Bernard Gui

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Illustration of the relationship between Lothar and Ludwig V in the Arbor genealogiae regum Francorum, MS BNF fonds lat. 4975, f.121

Bernard Gui (also Bernard Guy , German Bernhard Gui , lat. Bernardus Guidonis ; * 1261 or 1262 in Royère near La Roche-l'Abeille , today Département Haute-Vienne ; † December 30, 1331 in Lauroux , today Département Hérault ) a southern French Dominican and inquisitor . He wrote a manual for the Inquisition and was the author of numerous historiographical, hagiographical and religious writings.

Life

Bernard Gui was born in Royère, a town south of La Roche-l'Abeille in the Diocese of Limoges . All that is known about his family is that his uncle Bertran Auterii was a priest and left him money to buy books, and that later a nephew, Pierre Gui, also entered the Dominican order and wrote, among other things, a Vita Bernard.

Between 1266 and 1275, Bernard Gui entered the Dominican convent of Limoges as a novice . On September 16, 1280 he made his final vows of the order , in the hands of Étienne de Salanhac († 1291), whose history of the order of St. Dominic ( De quattuor in quibus Deus praedicatorum ordinem insignivit ) he continued later. He received his training in various religious schools in Limoges (1280-1281, 1283-1284), Figeac (1281-1282) and Bordeaux (1282-1283), taught from 1284-1285 as a lecturer in theology in Brive and then completed a degree in theology at the Studium Generale of the convent of Montpellier (1289–1291), at that time the most important school of the Dominicans in southern France. In the following years he worked as a teacher in Limoges (1291–1292), Albi (1292–1293) and Carcassonne (from 1294) and was also Prior of Albi (1294–1297), Carcassonne (1297–1301) for three years each. , Castres (1301–1305) and finally also his home convent Limoges (1305–1308).

On January 16, 1307 he was appointed Inquisitor of Toulouse and led numerous trials during his first term of office until 1316, from which nine "sermones" (large public sermons with subsequent pronouncement of sentences) with a total of 536 judgments are documented. These include the death sentences executed under Bernard Gui in 1309 and 1310 against the brothers Pierre and Guillaume Autier, the leaders of the Cathar movement. On September 11, 1316 he handed over his office to the prior of Carcassonne, but remained involved in inquisition proceedings. From September 1319 to 1323 he officiated again as Inquisitor for Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and Pamiers . From this second term of office nine sermons with a total of 394 judgments are known. While his predecessor had stood in the odor of corruption and personal enrichment addiction, Bernard Gui was not true with the fanaticism that later to him by Umberto Eco was imputed, but with the efficiency of a well organized and the church opposite loyal bureaucrats in pursuit of the Cathars and Beguines in his district.

In the total of 930 judgments passed by Bernard Guis against heretics, 42 executions were pronounced, 307 judgments were imprisonment. All other punishments consisted of different penalties. One third of the convicts were ordered to wear " heretic crosses " sewn onto their robes .

The four-year break between the two terms of office as inquisitor was apparently due to the assumption of important tasks for his order at the Curia of Avignon . From 1317 he acted there for about four years as general procurator of the Dominicans. On January 29, 1317 he was by Pope John XXII. together with the Franciscan Bertrand de la Tour sent as papal nuncio to Italy to conduct peace negotiations between the northern Italian and Tuscan cities. A peace agreement reached in Asti in April 1318 was ineffective, however, and the two ambassadors returned to the Curia that same spring. On September 21, 1318, the two were commissioned again, this time in the conflict between the French King Philip V and Count Robert III. to convey from Flanders . The negotiations were held in Paris and Compiègne and concluded on October 11, 1318 in the Royallieu Abbey by a peace agreement.

During his time at the Curia and in his tenure as Inquisitor, Bernard was also involved in the preparation of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas . Based on the work of Wilhelm von Tocco, he wrote a biography ( Legenda sancti Thomae de Aquino , 1318/23), which is available in two editions and was also translated into Castilian in the 14th century , as well as an official list of the works of the saint ( 1320), at whose solemn canonization on July 18, 1323 he was presumably present in person.

On August 26, 1323, when Bernard was already over 60 years old, John XXII. made him Bishop of Túy in Galicia , but it does not seem that Bernard actually took up this office. In the summer of 1324 he received the southern French diocese of Lodève in what is now the Hérault department , where he made a solemn entry on October 7th, carried out a first visit to his new diocese in the same winter and accepted the oath of allegiance from the residents of Lodève on March 24th, 1325. As part of his efforts to order the situation in the diocese, he had a collection created, which is now only attested by an inventory from 1498 and transcripted extracts, a cartular of the diocese in five books, statutes (1325-26), a catalog of the bishops of Lodève and a register of the churches of the diocese. In 1330 he made a renewed visitation and also celebrated the 50th anniversary of his religious vows at the Curia in Avignon, which he renewed before Master General Barnabas von Vercelli . On December 30, 1331 he died in his episcopal residence, the castle Lauroux near Lodève. According to his own request, his body was transferred to his home diocese of Limoges and buried there in the church of the Dominican Convention.

Fonts

Bernard Gui left behind numerous works and collections of material, often edited and supplemented over many years. In addition to smaller theological and liturgical works, his work includes in particular writings, collections and historically significant lists of persons on the history of the Dominican Order - including the first systematic collections of the files of the Provincial and General Chapters of the Order -, writings on church history and collections on the history of the Councils, the Popes and of the dioceses of Tolouse, Limoges and Lodève, as well as historical compilations on the history of the Roman emperors and the French kings.

Among the ecclesiastical history works, his collection of Pope viten ( Flores chronicorum ), which has been published in at least ten different reviews since 1311 and has also been preserved in two anonymous French versions , was particularly popular . Of the papal vites, especially those of Clemens V and John XXII. Because of his eyewitness and intimate knowledge of what was going on at the Curia, it is still an important historical source today.

In addition to the Thomas vita already mentioned, he wrote a speculum sanctorale in four parts, intended as a historical-critical counterpart to the popular Legenda aurea, of hagiographic works . The first two parts on saints of the biblical and the paternal times were written by 1324 and were named John XXII. dedicated; two more parts on martyrs and on confessors and virgins followed by 1329.

Bernard's Tractatus de practica inquisitoris , which presumably began during his tenure as inquisitor and was completed between 1322 and 1324, was of particular interest to later historians . It is a manual that gives the inquisitor the necessary knowledge about the teachings, rituals, organizational forms and typical behaviors of Cathars (Chapter 1), Waldensians (Chapter 2), pseudo-apostolics (Chapter 3), Beguines and Franciscans Spirituals (chap. 4), Jews (chap. 5) as well as magicians, fortune tellers and necromancers (chap. 6) in order to be able to identify them and convict them during interrogation. The work also offers a collection of formulas for oaths (Chapter 7) as well as two appendices, the first of which is a detailed and historically valuable account of the history of the pseudo-apostolics based on a template that is not certain from Bernard himself ( De secta illorum qui se dicunt esse de ordine apostolorum ), while the second provides various aids for the inquisitor, including formulas for swearing in those involved in the process.

Afterlife

In addition to the Flores chronicorum, numerous other works by Bernard were translated into French in the 14th century. Most of these translations come from the Norman Carmelite Jehan Golein , who in Paris in the 1960s and 1970s translated Bernard's writings along with other Latin works into the vernacular on behalf of Charles V. However, these translations usually only exist in a single manuscript and were not widely used. In the Middle Ages, the work of Bernard Guis no longer achieved popularity outside of ecclesiastical and scholarly circles. He was also denied a canonization, which was apparently carried out temporarily by his nephew Pierre Gui.

Popular was he against it as a fictional figure by Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose (1980) and the eponymous film adaptation of Jean-Jacques Annaud , which are already very Eco freehand person of the inquisitor, represented by the actor F. Murray Abraham , nor further distorted into a caricature. The film adaptation is responsible for the fact that the name Bernard Guis is now often reproduced outside of Italy in the Italianized form "Bernardo Gui".

Catalog raisonné

The list follows, with minor additions, the bio and bibliography by Thomas Kaeppeli, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, t. I, Rome 1970, pp.205-226 (cited as Kaeppeli 1970).

Theology and liturgy

  • De praeceptis decalogi, de articulis fidei, de sacramentis ecclesiae.
  • Libellus articuli fidei. Ed. Célestin Douais, Le Synodal de Lodève, accompagné du Libellus de articulis fidei, Paris: Picard, 1894, pp. 51–76
  • Dicta sanctorum atque doctorum ecclesiae de peccato originali.
  • De ordinatione officii missae. Ed. Doussot, in: Mélanges de littérature et d'histoire religieuses, publ. à l'occasion du jubilé épiscopal de Mgr Cabrières, évêque de Montpellier, 1874–1899, Paris: Picard, 1899, vol. I, pp. 362-377
  • Nomina apostolorum Iesu Christi.
  • Nomina discipulorum domini Iesu Christi (rec. I: 1313, rec. II: before June 25, 1317)

hagiography

  • Legenda s. Thomae de Aquino (1318/23), recensio brevior ed. D. Prümmer, Saint-Maximin 1927 (= Fontes Vitae Aquinatis, fasc. 3, Revue thomiste 1913-1927, pp.162-263); Angelico Ferrua, S. Thomae Aquinatis vitae fontes praecipuae, Alba: Edizioni domenicane, 1968, pp. 127-195; Castilian practice ed. Luis G. Alonso Getino, Leyenda de Santo Tomas de Aquino siglo 14, Madrid 1924 (= Biblioteca clasica dominicana, 8)
  • Speculum sanctorale (parts I – II before July 20, 1324, III – IV before July 21, 1329). Partial editions in Kaeppeli 1970, no.612, p.210. For Dominik's Vita, to be supplemented by Simon Tugwell, Bernardi Guidonis scripta de Sancto Dominico, Rome 1998 (= Monumenta ordinis fratrum praedicatorum historica, 27).

Councils and papal history

  • De temporibus et annis generalium et particularium conciliorum (Review I: 1314-16, Review II: soon after Nov. 1317).
  • Extractiones from the Opusculum tripartitum by Humbertus de Romanis for the Council of Lyon, Ed. Edmond Martène / Ursin Durant, Veterum scriptorum et documentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio, t.VII (Paris: Montalant, 1733), col. 174–198
  • Flores chronicorum seu catalogus pontificum Romanorum (10 different reviews from 1311-1331). Partial editions at Kaeppeli 1970, no.615, p.214.
  • Pontifices Romani sive catalogus brevis pontificum Romanorum (rec. I-II to 1314/16, rec. III – IV to 1329/30). Partial editions at Kaeppeli 1970, no.616, p.215

Roman imperial history

  • Imperatores Romani sive catalogus brevis imperatorum Romanorum (4 reviews, 1312/13).

French kings

  • Reges Francorum (7 short reviews, 1312-1330; 3 long reviews 1320-1330).
  • Nomina regum Francorum (3 reviews: 1313, 1314, 1316/20).
  • Arbor genealogiae regum Francorum (5 reviews: 1313, 1314, 1317, 1320, 1330/31).
  • Descriptio Galliarum.

Order history of the Dominicans

  • De quatuor in quibus deus praedicatorum ordinem insignivit. Ed. Thomas Kaeppeli, Rome 1949 (= Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum Historica, 22).
  • Catalogus magistrorum OP (3 reviews: 1304, 1311, 1312). Ed. Edmond Martène / Ursin Durant, Veterum scriptorum et documentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio, t.VI (Paris: Montalant, 1729), col. 397–417; Analecta S. Ordinis Praedicatorum 21 (1933-1934), p.515-521 (vita S. Dominici); Simon Tugwell, Bernardi Guidonis scripta de Sancto Dominico, Rome 1998 (= Monumenta ordinis fratrum praedicatorum historica, 27).
  • Catalogus priorum provincialium (1303-1315). Ed. Edmond Martène / Ursin Durant, Veterum scriptorum et documentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio, t.VI (Paris: Montalant, 1729), col. 418–436.
  • De fundatione et prioribus conventuum privinciae Tolosanae et Provinciae. Ed. A. Armagier, Rome 1961 (= Monumenta Ordinis fratrum praedicatorum historica, 24).
  • Numerus et nomina conventuum fratrum ac monasteriorum sororum in singulis provincii totius Ordinis. Partial editions in Kaeppeli 1970, no.626, p.221.
  • Priores provinciales sic sendent in capitulo generali.
  • Acta capitulorum generalium OP (until 1315). Ed. BM Reichert, Rome 1898-1899 (= Monumenta Monumenta Ordinis fratrum praedicatorum historica, 3–4).
  • Acta capitulorum provincialium prov. Provinciae (1239-1302) et prov. Tolosanae (1303ff.). Partial editions at Kaeppeli 1970, no.629, p.629.

inquisition

  • Liber sententiarum (1308-1323). Ed. Annette Pales-Gobilliard, Le livre des sentences de l'inquisiteur Bernard Gui, Paris: CNRS, 2002 (= Sources d'histoire médiévale, 30), 2 vols.
  • Practica officii inquisitionis (1323-24). Ed. Célestin Douais, Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, auctore Bernardo Guidonis, Paris: Picard, 1886; to be supplemented by Le manuel de l'inquisiteur, édité et annoté par Guillaume Mollat , avec la collaboration de G. Drioux, Paris: Champion, 1926–1927 (= Les classiques de l'histoire de France au Moyen Age, 8–9) ; dt. The Book of the Inquisition: the original manual by Inquisitor Bernard Gui, introduced and edited by Petra Seifert, translated from Latin by Manfred Pawlik, Munich: Pattloch, 1999

History of the dioceses of Toulouse, Limoges and Lodève

  • Priores ordinis Artigiae (Rez. I: 1312, II: 1313). Ed. J. Becquet, Aux origines du Prieuré d'Artige, chef d'ordre canonical en Limousin, in: Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin 90 (1963), pp.94-97
  • Priores Grandimontis (Rez. I-II: 1313, III: 1318). For partial editions see Kaeppeli 1970, no.632, p.223
  • Nomina episcoporum Lemovicensium (Rez. I: 1315, II: 1316, III: 1317/20). Partial edition for 1226–1317: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , t.XXI (Paris 1855), p.754–755.
  • De fundatione et progressu monasterii S. Augustini Lemovicensis. For partial editions see Kaeppeli 1970, no.634, p.224.
  • Nomina sanctorum quorum corpora Lemovicensem dioecesim ornant. See Kaeppeli 1970, no.635, p.225.
  • Nomina episcoporum Tolosanae sedis (1313-17). Partial edition for 1270–1317: Natalis de Wailly / Joseph-Daniel Guigniaut, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, t.XXI (Paris 1855), p.753–754.
  • Tolosani Comites. Ed. Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, t.XII (Paris 1781), pp.372–373; t.XIX, pp. 225-228.
  • Fontes historici ecclesiae Lodovensis collecti. See Kaeppeli 1970, no.638, p.226.

literature

Web links

Texts
bibliography
About Bernard Gui

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Figures from: Schwerhoff: Die Inquisition, p. 55.
personal data
SURNAME Bernard Gui
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bernard Gui; Bernard Guy; Bernardus Guidonis; Bernhard Gui
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dominican, inquisitor, religious writer and Bishop of Lodève (1324–1331)
DATE OF BIRTH 1261 or 1262
PLACE OF BIRTH Royère in the Limousin
DATE OF DEATH December 30, 1331
Place of death Lauroux at Lodève