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Add: doi-access, bibcode, authors 1-1. Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Eastmain | Category:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister | #UCB_Category 81/93
 
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{{Short description|Subfamily of butterflies}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Spread-winged skippers
| name = Spread-winged skippers
| image = YG Black Angle DSF Tapena thwaitesi 02.jpg
| image = Mafa Sandman Spialia mafa.jpg
⚫
| image_caption = ''[[Spialia mafa]]'' in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]], Tanzania
| image_width =
⚫
| taxon = Pyrginae
| image_caption = ''[[Tapena thwaitesi]]'' (dry season form) from [[India]] ([[Tagiadini]])
⚫
| authority = [[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], 1878
| image2=Mafa Sandman Spialia mafa.jpg
⚫
| image2_caption=''[[Spialia mafa]]'' in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Ngorongoro Crater]], [[Tanzania]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_superfamilia = [[Rhopalocera]]
| superfamilia = Hesperioidea<!-- monotypic, don't link -->
| familia = [[Hesperiidae]]
⚫
| subfamilia = '''Pyrginae'''
⚫
| subfamilia_authority = [[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], 1878
| diversity_link = #Tribes
| diversity_link = #Tribes
| diversity = 7 [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s
| diversity = 4 tribes
}}
}}


'''Pyrginae''', commonly known as '''spread-winged skippers''', are a [[subfamily]] of the [[skipper butterfly]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by [[Hermann Burmeister]] in 1878. Their delimitation and internal [[systematics]] has changed considerably in recent years, but as of 2009 the uncertainties surrounding the [[evolution]]ary relationships of many genera in this subfamily are widely resolved.<ref name = bw08>Brower & Warren (2008)</ref>
'''Pyrginae''', commonly known as '''spread-winged skippers''', are a [[subfamily]] of the [[skipper butterfly]] [[family (biology)|family]] (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by [[Hermann Burmeister]] in 1878. Their delimitation and internal [[systematics]] has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019.


It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, even though a considerable number of its formerly over 1,000 species is no longer placed here.
It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification.


==Description and distribution==
==Description and distribution==
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Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from [[Feces|dung]], [[carrion]], and rotting fruit.<ref name=daniels2003 />
Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from [[Feces|dung]], [[carrion]], and rotting fruit.<ref name=daniels2003 />


A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially world-wide, except in very cold or [[desert]] regions. They probably originated in the [[Tropics]] and subsequently extended their range into more [[temperate]] regions. Perhaps, their place of origin is western [[Africa]]: most of the [[Celaenorrhini]] &ndash; one of the two [[basal (evolution)|basal]]most tribes &ndash; are found in Africa, while the [[Carcharodini]] &ndash; the other very basal tribe &ndash; occurs throughout the tropics.
A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially worldwide, except in very cold or [[desert]] regions. They probably originated in the [[tropics]] and subsequently extended their range into more [[temperate]] regions.


Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the [[Neotropics]], which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central [[Atlantic]], rather than taking the longer route via [[Europe]] and [[North America]] or the [[Pacific]]. It is also possible that the group originated in the [[Neotropics]] and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].
Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the [[Neotropics]], which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central Atlantic Ocean, rather than taking the longer route via Europe and North America or the Pacific Ocean. It is also possible that the group originated in the [[Neotropics]] and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].


==Tribes==
==Tribes==
The four [[tribe (biology)|tribes]] of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in [[phylogenetic]] sequence:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wenlin |last2=Cong |first2=Qian |last3=Shen |first3=Jinhui |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Hallwachs |first5=Winnie |last6=Janzen |first6=Daniel H. |last7=Grishin |first7=Nick V. |date=2019-03-26 |title=Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=6232–6237 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1821304116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6442542 |pmid=30877254 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6232L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The formerly few [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s of Pyrginae have almost doubled in number. However, in its old delimitation the supposed "subfamily" was not [[monophyletic]], and the former tribe Eudamini is now recognized as a distinct subfamily [[Eudaminae]]. The [[Regent Skipper]] (''Euschemon rafflesia''), at one time included in the pyrgine tribe [[Tagiadini]], is actually the single most distinct living species of skipper butterflies, and warrants recognition in a subfamily of its own. On the other hand, the [[firetips]] &ndash; earlier treated as a subfamily of their own &ndash; have been found to be very close relatives of the Tagiadini and are now included in the Pyrginae as tribe Pyrrhopygini.<ref name = bw08 />

The 7 tribes of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in [[phylogenetic]] sequence:
* [[Celaenorrhini]]
* [[Pyrrhopygini]]
* [[Tagiadini]]
* [[Carcharodini]]
* [[Carcharodini]]
⚫
* [[Erynnini]]
* [[Achlyodidini]]
* [[Achlyodidini]]
⚫
* [[Erynnini]]
* [[Pyrgini]]
* [[Pyrgini]]

===Former tribes===
* [[Celaenorrhinini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Tagiadinae]]
* [[Eudamini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Eudaminae]]
* [[Tagiadini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Tagiadinae]]
* [[Pyrrhopygini]] - now placed within the subfamily [[Pyrrhopyginae]]


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
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==References==
==References==
⚫
* {{aut|Daniels, Jaret C.}} (2003): ''Butterflies of the Carolinas''. Adventure Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MN, USA. <small>{{ISBN|1-59193-007-3}}</small>.
* {{aut|Brower, Andrew V.Z. & Warren, Andrew}} (2008): [[Tree of Life Web Project]] &ndash; [http://tolweb.org/Pyrginae/12152 Pyrginae]. Version of 2008-APR-07. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24.

⚫
* {{aut|Daniels, Jaret C.}} (2003): ''Butterflies of the Carolinas''. Adventure Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MN, USA. <small>ISBN 1-59193-007-3</small>.
==Further reading==
* Glassberg, Jeffrey ''Butterflies through Binoculars, The West'' (2001)
* Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. ''Butterflies of British Columbia'' (2001)
* James, David G. and Nunnallee, David ''Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies'' (2011)
* Pelham, Jonathan ''Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada'' (2008)
* Pyle, Robert Michael ''The Butterflies of Cascadia'' (2002)


==External links==
==External links==
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* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12853/tree Subfamily Pyrginae] from [http://bugguide.net/ Bugguide.net]
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12853/tree Subfamily Pyrginae] from [http://bugguide.net/ Bugguide.net]
* Cirrus Digital Imaging [http://www.cirrusimage.com/skipper_photos.htm Reference photographs: Skippers of North America]
* Cirrus Digital Imaging [http://www.cirrusimage.com/skipper_photos.htm Reference photographs: Skippers of North America]
* [http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ Butterflies and Moths of North America]
* [http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/ Butterflies of America]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1306572}}


[[Category:Pyrginae| ]]
[[Category:Pyrginae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister]]

Latest revision as of 05:08, 24 June 2023

Spread-winged skippers
Spialia mafa in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Hesperiidae
Subfamily: Pyrginae
Burmeister, 1878
Diversity
4 tribes

Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019.

It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification.

Description and distribution[edit]

Typical resting positions
Pyrgus oileus from Florida (Pyrgini)

Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured. Some have long tailed hind wings.[1]

Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from dung, carrion, and rotting fruit.[1]

A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially worldwide, except in very cold or desert regions. They probably originated in the tropics and subsequently extended their range into more temperate regions.

Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the Neotropics, which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central Atlantic Ocean, rather than taking the longer route via Europe and North America or the Pacific Ocean. It is also possible that the group originated in the Neotropics and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Tribes[edit]

The four tribes of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in phylogenetic sequence:[2]

Former tribes[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Daniels (2003): p.12
  2. ^ Li, Wenlin; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Zhang, Jing; Hallwachs, Winnie; Janzen, Daniel H.; Grishin, Nick V. (2019-03-26). "Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6232–6237. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6232L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821304116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6442542. PMID 30877254.

References[edit]

  • Daniels, Jaret C. (2003): Butterflies of the Carolinas. Adventure Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MN, USA. ISBN 1-59193-007-3.

Further reading[edit]

  • Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
  • Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
  • James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
  • Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
  • Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyrginae.
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