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{{under construction}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Bernard de Caux
| name = Bernard de Caux
Line 6: Line 5:
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = unkonwn
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Béziers|Diocese of Béziers]]
| birth_place = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Béziers|Diocese of Béziers]]
| death_date = 26 November 1252
| death_date = 26 November 1252
| death_place = [[Agen]]
| death_place = [[Agen]], [[Agenais]]
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| other_names = Bernardo or Barnardus de Caucio
| other_names = Bernardo ''or'' Bernardus de Caucio
| occupation = [[Inquisitor]]
| occupation = [[Dominican Order|Dominican friar]]<br>[[Inquisitor]]
| years_active = 1243-1249
| years_active = 1243–1249
| known_for = [[Medieval Inquisition|Inquisition of heretics]]
| known_for = [[Medieval Inquisition|Inquisition of heretics]]
| notable_works = ''{{lang|fr|Interrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère}}''<br>''{{lang|la|processes inquisitionis}}'' (Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne)
| notable_works = {{lang|fr|Interrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère}}<br>{{lang|la|Processes inquisitionis}} (Manual of the Inquisitors of [[Carcassonne]])
}}
}}


'''Bernard de Caux''', or in [[Latin]] '''Bernardo''' or '''Bernardus de Caucio''', birth date not known,{{efn|name=fn1|[[:fr:PhilippeLauzun|Philippe Lauzun]] states: {{lang|la|le dit né dans le diocèse de Béziers et mort à Agen le 26 novembre, Yves Dossat s'interroge sur la possibilité qu'il soit originaire de l'Agenais et mort à Agen le 27 novembre}}.}} died in [[Agen]] on 26 November 1252, was a Dominican friar and medieval [[inquisitor]]. His activities mainly took place in the region of the [[County of Toulouse]]<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|57}} between 1243 and 1249. He originated the investigation processes and his witness interrogations are recorded in a 13th century transcribed [[manuscript]] preserved in the library of Toulouse.  
'''Bernard de Caux''' (birth date not known;{{efn|name=fn1|[[:fr:Philippe Lauzun|Philippe Lauzun]] states: {{lang|fr|le dit né dans le diocèse de Béziers et mort à Agen le 26 novembre, Yves Dossat s'interroge sur la possibilité qu'il soit originaire de l'Agenais et mort à Agen le 27 novembre}} ["He was born in the Diocese of Béziers and died in Agen on 26 November; {{ill|Yves Dossat|fr}} evaluates the possibility of him being a native of [[Agenais]] and having died in Agen on 27 November"].}} died in [[Agen]] on 26 November 1252), or in [[Latin]] '''Bernardo''' or '''Bernardus de Caucio''', was a Dominican friar and medieval [[inquisitor]]. His activities mainly took place in the region of the [[County of Toulouse]]<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|57}} between 1243 and 1249. He originated the investigation processes and his witness interrogations are recorded in a 13th-century transcribed [[manuscript]] preserved in the library of [[Toulouse]].


== Life and work ==
== Life and work ==
Bernard de Caux was born on the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Béziers|Diocese of Béziers]] but the date is not known{{efn|name=fn1}} and became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]] who was appointed as an inquisitor.
Bernard de Caux was born in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Béziers|Diocese of Béziers]] but the date is not known{{efn|name=fn1}} and became a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]] who was appointed as an inquisitor.


[[Bernard Gui]], an early 14th century French inquisitor, described de Caux thus:&nbsp;''{{lang|la|Frater Bernardus de Caucio, inquisitor ac persequtor ac malleus hereticorum (le marteau des hérétiques), vir sanctus et Deo plenus}}.''&nbsp;(Brother Bernard de Caucoi, inquisitor and persecutor and the hammer of heretics, a holy man filled with God.) De Caux was known as the inquisitor of the dioceses of Agen and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cahors|Cahors]],&nbsp;of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne|Carcassonne]], and finally Toulouse.&nbsp;His inquisitions were made in conjunction with another Dominican friar, Jean de Saint-Pierre.
[[Bernard Gui]], an early 14th-century French inquisitor, described de Caux thus:&nbsp;''{{lang|la|Frater Bernardus de Caucio, inquisitor ac persequtor ac malleus hereticorum (le marteau des hérétiques), vir sanctus et Deo plenus}}.''&nbsp;(Brother Bernard de Caucoi, inquisitor and persecutor and the hammer of heretics, a holy man filled with God.) De Caux was known as the inquisitor of the dioceses of Agen and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cahors|Cahors]],&nbsp;of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne|Carcassonne]], and finally Toulouse.&nbsp;His inquisitions were made in conjunction with another Dominican friar, Jean de Saint-Pierre.<ref name="lauzun">{{Cite journal |last=Lauzun |first=Philippe |title=Les Couvents de la Ville d'Agen avant 1789. - III. Les Dominicains ou Frères Prêcheurs |journal=Revue de l'Agenais et des anciennes provinces du Sud-Ouest |volume=13 |issue=28 January–28 February 1886 |pages=218–220 |publisher=Académie des sciences, lettres et arts |language=fr |location=Agen |date=1886 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k338653/f219 |access-date=2017-04-16 }}</ref>{{rp|219}}


[[File:Raymond7toulouse.gif|thumb|upright|Raymond VII of Toulouse]]
[[File:Raymond7toulouse.gif|thumb|upright|Raymond VII of Toulouse]]
⚫
The Medieval&nbsp;[[Medieval Inquisition|Inquisition]] in the diocese of Agen was under the control of the tribunal of Toulouse. In 1242 the search and prosecution of the [[Cathar]] heretics was given to them by their provincial prior according to the [[papal bull]]&nbsp;''{{lang|la|[[Ad extirpanda]]}}'' authorised by [[Pope Gregory IX]], who entrusted the Dominicans with the ''{{lang|la|negotium fidei contra haereticos}}''&nbsp;(the business of faith against heretics), in&nbsp;1233.{{efn|In May 1242, [[William Arnaud (inquisitor)|Guillaume Arnaud]] and Étienne de Saint-Thibéry were victims of a [[Avignonet massacre|massacre at Avignonet]].}}


⚫
The count of Toulouse, [[Raymond VII]], with the support of the bishop of Agen, opposed this appointment, appealing to the pope, on the pretext that the pursuit of heretics was to be done under the direction of the bishop, according to the normal procedure.<ref name="american archivist">{{Cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Jessie |title=The Inquisitor as Archivist, or Surprise, Fear, and Ruthless Efficiency in the Archives |journal=The American Archivist |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=56–80 |publisher=Society of American Archivists |location=Chicago |date=2012 |doi=10.17723/aarc.75.1.a2712l7ur075j10h |jstor=23290580 |issn=0360-9081 }}</ref>{{rp|57}} However, Bernard de Caux and Jean de Saint-Pierre wrote their first acts at Agen in 1243, where they remained until March 1244.<ref name="dossat 1951">{{Cite journal |last=Dossat |first=Yves |title=L'inquisiteur Bernard de Caux et l'Agenais |journal=Annales du Midi |volume=63 |issue=13 |pages=75–79 |publisher=Privat |location=Toulouse |date=1951 |doi=10.3406/anami.1951.5778 |language=fr |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/anami_0003-4398_1951_num_63_13_5778 |access-date=2017-04-16 }}</ref>{{rp|76}} They were in [[Cahors]] until February 1245, then in [[Montauban]], in Toulouse from May 1245 to July 1246 and again from August 1247 until June 1248.<ref name="fouilles musee saint raymond">{{Cite journal |last=Cazes |first=Daniel |title=Les Fouilles du Musée Saint-Raymond à Toulouse (1994–1996) |journal=Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Midi de la France |volume=LVII |pages=48 |publisher=Société Archéologique du Midi de la France |location=Toulouse |date=1997 |language=fr |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65762835/f54.item.r=%22bernard%20de%20Caux%22.texteImage |access-date=15 April 2017 }}</ref>{{rp|48}} Finally he was in [[Carcassonne]] until sometime between June and November 1249<ref name="dossat 1951"/>{{rp|78}} he returned to Agen to be in charge of the foundation of the convent of the [[Jacobins]],<ref name="fouilles musee saint raymond"/>{{rp|49}} as Bernard Gui writes: ''fuit fundator precipuus et promotor conventus Agennesis'' (as the distinguished founder and promoter of the Agen convent). The first Dominican friars settled in Agen in November 1249 and the new [[Count of Toulouse]] [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers|Alphonse de Poitiers]] took the Agen convent under his protection on 12 June 1251.<ref name="dossat 1951"/>{{rp|78–79}}
⚫
The Medieval&nbsp;[[Medieval Inquisition|Inquisition]] in the diocese of Agen was under the control of the tribunal of Toulouse. In 1242 the search and prosecution of the [[Cathar]] heretics was given to them by their provincial prior according to the [[papal bull]]&nbsp;''{{lang|la|[[Ad extirpanda]]}}'' authorised by [[Pope Gregory IX]], who entrusted the Dominicans with the ''{{lang|la|negotium fidei contra haereticos}}''&nbsp;(the business of faith against heretics), in&nbsp;1233.{{efn|name=fn2|{{lang|fr|En mai 1242, Guillaume Arnaud et Etienne de Saint-Thibéry sont assassinés avec leur suite à Avignonnet}}.}}


⚫
A Toulousien house, opposite the [[Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse|abbey of Saint-Sernin]], was bought by the bishop of Agen in 1249, given to de Caux to use as a prison in which heretics were imprisoned, awaiting their condemnation.<ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Le collège Saint-Raymond sa reconstruction au XVI siècle |journal=L'Auta |volume=47 |issue=January 1944 |pages=10 |publisher=Les Toulousaines de Toulouse |location=Toulouse |date=January 1944 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96066481/f10.item.r=College%22Saint-Raymond%22toulouse.texteImage |access-date=2017-04-01 }}</ref> In August 1250 the house was donated to the abbot of Saint-Sernin and the hospital of Saint-Raymond to house poor students,<ref name="fouilles musee saint raymond"/>{{rp|49}} and is now the [[Musée Saint-Raymond]].
⚫
The count of Toulouse [[Raymond VII]], with the support of the bishop of Agen, opposed this appointment, appealing to the pope, on the pretext that the pursuit of heretics was to be done under the direction of the bishop, according to the normal procedure.<ref name="american archivist">{{Cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Jessie |title=The Inquisitor as Archivist, or Surprise, Fear, and Ruthless Efficiency in the Archives |journal=The American Archivist |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=56-80 |publisher=Society of American Archivists |location=Chicago |date=2012 |url= |jstor=23290580 |issn=03609081 |accessdate=2017-04-01 }}</ref>{{rp|57}} However, Bernard de Caux and Jean de Saint-Pierre wrote their first acts at Agen in 1243, where they remained until March 1244. They were in [[Cahors]] until February 1245, then in [[Montauban]],&nbsp;in Toulouse from 1245 to 1248, and finally in [[Carcassonne]] until 1249 when de Caux returned to Agen to be in charge of the foundation of the convent of the [[Jacobins]], as Bernard Gui writes:&nbsp;''fuit fundator precipuus et promotor conventus Agennesis'' (as the distinguished founder and promoter of the Agen convent). The first Dominican monks settled in Agen in November 1249 and the new [[Count of Toulouse]] [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers|Alphonse de Poitiers]] took the Agen convent under his protection on 12 June 1251.


⚫
De Caux died on 26 (or 27){{efn|name=fn1}} November 1252 in Agen.<ref name="lauzun"/>{{rp|219}} His body was later exhumed and buried in the church of the Jacobins of Agen on 26 April 1281 with two other founders of the convent, brother Bertrand de Belcastel and master Arnaud Bélanger. His body was found to be well preserved; it was placed on display so the people of Agen could see what was considered a miracle.<ref name="lauzun"/>{{rp|219–220}}
⚫
A Toulousien house, opposite the [[Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse|abbey of Saint-Sernin]], was bought by the bishop of Agen in 1249, given to de Caux to use as a prison in which heretics were imprisoned, awaiting their condemnation, and is now the [[Musée Saint-Raymond]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |language=French |title=Le collège Saint-Raymond sa reconstruction au XVI siècle |journal=L'Auta |volume=47 |issue=January 1944 |pages=10 |publisher=Les Toulousaines de Toulouse |location=Toulouse |date=January 1944 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96066481/f10.item.r=College%22Saint-Raymond%22toulouse.texteImage |accessdate=2017-04-01 }}</ref>

⚫
De Caux died on 26 or 27 November 1252. His body was later exhumed and buried in the church of the Jacobins of Agen on 26 April 1281 with two other founders of the convent, brother Bertrand de Belcastel and master Arnaud Bélanger.&nbsp;His body was found to be well preserved; it was placed on display so the people of Agen could see what was considered a miracle.


== Interrogations ==
== Interrogations ==
[[File:Bernard de Caux inquisitions.jpg|thumb|upright|First page of Bernard de Caux witness interrogations - ''{{lang|fr|Interrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère}}'']]
[[File:Bernard de Caux inquisitions.jpg|thumb|upright|First page of Bernard de Caux witness interrogations - ''{{lang|fr|Interrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère}}'']]
One of the oldest surviving European paper manuscripts, transcribed between 1256 and 1263, are the 5,000 plus witness interrogations and sentences meted out by Bernard de Caux,<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|63-65}} and held in the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}} and the library of Toulouse.<ref>[http://numerique.bibliotheque.toulouse.fr/ark:/74899/B315556101_MS_000609 Bibliothèque numérique de Toulouse : Interrogatoire subis par des hérétiques albigeois par devant frère Bernard de Gui]</ref> These interrogations are grouped by village or parish as opposed to later records that list by deponents.<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|66}} The inquisitors were keen to record their work and measures were taken to secure them.<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|68}}
One of the oldest surviving European paper manuscripts, transcribed between 1256 and 1263, are the 5,000 plus witness interrogations and sentences meted out by Bernard de Caux,<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|63–65}} and held in the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}} and the library of Toulouse.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Caux |first=Bernard |title=Interrogatoire subis par des hérétiques albigeois par devant frère Bernard de Gui |publisher=Bibliothèque numérique de Toulouse |date=1250–1260 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10560189m/f13.item |access-date=19 October 2020 }}</ref> These interrogations are grouped by village or parish as opposed to later records that list by deponents.<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|66}} The inquisitors were keen to record their work and measures were taken to secure them.<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|68}}


Bernard de Caux originated an interrogation procedure described in his ''Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne'' or ''{{lang|la|processes inquisitionis}}''&nbsp;(investigation processes),<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|63}} used for half a century before being replaced by the ''Manual of the Inquisitor'' of Bernard Gui.
Bernard de Caux originated an interrogation procedure described in his ''Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne'' or ''{{lang|la|processes inquisitionis}}''&nbsp;(investigation processes),<ref name="american archivist"/>{{rp|63}} used for half a century before being replaced by the ''Manual of the Inquisitor'' of Bernard Gui.
Line 46: Line 44:
* *that it was used only once&nbsp;
* *that it was used only once&nbsp;
* *that the Inquisitor deemed the evidence against the accused to be virtually certain.
* *that the Inquisitor deemed the evidence against the accused to be virtually certain.
De Caux and de Saint-Pierre interviewed several thousand people of which 5,065 transcripts of their interrogations were made. Yves Dossat's studies show that life sentences were seldom made.
De Caux and de Saint-Pierre interviewed several thousand people of which 5,065 transcripts of their interrogations were made. Yves Dossat's studies show that [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] were seldom made.

== See also ==


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Philippe Lauzun, ''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k338653/f219 Les Couvents de la Ville d'Agen avant 1789. - III. Les Dominicains ou Frères Prêcheurs]'', {{P.|218-220}}, Revue de l'Agenais, 1886, volume 13

* Yves Dossat, ''[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/anami_0003-4398_1951_num_63_13_5778 II. L'inquisiteur Bernard de Caux et l'Agenais]'', {{P.|75-79}}, Annales du Midi, revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, 1951, volume 63, issue 13

* Yves Dossat, ''Les crises de l'Inquisition toulousaine au XIIIe siècle (1233-1273)'', Imprimerie Bière, Bordeaux, 1959 ; p 401 [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1962_num_120_1_461391_t1_0308_0000_000?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard& (''notice de Georges Tessier, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 1962'')]
* Yves Dossat, ''Les crises de l'Inquisition toulousaine au XIIIe siècle (1233-1273)'', Imprimerie Bière, Bordeaux, 1959 ; p 401 [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1962_num_120_1_461391_t1_0308_0000_000?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard& (''notice de Georges Tessier, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 1962'')]


Line 61: Line 53:
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}


'''Notes'''
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
* [https://archive.org/stream/documentspourse00douagoog#page/n161/mode/2up/search/caucio Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc page 150]</nowiki> also see part II texts from [https://archive.org/stream/documentspourse00douagoog#page/n311/mode/2up/search/caucio this page] (ref 2)

* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62481100/f99.item.r=%22Yves%20Dossat%22.texteImage Yves Dossat ''LE PLUS ANCIEN MANUEL DE L'INQUISITION MÉRIDIONALE'']

* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58152169/f88.image ''Les sentences de Bernard de Caux et de Jean de Saint-Pierre (1246-1248)'']

* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65762835/f54.item.r=%22bernard%20de%20Caux%22.texteImage more hospital conversion and moves to Carcassone and then to Agen & monks go to Agen 1249 & hospital Saint-Raymond poor students]


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Portal|Middle Ages|France}}
{{Portal|Middle Ages|France}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:de Caux}}
[[Category:French Dominicans|de Caux]]
[[Category:Inquisitors|de Caux]]
[[Category:French Dominicans]]
[[Category:13th-century French people|de Caux]]
[[Category:Inquisitors]]
[[Category:1252 deaths|de Caux]]
[[Category:13th-century French people]]
[[Category:1252 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 04:10, 3 June 2023

Bernard de Caux
Born
Diocese of Béziers
Died26 November 1252
Agen, Agenais
NationalityFrench
Other namesBernardo or Bernardus de Caucio
Occupation(s)Dominican friar
Inquisitor
Years active1243–1249
Known forInquisition of heretics
Notable workInterrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère
Processes inquisitionis (Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne)

Bernard de Caux (birth date not known;[a] died in Agen on 26 November 1252), or in Latin Bernardo or Bernardus de Caucio, was a Dominican friar and medieval inquisitor. His activities mainly took place in the region of the County of Toulouse[1]: 57  between 1243 and 1249. He originated the investigation processes and his witness interrogations are recorded in a 13th-century transcribed manuscript preserved in the library of Toulouse.

Life and work[edit]

Bernard de Caux was born in the Diocese of Béziers but the date is not known[a] and became a Dominican friar who was appointed as an inquisitor.

Bernard Gui, an early 14th-century French inquisitor, described de Caux thus: Frater Bernardus de Caucio, inquisitor ac persequtor ac malleus hereticorum (le marteau des hérétiques), vir sanctus et Deo plenus. (Brother Bernard de Caucoi, inquisitor and persecutor and the hammer of heretics, a holy man filled with God.) De Caux was known as the inquisitor of the dioceses of Agen and Cahors, of Carcassonne, and finally Toulouse. His inquisitions were made in conjunction with another Dominican friar, Jean de Saint-Pierre.[2]: 219 

Raymond VII of Toulouse

The Medieval Inquisition in the diocese of Agen was under the control of the tribunal of Toulouse. In 1242 the search and prosecution of the Cathar heretics was given to them by their provincial prior according to the papal bull Ad extirpanda authorised by Pope Gregory IX, who entrusted the Dominicans with the negotium fidei contra haereticos (the business of faith against heretics), in 1233.[b]

The count of Toulouse, Raymond VII, with the support of the bishop of Agen, opposed this appointment, appealing to the pope, on the pretext that the pursuit of heretics was to be done under the direction of the bishop, according to the normal procedure.[1]: 57  However, Bernard de Caux and Jean de Saint-Pierre wrote their first acts at Agen in 1243, where they remained until March 1244.[3]: 76  They were in Cahors until February 1245, then in Montauban, in Toulouse from May 1245 to July 1246 and again from August 1247 until June 1248.[4]: 48  Finally he was in Carcassonne until sometime between June and November 1249[3]: 78  he returned to Agen to be in charge of the foundation of the convent of the Jacobins,[4]: 49  as Bernard Gui writes: fuit fundator precipuus et promotor conventus Agennesis (as the distinguished founder and promoter of the Agen convent). The first Dominican friars settled in Agen in November 1249 and the new Count of Toulouse Alphonse de Poitiers took the Agen convent under his protection on 12 June 1251.[3]: 78–79 

A Toulousien house, opposite the abbey of Saint-Sernin, was bought by the bishop of Agen in 1249, given to de Caux to use as a prison in which heretics were imprisoned, awaiting their condemnation.[5] In August 1250 the house was donated to the abbot of Saint-Sernin and the hospital of Saint-Raymond to house poor students,[4]: 49  and is now the Musée Saint-Raymond.

De Caux died on 26 (or 27)[a] November 1252 in Agen.[2]: 219  His body was later exhumed and buried in the church of the Jacobins of Agen on 26 April 1281 with two other founders of the convent, brother Bertrand de Belcastel and master Arnaud Bélanger. His body was found to be well preserved; it was placed on display so the people of Agen could see what was considered a miracle.[2]: 219–220 

Interrogations[edit]

First page of Bernard de Caux witness interrogations - Interrogatoires subis par des hérétiques albigeois par-devant frère

One of the oldest surviving European paper manuscripts, transcribed between 1256 and 1263, are the 5,000 plus witness interrogations and sentences meted out by Bernard de Caux,[1]: 63–65  and held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the library of Toulouse.[6] These interrogations are grouped by village or parish as opposed to later records that list by deponents.[1]: 66  The inquisitors were keen to record their work and measures were taken to secure them.[1]: 68 

Bernard de Caux originated an interrogation procedure described in his Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne or processes inquisitionis (investigation processes),[1]: 63  used for half a century before being replaced by the Manual of the Inquisitor of Bernard Gui.

It lists the facts: 

  • The papal bull Ad extirpanda placed the following constraints on the use of torture:[7] 
  • *that it did not cause loss of life or limb (''citra membri diminutionem et mortis periculum'') 
  • *that it was used only once 
  • *that the Inquisitor deemed the evidence against the accused to be virtually certain.

De Caux and de Saint-Pierre interviewed several thousand people of which 5,065 transcripts of their interrogations were made. Yves Dossat's studies show that life sentences were seldom made.

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

Original French prose

  1. ^ a b c Philippe Lauzun states: le dit né dans le diocèse de Béziers et mort à Agen le 26 novembre, Yves Dossat s'interroge sur la possibilité qu'il soit originaire de l'Agenais et mort à Agen le 27 novembre ["He was born in the Diocese of Béziers and died in Agen on 26 November; Yves Dossat [fr] evaluates the possibility of him being a native of Agenais and having died in Agen on 27 November"].
  2. ^ In May 1242, Guillaume Arnaud and Étienne de Saint-Thibéry were victims of a massacre at Avignonet.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sherwood, Jessie (2012). "The Inquisitor as Archivist, or Surprise, Fear, and Ruthless Efficiency in the Archives". The American Archivist. 75 (1). Chicago: Society of American Archivists: 56–80. doi:10.17723/aarc.75.1.a2712l7ur075j10h. ISSN 0360-9081. JSTOR 23290580.
  2. ^ a b c Lauzun, Philippe (1886). "Les Couvents de la Ville d'Agen avant 1789. - III. Les Dominicains ou Frères Prêcheurs". Revue de l'Agenais et des anciennes provinces du Sud-Ouest (in French). 13 (28 January–28 February 1886). Agen: Académie des sciences, lettres et arts: 218–220. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  3. ^ a b c Dossat, Yves (1951). "L'inquisiteur Bernard de Caux et l'Agenais". Annales du Midi (in French). 63 (13). Toulouse: Privat: 75–79. doi:10.3406/anami.1951.5778. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  4. ^ a b c Cazes, Daniel (1997). "Les Fouilles du Musée Saint-Raymond à Toulouse (1994–1996)". Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Midi de la France (in French). LVII. Toulouse: Société Archéologique du Midi de la France: 48. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  5. ^ "Le collège Saint-Raymond sa reconstruction au XVI siècle". L'Auta (in French). 47 (January 1944). Toulouse: Les Toulousaines de Toulouse: 10. January 1944. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  6. ^ de Caux, Bernard (1250–1260). "Interrogatoire subis par des hérétiques albigeois par devant frère Bernard de Gui". Bibliothèque numérique de Toulouse. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  7. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Inquisition" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links[edit]

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