Spread-winged skipper: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Alastair Haines (talk | contribs)
30,428 edits
lexis
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
4,926,329 edits
Add: doi-access, bibcode, authors 1-1. Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Eastmain | Category:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister | #UCB_Category 81/93
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Subfamily of butterflies}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Spread-winged skippers
| name = Spread-winged skippers
| image = Carcharodus alceae 1.jpg
| image = Mafa Sandman Spialia mafa.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Spialia mafa]]'' in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]], Tanzania
| image_width = 240px
⚫
| taxon = Pyrginae
| image_caption = ''[[Carcharodus alceae]]''
| authority = [[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], 1878
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| diversity_link = #Tribes
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| diversity = 4 tribes
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_familia = [[Rhopalocera]]
| superfamilia = Hesperioidea<!-- monotypic, don't link -->
| familia = [[Hesperiidae]]
⚫
| subfamilia = '''Pyrginae'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Tribe (biology)|Tribe]]s
| subdivision =
"[[Celaenorrhini]]" <small>(disputed)</small><br/>
[[Eudamini]]<br/>
⚫
[[Pyrgini]]<br/>
[[Tagiadini]]
}}
}}


'''Spread-winged skippers''', '''Pyrginae''', are a [[subfamily]] of the [[skipper butterfly]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Hesperiidae). The [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] "[[Celaenorrhini]]" is usually included in the [[Eudamini]] entirely or for the largest part, including the [[biological type|type genus]] ''[[Celaenorrhinus]]''.
'''Pyrginae''', commonly known as '''spread-winged skippers''', are a [[subfamily]] of the [[skipper butterfly]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by [[Hermann Burmeister]] in 1878. Their delimitation and internal [[systematics]] has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019.
The family was established by [[Hermann Burmeister]] in 1878.
⚫
Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured.Some have long tailed hind wings.


It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification.
[[Image:CogiaTyphedanus.jpg|thumb|230px|left|''Cogia'' and other Central American genera of Pyrginae. Plate from ''Biologia Centrali-Americana'']]


==Description and distribution==
A number of [[genera]] are of uncertain affiliations<ref>See Savela (2007) for references.</ref>. These include:
[[File:Pyrginae.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Typical resting positions]]
* ''[[Abantis]]'' <small>Hopffer, 1855</small>
[[File:Pyrgus oileus.jpg|thumb|''[[Pyrgus oileus]]'' from [[Florida]] ([[Pyrgini]])]]
* ''[[Alenia (butterfly)|Alenia]]'' <small>Evans, 1935</small>
⚫
Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured. Some have long tailed hind wings.<ref name=daniels2003>Daniels (2003): p.12</ref>
* ''[[Calleagris]]'' <small>Aurivillius, [1925]</small>

* ''[[Carcharodus]]'' <small>Hübner, [1819]</small>
Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from [[Feces|dung]], [[carrion]], and rotting fruit.<ref name=daniels2003 />
* ''[[Chaetocneme]]'' <small>Felder, 1860</small>

* ''[[Eagris]]'' <small>Guenée, 1862</small>
A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially worldwide, except in very cold or [[desert]] regions. They probably originated in the [[tropics]] and subsequently extended their range into more [[temperate]] regions.
* ''[[Eretis]]'' <small>Mabille, 1891</small>

* ''[[Euschemon]]'' <small>Doubleday, 1846</small>
Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the [[Neotropics]], which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central Atlantic Ocean, rather than taking the longer route via Europe and North America or the Pacific Ocean. It is also possible that the group originated in the [[Neotropics]] and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].
* ''[[Exometoeca]]'' <small>Meyrick, 1888</small>

* ''[[Katreus]]'' <small>Watson, 1893</small>
==Tribes==
* ''[[Netrobalane]]'' <small>Mabille, 1903</small>
The four [[tribe (biology)|tribes]] of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in [[phylogenetic]] sequence:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wenlin |last2=Cong |first2=Qian |last3=Shen |first3=Jinhui |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Hallwachs |first5=Winnie |last6=Janzen |first6=Daniel H. |last7=Grishin |first7=Nick V. |date=2019-03-26 |title=Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=6232–6237 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1821304116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6442542 |pmid=30877254 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6232L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Netrocoryne]]'' <small>C. & R. Felder, [1867]</small>
* [[Carcharodini]]
* ''[[Procampta]]'' <small>Holland, 1892</small>
* [[Achlyodidini]]
* [[Erynnini]]
⚫
* [[Pyrgini]]

===Former tribes===
* [[Celaenorrhinini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Tagiadinae]]
* [[Eudamini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Eudaminae]]
* [[Tagiadini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Tagiadinae]]
* [[Pyrrhopygini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Pyrrhopyginae]]


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
Line 46: Line 42:


==References==
==References==
* {{aut|Daniels, Jaret C.}} (2003): ''Butterflies of the Carolinas''. Adventure Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MN, USA. <small>{{ISBN|1-59193-007-3}}</small>.
* {{aut|Savela, Markku}} (2007): [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/pyrginae/index.html Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Pyrginae]. Version of 2007-JUN-12. Retrieved 2008-JAN-24.


==External links==
==Further reading==
* Glassberg, Jeffrey ''Butterflies through Binoculars, The West'' (2001)
{{commonscat}}
* Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. ''Butterflies of British Columbia'' (2001)
*[http://tolweb.org/Pyrginae TOL]
* James, David G. and Nunnallee, David ''Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies'' (2011)
⚫
*[http://bugguide.net/node/view/12853/tree Subfamily Pyrginae] from [http://bugguide.net/ Bugguide.net]
* Pelham, Jonathan ''Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada'' (2008)
⚫
*Cirrus Digital Imaging [http://www.cirrusimage.com/skipper_photos.htm Reference photographs: Skippers of North America]
* Pyle, Robert Michael ''The Butterflies of Cascadia'' (2002)
* [http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/bfly/silver-spotted_skipper.htm ''Epargyreus clarus'', silver-spotted skipper] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences| IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site


==External links==
[[Category:Pyrginae|*]]
{{commons category|Pyrginae}}
⚫
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12853/tree Subfamily Pyrginae] from [http://bugguide.net/ Bugguide.net]
⚫
* Cirrus Digital Imaging [http://www.cirrusimage.com/skipper_photos.htm Reference photographs: Skippers of North America]
* [http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ Butterflies and Moths of North America]
* [http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/ Butterflies of America]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1306572}}
{{Hesperiidae-stub}}


[[fr:Pyrginae]]
[[Category:Pyrginae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister]]
[[no:Pyrginae]]

Latest revision as of 05:08, 24 June 2023

Spread-winged skippers
Spialia mafa in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Hesperiidae
Subfamily: Pyrginae
Burmeister, 1878
Diversity
4 tribes

Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019.

It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification.

Description and distribution[edit]

Typical resting positions
Pyrgus oileus from Florida (Pyrgini)

Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured. Some have long tailed hind wings.[1]

Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from dung, carrion, and rotting fruit.[1]

A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially worldwide, except in very cold or desert regions. They probably originated in the tropics and subsequently extended their range into more temperate regions.

Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the Neotropics, which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central Atlantic Ocean, rather than taking the longer route via Europe and North America or the Pacific Ocean. It is also possible that the group originated in the Neotropics and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Tribes[edit]

The four tribes of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in phylogenetic sequence:[2]

Former tribes[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Daniels (2003): p.12
  2. ^ Li, Wenlin; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Zhang, Jing; Hallwachs, Winnie; Janzen, Daniel H.; Grishin, Nick V. (2019-03-26). "Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6232–6237. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6232L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821304116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6442542. PMID 30877254.

References[edit]

  • Daniels, Jaret C. (2003): Butterflies of the Carolinas. Adventure Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MN, USA. ISBN 1-59193-007-3.

Further reading[edit]

  • Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
  • Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
  • James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
  • Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
  • Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyrginae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread-winged_skipper&oldid=1161657807"