophilus'' are found in the eastern [[Palearctic realm]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Synergus'' has the greatest number of species in Synergini.<ref name=":1" />
All of these except ''Lithosaphonecrus'' and ''Rhoophilus'' are found in the eastern [[Palearctic realm]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Synergus'' has the greatest number of species in Synergini.<ref name=":1" />


A proposed reworking of the entire [[Cynipidae]] family published in 2015 transferred ''Ceroptres'' to a tribe of its own, and ''Periclistus'' and ''Synophromorpha'' to the tribe [[Diastrophini]]. In this proposed revision, ''Agastoroxenia'', ''Lithonecrus'', ''Lithosaphonecrus'', ''Rhoophilus'', ''Saphonecrus'', ''Synophrus'', ''Synergus'', ''Ufo'' remain within Synergini.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Buffington ML, Liu Z, Liljeblad J, Nylander JA | title = Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = e0123301 | date = 2015-05-20 | pmid = 25993346 | pmc = 4439057 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0123301 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1023301R }}</ref>
A reworking of the entire [[Cynipidae]] family published in 2015 transferred three genera formerly included in Synergini to other tribes - ''[[Ceroptres]]'' to a tribe of its own ([[Ceroptresini]]), and ''[[Periclistus]]'' and ''[[Synophromorpha]]'' to [[Diastrophini]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Buffington ML, Liu Z, Liljeblad J, Nylander JA|date=2015-05-20|title=Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0123301|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1023301R|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123301|pmc=4439057|pmid=25993346|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Gall use ==
== Gall use ==
Members of Synergini have lost the ability to create their own [[gall]]s, and instead make use of galls left behind by other wasps. As a result, they are classified as [[inquiline]]s.<ref>Melika G, Ros-Farré P, Pénzes Z, Ács Z, Pujade-Villar J 2005. [http://actazool.nhmus.hu/51/4/melika.pdf Ufo abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan.] [[Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae]] 51 (4), 313–327.</ref> Species in Synergini usually make use of galls left by wasps in [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Cynipini]].<ref name=":1" /> Members of genus ''Periclistus'' reside in rose-cynipid galls, ''Synophromorpha'' on galls in ''[[Rubus]]'' plants, and the remainder in oak-cynipid galls.<ref name=":0" />
Members of Synergini have lost the ability to create their own [[gall]]s, and instead make use of galls left behind by other wasps. As a result, they are classified as [[inquiline]]s.<ref>Melika G, Ros-Farré P, Pénzes Z, Ács Z, Pujade-Villar J 2005. [http://actazool.nhmus.hu/51/4/melika.pdf Ufo abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan.] [[Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae]] 51 (4), 313–327.</ref> Species in Synergini usually make use of galls made by wasps in [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Cynipini]].<ref name=":1" />


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q21029952}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21029952}}


[[Category:Cynipoidea]]
[[Category:Cynipidae]]
[[Category:Hymenoptera tribes]]
[[Category:Hymenoptera tribes]]


Latest revision as of 13:18, 25 June 2022

Synergini
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Cynipidae
Subfamily: Cynipinae
Tribe: Synergini
Genera
  • See text

Synergini is a tribe of gall wasps in the subfamily Cynipinae.[1][2]

Genera[edit]

The following genera are generally accepted within Synergini:[3]

All of these except Lithosaphonecrus and Rhoophilus are found in the eastern Palearctic realm.[3] Synergus has the greatest number of species in Synergini.[6]

A reworking of the entire Cynipidae family published in 2015 transferred three genera formerly included in Synergini to other tribes - Ceroptres to a tribe of its own (Ceroptresini), and Periclistus and Synophromorpha to Diastrophini.[7]

Gall use[edit]

Members of Synergini have lost the ability to create their own galls, and instead make use of galls left behind by other wasps. As a result, they are classified as inquilines.[8] Species in Synergini usually make use of galls made by wasps in tribe Cynipini.[6]

References[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to Synergini.
  1. ^ Wachi N, Ide T, Abe Y (2011-05-01). "A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1603/an10187. ISSN 0013-8746.
  2. ^ Fernandes GW, Santos JC (2014-06-26). Neotropical Insect Galls. Springer. p. 467. ISBN 9789401787833.
  3. ^ a b Melika G, Choi JY, Pujade-Villar J, Pénzes Z, Fülöp D (2007-09-01). "A New Species of Inquiline Cynipid of the Genus Ufo Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2005 from Korea (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 10 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60353-2. ISSN 1226-8615.
  4. ^ Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E (1 July 2010). "Agastoroxenia panamensis, a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 103 (4): 492–499. doi:10.1603/AN09148. S2CID 86613914.
  5. ^ Schwéger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, et al. (December 2015). "New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide". Zootaxa. 4054: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4054.1.1. PMID 26701460.
  6. ^ a b c Acs Z, Challis RJ, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, et al. (April 2010). "Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (1): 210–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.004. PMID 20004727.
  7. ^ Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Buffington ML, Liu Z, Liljeblad J, Nylander JA (2015-05-20). "Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0123301. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023301R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123301. PMC 4439057. PMID 25993346.
  8. ^ Melika G, Ros-Farré P, Pénzes Z, Ács Z, Pujade-Villar J 2005. Ufo abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 51 (4), 313–327.
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