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{{Short description|Species of bee}} |
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[[File:Xylocopa darwini fem scalesia cdf GALAPAGOS090114 2rec.jpg|thumb|Female, Santa Cruz island]] |
[[File:Xylocopa darwini fem scalesia cdf GALAPAGOS090114 2rec.jpg|thumb|Female, Santa Cruz island]] |
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'''''Xylocopa darwini''''', the '''Galápagos carpenter bee''', is |
'''''Xylocopa darwini''''', the '''Galápagos carpenter bee''', is the only native species of [[bee]] in the [[Galápagos Islands]], to which it is [[Endemism|endemic]]. Altogether, only three species of bee are found in the islands.<ref name=Nich14p62/><ref name=GSC_Xd/> This species found on 75% of the largest islands. It is [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] and is known for its complex behavior. As the only native bee, ''Xylocopa darwini'' serves as an important primary [[pollinator]] within the plant-pollinator network of the [[archipelago]]. |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The [[Megachile timberlakei|leaf-cutter bee]] and the [[Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum|wool carder bee]] are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.<ref |
The [[Megachile timberlakei|leaf-cutter bee]] and the [[Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum|wool carder bee]] are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.<ref name=RasmCarrCastChamly/> As a [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] species, the male and female bees look different. The female bee is dark and shiny with black [[Seta|setae]], and is commonly found throughout the year. The male is rarer, with a black abdomen and yellow-brown setae.<ref name=Bowm66/> A rare specimen in the Smithsonian collection exhibits [[gynandromorphism]], with a visually female left side and a visually male right side.<ref name=ZamaCoel17/> |
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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.<ref name=VargRumeHeleTrav15/> |
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Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Vargas|first1=Pablo|last2=Rumeu|first2=Beatriz|last3=Heleno|first3=Ruben H.|last4=Traveset|first4=Anna|last5=Nogales|first5=Manuel|date=2015-03-25|title=Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e0120597|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4373804|pmid=25807496}}</ref> These bees are parasitized by the [[Cissites|blister beetle]] ''Cissites maculata'', and the two species have a [[Phoresis|phoretic]] relationship. The presence of both the bees and [[parasitoid]] beetles on the islands suggests that they were transported together and colonized the archipelago concurrently.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Vargas|first1=Pablo|last2=Rumeu|first2=Beatriz|last3=Heleno|first3=Ruben H.|last4=Traveset|first4=Anna|last5=Nogales|first5=Manuel|date=2015-03-25|title=Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=e0120597|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4373804|pmid=25807496}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Hurd|first=Paul D.|date=October 1958|title=The Carpenter Bees of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|volume=31|issue=4|pages=249–251|jstor=25083084}}</ref> |
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== Behavior == |
== Behavior == |
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This insect gets its common name 'carpenter bee' from the way that females form nests. They bore holes into the branches and trunks of trees and lay their eggs within the solitary cavities.<ref name= |
This [[insect]] gets its common name 'carpenter bee' from the way that females form [[nests]]. They [[drill|bore]] holes into the [[branches]] and trunks of trees and lay their eggs within the solitary cavities.<ref name=VargRumeHeleTrav15/><ref name=GCT/> They prefer to bore holes into soft dead wood, such as the wood of [[Hibiscus tiliaceus|sea hibiscus]], ''[[Croton (plant)|Croton]]'', [[Bursera graveolens|palo santo]] and [[Erythrina|coral trees]].<ref name=Hurd58/> Male Galápagos carpenter bees have been recorded exhibiting territorial behavior, and may defend plants from intruders. They patrol the claimed shrub or tree and chase away trespassing animals, but allow female bees to enter the defended area.<ref name=Lins65/> |
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== Ecological role == |
== Ecological role == |
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These insects serve as an important [[keystone species]] since they are the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.<ref name= |
These insects serve as an important [[keystone species]] since they are the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.<ref name=ChamHeleOlesMcMu12/><ref name=PhilBochSiegNiel06/><ref name=Schl86/> They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos [[ecosystem]], meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.<ref name=ChamHeleOlesMcMu12/><ref name=Schl86/> They compete for food with other pollinators including [[birds]], [[lizards]], and other insects.<ref name=ChamHeleOlesMcMu12/> Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of [[self-pollination]].<ref name=ChamHeleOlesMcMu12/> Galapagos carpenter bee populations could be negatively impacted by [[invasive species]] through competition and predation. Introduced birds such as the [[smooth-billed ani]] have been documented preying on the bees, which could significantly affect the unique ecosystem of the archipelago.<ref name=Cisn18/> |
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These bees are parasitized by the [[Cissites|blister beetle]] ''Cissites maculata'', and the two species have a [[Phoresis|phoretic]] relationship. The presence of both the bees and [[parasitoid]] beetles on the islands suggests that they were transported together and colonized the archipelago concurrently.<ref name=VargRumeHeleTrav15/><ref name=Hurd58/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=Bowm66>{{Citation |
<ref name=Bowm66>{{Citation |year=1966 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Robert I. |title=The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=752923272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8T3Dl5tokYC&pg=PA64-IA2 |access-date=2015-06-19 |page=64 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=ChamHeleOlesMcMu12>{{Citation |last1=Chamorro |first1=Susana |last2=Heleno |first2=Ruben |last3=Olesen |first3=Jens M. |last4=McMullen |first4=Conley K. |last5=Traveset |first5=Anna |date=2012-11-01 |title=Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=1489–1501 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs132 |pmid=22691541 |pmc=3489146 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Cisn18>{{Citation |last1=Cisneros-Heredia |first1=D. F. |date=February 2018 |editor1-last=Torres |editor1-first=María de Lourdes |editor2-last=Mena |editor2-first=Carlos F. |contribution=The Hitchhiker Wave: Non-native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos |title=Understanding invasive species in the Galapagos Islands : from the molecular to the landscape |publication-place=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-67177-2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=GCT>{{Citation |title=Galapagos carpenter bee |website=Galapagos Conservation Trust |url=https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/wildlife/galapagos-carpenter-bee/ |access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> |
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==Further reading== |
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<ref name=Hurd58>{{Citation |last1=Hurd |first1=Paul D. |date=October 1958 |title=The Carpenter Bees of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=249–251 |jstor=25083084 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
<ref name=Lins65>{{Citation |last1=Linsley |first1=E.G. |date=1965 |title=Notes on male territorial behavior in the Galapagos carpenter bee |journal=The Pan-Pacific Entomologist |volume=41 |pages=158–161 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/240375 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
<ref name=PhilBochSiegNiel06>{{Citation |last1=Philipp |first1=Marianne |last2=Böcher |first2=Jens |last3=Siegismund |first3=Hans R. |last4=Nielsen |first4=Lene R. |date=2006 |title=Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands |journal=Ecography |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=531–540 |doi=10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=RasmCarrCastChamly>{{Citation |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Claus |last2=Carríon |first2=Ana L. |last3=Castro-Urgal |first3=Rocío |last4=Chamorro |first4=Susana |last5=Gonzalez |first5=Victor H. |last6=Griswold |first6=Terry L. |last7=Herrera |first7=Henri W. |last8=McMullen |first8=Conley K. |last9=Olesen |first9=Jens M. |last10=Traveset |first10=Anna |date=July 2012 |title=''Megachile timberlakei'' Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago |journal=The Pan-Pacific Entomologist |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |doi=10.3956/2012-04.1 |s2cid=85790928 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Schl86>{{Citation |last1=Schluter |first1=Dolph |date=1986-01-01 |title=Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1086/284470 |s2cid=83906633 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | <ref name=VargRumeHeleTrav15>{{Citation |last1=Vargas |first1=Pablo |last2=Rumeu |first2=Beatriz |last3=Heleno |first3=Ruben H. |last4=Traveset |first4=Anna |last5=Nogales |first5=Manuel |date=2015-03-25 |title=Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (''Xylocopa darwini'') despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=e0120597 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120597 |pmc=4373804 |pmid=25807496 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1020597V |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name=ZamaCoel17>{{Citation |last1=Zama |first1=Paula Caetano |last2=Coelho |first2=Igor Rismo |date=2017-06-13 |title=New Cases of Gynandromorphism in ''Xylocopa'' Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia |volume=57 |issue=24 |pages=313–319 |doi=10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.24 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2085839}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2085839}} |
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Latest revision as of 21:13, 8 November 2022
| Galápagos carpenter bee | |
|---|---|
| |
| Female, on Bastardia viscosa (viscid mallow), Santa Cruz Island | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | Xylocopa |
| Species: | X. darwini
|
| Binomial name | |
| Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926[1]
| |
Xylocopa darwini, the Galápagos carpenter bee, is the only native species of bee in the Galápagos Islands, to which it is endemic. Altogether, only three species of bee are found in the islands.[2][3] This species found on 75% of the largest islands. It is sexually dimorphic and is known for its complex behavior. As the only native bee, Xylocopa darwini serves as an important primary pollinator within the plant-pollinator network of the archipelago.
Description[edit]
The leaf-cutter bee and the wool carder bee are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.[4] As a sexually dimorphic species, the male and female bees look different. The female bee is dark and shiny with black setae, and is commonly found throughout the year. The male is rarer, with a black abdomen and yellow-brown setae.[5] A rare specimen in the Smithsonian collection exhibits gynandromorphism, with a visually female left side and a visually male right side.[6]
Distribution[edit]
Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.[7]
Behavior[edit]
This insect gets its common name 'carpenter bee' from the way that females form nests. They bore holes into the branches and trunks of trees and lay their eggs within the solitary cavities.[7][8] They prefer to bore holes into soft dead wood, such as the wood of sea hibiscus, Croton, palo santo and coral trees.[9] Male Galápagos carpenter bees have been recorded exhibiting territorial behavior, and may defend plants from intruders. They patrol the claimed shrub or tree and chase away trespassing animals, but allow female bees to enter the defended area.[10]
Ecological role[edit]
These insects serve as an important keystone species since they are the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.[11][12][13] They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos ecosystem, meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.[11][13] They compete for food with other pollinators including birds, lizards, and other insects.[11] Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of self-pollination.[11] Galapagos carpenter bee populations could be negatively impacted by invasive species through competition and predation. Introduced birds such as the smooth-billed ani have been documented preying on the bees, which could significantly affect the unique ecosystem of the archipelago.[14]
These bees are parasitized by the blister beetle Cissites maculata, and the two species have a phoretic relationship. The presence of both the bees and parasitoid beetles on the islands suggests that they were transported together and colonized the archipelago concurrently.[7][9]
References[edit]
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Xylocopa darwini", Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), retrieved 2015-06-19
- ^ Nicholls, Henry (2014), The Galápagos : A Natural History, New York: Basic Books, pp. 62–63, ISBN 978-0-465-03597-7
- ^ "Xylocopa darwini", Galapagos Species Checklist, Charles Darwin Foundation, retrieved 2015-06-19
- ^ Rasmussen, Claus; Carríon, Ana L.; Castro-Urgal, Rocío; Chamorro, Susana; Gonzalez, Victor H.; Griswold, Terry L.; Herrera, Henri W.; McMullen, Conley K.; Olesen, Jens M. & Traveset, Anna (July 2012), "Megachile timberlakei Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago", The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 88 (1): 98–102, doi:10.3956/2012-04.1, S2CID 85790928
- ^ Bowman, Robert I., ed. (1966), The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 64, OCLC 752923272, retrieved 2015-06-19
- ^ Zama, Paula Caetano & Coelho, Igor Rismo (13 June 2017), "New Cases of Gynandromorphism in Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)", Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 57 (24): 313–319, doi:10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.24
- ^ a b c Vargas, Pablo; Rumeu, Beatriz; Heleno, Ruben H.; Traveset, Anna & Nogales, Manuel (25 March 2015), "Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude", PLOS ONE, 10 (3): e0120597, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020597V, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120597, PMC 4373804, PMID 25807496
- ^ "Galapagos carpenter bee", Galapagos Conservation Trust, retrieved 2020-04-05
- ^ a b Hurd, Paul D. (October 1958), "The Carpenter Bees of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)", Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 31 (4): 249–251, JSTOR 25083084
- ^ Linsley, E.G. (1965), "Notes on male territorial behavior in the Galapagos carpenter bee", The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41: 158–161 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library
- ^ a b c d Chamorro, Susana; Heleno, Ruben; Olesen, Jens M.; McMullen, Conley K. & Traveset, Anna (1 November 2012), "Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review", Annals of Botany, 110 (7): 1489–1501, doi:10.1093/aob/mcs132, PMC 3489146, PMID 22691541
- ^ Philipp, Marianne; Böcher, Jens; Siegismund, Hans R. & Nielsen, Lene R. (2006), "Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands", Ecography, 29 (4): 531–540, doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x
- ^ a b Schluter, Dolph (1 January 1986), "Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos", The American Naturalist, 127 (1): 95–102, doi:10.1086/284470, S2CID 83906633
- ^ Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (February 2018), "The Hitchhiker Wave: Non-native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos", in Torres, María de Lourdes & Mena, Carlos F. (eds.), Understanding invasive species in the Galapagos Islands : from the molecular to the landscape, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, ISBN 978-3-319-67177-2