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{{Short description|Species of mollusc}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Knobby argonaut
| name = Knobby Argonaut
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite journal | author = Allcock, L. | author-link = Louise Allcock | year = 2014 | title = ''Argonauta nodosa'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T163029A965050 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163029A965050.en| doi-access = free }} Downloaded on 05 February 2018.</ref>
| image = Argonauta nodosa eggcase.png
| image = Argonauta nodosa eggcase.png
| image_caption = Eggcase of ''Argonauta nodosa''
| image_caption = Eggcase of ''Argonauta nodosus''
⚫
| taxon = Argonauta nodosus
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| authority = [[John Lightfoot (biologist)|Lightfoot]], 1786
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| ordo = [[Octopoda]]
| familia = [[Argonautidae]]
| genus = ''[[Argonauta]]''
| species = '''''A. nodosa'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Argonauta nodosa''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Lightfoot (biologist)|Lightfoot]], 1786
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*?''Argonauta oryzata''<br><small>Meuschen, 1787</small>
*?''Argonauta oryzata''<br/><small>[[Friedrich Christian Meuschen|Meuschen]], 1787</small>
*''Argonauta tuberculata''<br><small>Roding, 1798</small>
*''Argonauta tuberculata''<br/><small>[[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798</small>
*''Argonauta tuberculosa''<br><small>Lamarck, 1822 ''in'' 1815-1822</small>
*''Argonauta tuberculosa''<br/><small>[[Lamarck]], 1822 ''in'' 1815-1822</small>
*''Argonauta gracilis''<br/><small>[[Thomas William Kirk|Kirk]], 1885<ref name=gracilis>Kirk, T.W. ('1884'). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33934486 Art. VII.—Description of a new species of paper nautilus (''Argonauta gracilis'')]. ''Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute'' '''17''': 58–59. ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33285585 reprint])</ref></small>
*''Argonauta gracilis''<br><small>Kirk, 1885</small>
}}
}}


The '''knobby''' or '''knobbed argonaut''', ''Argonauta nodosa'', is a [[species]] of [[pelagic]] [[octopus]]. The female of the species, like all [[argonaut (animal)|argonaut]]s, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name [[paper nautilus]]). The shell is usually approximately 150 [[millimetre|mm]] in length, although it can exceed 250 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 292.0 mm.<ref>{{cite book | author = Pisor, D. L. | year = 2005 | title = Registry of World Record Size Shells | edition = 4th edition | publisher = Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks | pages = p. 12}}</ref> ''A. nodosa'' produces a very characteristic shell, which is covered in many small nodules on the ridges across the shell, hence the specific [[epithet]] ''nodosa'' and [[common name]]. These nodules are less obvious or even absent in juvenile females, especially those under 5 [[centimetre|cm]] in length.<ref name=Norman>{{cite book | author = Norman, M. | year = 2000 | title = Cephalopods: A World Guide | publisher = ConchBooks | pages = p. 192}}</ref> All other argonaut species have smooth ridges across the shell walls.<ref name=Norman/>
'''''Argonauta nodosus''''' [previously known as ''Argonauta nodosa''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finn|first=Julian K.|date=2013|title=Taxonomy and biology of the argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae) with particular reference to Australian material|journal=Molluscan Research|volume=33|issue=3 |pages=143–222|doi=10.1080/13235818.2013.824854 |s2cid=84533043 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mollusca Base website|url=https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1530663|url-status=live|website=Mollusca Base website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823002759/https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1530663 |archive-date=2021-08-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WoRMS website|url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1530663|url-status=live|website=WoRMS website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823001303/https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1530663 |archive-date=2021-08-23 }}</ref>], also known as the '''knobby''' or '''knobbed argonaut''', is a [[species]] of [[pelagic]] [[octopus]]. The female of the species, like all [[argonaut (animal)|argonaut]]s, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a [[nautilus]] lives in its shell (hence the name [[paper nautilus]]). The shell is usually approximately 150&nbsp;mm in length, although it can exceed 250&nbsp;mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 292.0&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{cite book | author = Pisor, D. L. | year = 2005 | title = [[Registry of World Record Size Shells]] | edition = 4th | publisher = Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks | page = 12}}</ref> ''A. nodosus'' produces a very characteristic shell, which is covered in many small nodules on the ridges across the shell, hence the specific [[epithet]] ''nodosus'' and [[common name]]. These nodules are less obvious or even absent in juvenile females, especially those under 5&nbsp;cm in length.<ref name=Norman>{{cite book | author = Norman, M. | year = 2000 | title = Cephalopods: A World Guide | publisher = ConchBooks | page = 192}}</ref> All other argonaut species have smooth ridges across the shell walls.<ref name=Norman/>


==Description==
⚫
[[Image:Argonauta-nodosa-001.jpg|thumb|left|One of the earliest known depictions of ''A. nodosa'', from ''Index Testarum Conchyliorum'' (1742) by Niccolò Gualtieri]]
[[File:Argonauta gracilis and Argonauta tuberculata.jpg|thumb|left|Eggcases of ''A.&nbsp;tuberculata'' and ''A.&nbsp;gracilis'' from [[Thomas William Kirk]]'s description of the latter.<ref name=gracilis /> Both taxa are now considered synonyms of ''A.&nbsp;nodosus''.<ref name=Sweeney>Sweeney, M.J. (2002). [http://www.tolweb.org/accessory/Argonautidae_Taxa?acc_id=2464 Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879]. [[Tree of Life Web Project]].</ref>]]


⚫
Females grow to 100&nbsp;mm ML and 300&nbsp;mm total length, while males do not exceed 40&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name=Norman/> The specialised webbed arm pair of this species is covered in numerous [[chromatophore]]s. Mark Norman notes that "the colour of these webs can quickly change from maroon red to reflective silver".<ref name=Norman/> It has been reported that the egg clusters of ''A. nodosus'' from southern [[Australia]] can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Reid, A. | year = 1989 | title = Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell | journal = Aust. Nat. Hist. | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 580–587}}</ref> Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of ''[[Argonauta bottgeri]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nesis, K. N. | year = 1977 | title = The biology of paper nautiluses, ''Argonauta boettgeri'' and ''A. hians'' (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago | journal = Zool. Zh. | volume = 56 | pages = 1004–1014}}</ref>
⚫
''A. nodosa'' has a relatively wide [[range (biology)|distribution]] covering the [[Indo-Pacific]] region as well as the eastern coast of [[South America]]. The species is most common in southern [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name=Norman/> It is only known from the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Lu, C. C. | work = Australian Biological Resources Study | url = http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CEPHALOPODA;pstrTaxa=89;pstrChecklistMode=2 | title = Argonautidae | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref>


==Distribution==
⚫
''A. nodosa'' is thought to feed primarily on pelagic [[mollusc]]s. Captive females have been observed readily taking dead [[prawn]]s and [[fish]].<ref name=Norman/> The species is preyed on by numerous predators. It has been reported in the stomach contents of ''[[Alepisaurus ferox]]'' from the south-western Pacific.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite journal | author = Rancurel, P. | year = 1970 | title = Les contenus stomacaux d' ''Alepisaurus ferox'' dans le sud-ouest Pacifique (Céphalopodes) | journal = ''Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. Ser. Océanogr. | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 4–87}}</ref> ''A. nodosa'' has also been found in the stomach contents of [[Australian Fur Seal]]s, ''Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus'', in the [[Bass Strait]] and southern [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gales, R., D. Pemberton, C. C. Lu & M. Clarke | year = 1994 | title = The cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal: variation due to location, season and sample type | journal = Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. | volume = 44 | pages = 657–671 | doi = 10.1071/MF9930657}}</ref>


⚫
''A. nodosus'' has a relatively wide [[range (biology)|distribution]] covering the [[Indo-Pacific]] region as well as the eastern coast of [[South America]]. The species is most common in southern [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name=Norman/> It is only known from the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Lu, C. C. | work = Australian Biological Resources Study | url = http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CEPHALOPODA;pstrTaxa=89;pstrChecklistMode=2 | title = Argonautidae | accessdate = 2006-09-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[type specimen]] of ''A. nodosus'' was collected off the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. The [[type repository]] is unknown.<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref> ''A. nodosus'' is occasionally involved in mass strandings along the South African and southern Australian coastlines. The strandings are seasonal and generally occur between April and August, towards the end of the animals' spawning season.
Females grow to 100 mm ML and 300 mm total length, while males do not exceed 40 mm in length.<ref name=Norman/> The specialised webbed arm pair of this species is covered in numerous [[chromatophore]]s. Mark Norman notes that "the colour of these webs can quickly change from maroon red to reflective silver".<ref name=Norman/>


==Prey==
⚫
It has been reported that the egg clusters of ''A. nodosa'' from southern [[Australia]] can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Reid, A. | year = 1989 | title = Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell | journal = Aust. Nat. Hist. | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 580–587}}</ref> Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of ''[[Argonauta bottgeri]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nesis, K. N. | year = 1977 | title = The biology of paper nautiluses, ''Argonauta boettgeri'' and ''A. hians'' (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago | journal = Zool. Zh. | volume = 56 | pages = 1004–1014}}</ref>


⚫
''A. nodosus'' is thought to feed primarily on pelagic [[mollusc]]s. Captive females have been observed readily taking dead [[prawn]]s and [[fish]].<ref name=Norman/> The species is [[prey]]ed on by numerous predators. It has been reported in the stomach contents of ''[[Alepisaurus ferox]]'' from the south-western Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rancurel, P. | year = 1970 | title = Les contenus stomacaux d' ''Alepisaurus ferox'' dans le sud-ouest Pacifique (Céphalopodes) | journal = Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. Ser. Océanogr. | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 4–87|language=fr}}</ref> ''A. nodosus'' has also been found in the stomach contents of [[Australian fur seal]]s, ''Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus'', in the [[Bass Strait]] and southern [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gales, R. D. |author2=Pemberton, C. C. Lu |author3=M. Clarke | year = 1994 | title = The cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal: variation due to location, season and sample type | journal = Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. | volume = 44 |issue=5 | pages = 657–671 | doi = 10.1071/MF9930657}}</ref>
''A. nodosa'' is occasionally involved in mass strandings along the South African and southern Australian coastlines. The strandings are seasonal and generally occur between April and August, towards the end of the animals' spawning season.


==In a human context==
The [[type specimen]] of ''A. nodosa'' was collected off the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. The [[type repository]] is unknown.<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref>

In traditional [[Māori culture]] of New Zealand, ''Argonauta nodosa'' (known as {{lang|mi|pūpu tarakihi}}) is a symbol of new growth and rebirth, as the shape of the animel resembles [[koru]], unfurling fern fronds, which have a similar meaning in art. They are involved in many traditional stories, notably the [[Māori music|waiata]] "He Ata te Hau", which recounts a dream the [[Ngāti Whātua]] [[tohunga]] Tītahi had of a mass beaching of white ''Argonauta nodosa'' driven by the north wind, which became seen as a prophecy of Europeans arriving to New Zealand.<ref name="Secrets">{{citeq|Q114871191|pp=202-207}}</ref>

==Gallery==


<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Argonauta nodosa lithograph.jpg|Female ''A. nodosa'' with eggcase removed
File:Argonauta nodosa lithograph.jpg|Female ''A. nodosus'' with eggcase removed
Image:Argonauta nodosa with eggcase lithograph.jpg|Female ''A. nodosa'' with eggcase present
File:Argonauta nodosa with eggcase lithograph.jpg|Female ''A. nodosus'' with eggcase present
⚫
File:Argonauta-nodosa-001.jpg|One of the earliest known depictions of ''A. nodosus'', from ''Index Testarum Conchyliorum'' (1742) by [[Niccolò Gualtieri]]
File:Argonauta nodosus 139081161.jpg|A beached ''A. nodosus'' found at [[Port Phillip]], [[Australia]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Sweeney, M. J. (2002). [http://www.tolweb.org/accessory/Argonautidae_Taxa?acc_id=2464 Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879.] ''Tree of Life web project''.


==External links==
==External links==
Line 49: Line 52:


{{Argonauta}}
{{Argonauta}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2205883}}


[[Category:Octopuses]]
[[Category:Argonauta|nodosus]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of Australia]]
[[Category:Molluscs described in 1786]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]
[[Category:Molluscs of South Africa]]
[[Category:Cephalopods of Oceania]] <!-- Argonauta nodosus -->

[[fr:Argonauta nodosa]]

Latest revision as of 14:31, 14 August 2023

Knobby Argonaut
Eggcase of Argonauta nodosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Argonautidae
Genus: Argonauta
Species:
A. nodosus
Binomial name
Argonauta nodosus
Lightfoot, 1786
Synonyms
  • ?Argonauta oryzata
    Meuschen, 1787
  • Argonauta tuberculata
    Röding, 1798
  • Argonauta tuberculosa
    Lamarck, 1822 in 1815-1822
  • Argonauta gracilis
    Kirk, 1885[2]

Argonauta nodosus [previously known as Argonauta nodosa[3][4][5]], also known as the knobby or knobbed argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 150 mm in length, although it can exceed 250 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 292.0 mm.[6] A. nodosus produces a very characteristic shell, which is covered in many small nodules on the ridges across the shell, hence the specific epithet nodosus and common name. These nodules are less obvious or even absent in juvenile females, especially those under 5 cm in length.[7] All other argonaut species have smooth ridges across the shell walls.[7]

Description[edit]

Eggcases of A. tuberculata and A. gracilis from Thomas William Kirk's description of the latter.[2] Both taxa are now considered synonyms of A. nodosus.[8]

Females grow to 100 mm ML and 300 mm total length, while males do not exceed 40 mm in length.[7] The specialised webbed arm pair of this species is covered in numerous chromatophores. Mark Norman notes that "the colour of these webs can quickly change from maroon red to reflective silver".[7] It has been reported that the egg clusters of A. nodosus from southern Australia can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.[9] Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of Argonauta bottgeri.[10]

Distribution[edit]

A. nodosus has a relatively wide distribution covering the Indo-Pacific region as well as the eastern coast of South America. The species is most common in southern Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[7] It is only known from the Southern Hemisphere.[11] The type specimen of A. nodosus was collected off the Cape of Good Hope. The type repository is unknown.[12] A. nodosus is occasionally involved in mass strandings along the South African and southern Australian coastlines. The strandings are seasonal and generally occur between April and August, towards the end of the animals' spawning season.

Prey[edit]

A. nodosus is thought to feed primarily on pelagic molluscs. Captive females have been observed readily taking dead prawns and fish.[7] The species is preyed on by numerous predators. It has been reported in the stomach contents of Alepisaurus ferox from the south-western Pacific.[13] A. nodosus has also been found in the stomach contents of Australian fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus, in the Bass Strait and southern Tasmania.[14]

In a human context[edit]

In traditional Māori culture of New Zealand, Argonauta nodosa (known as pūpu tarakihi) is a symbol of new growth and rebirth, as the shape of the animel resembles koru, unfurling fern fronds, which have a similar meaning in art. They are involved in many traditional stories, notably the waiata "He Ata te Hau", which recounts a dream the Ngāti Whātua tohunga Tītahi had of a mass beaching of white Argonauta nodosa driven by the north wind, which became seen as a prophecy of Europeans arriving to New Zealand.[15]

Gallery[edit]

  • Female A. nodosus with eggcase removed
    Female A. nodosus with eggcase removed
  • Female A. nodosus with eggcase present
    Female A. nodosus with eggcase present
  • One of the earliest known depictions of A. nodosus, from Index Testarum Conchyliorum (1742) by Niccolò Gualtieri
    One of the earliest known depictions of A. nodosus, from Index Testarum Conchyliorum (1742) by Niccolò Gualtieri
  • A beached A. nodosus found at Port Phillip, Australia
    A beached A. nodosus found at Port Phillip, Australia

References[edit]

  1. ^ Allcock, L. (2014). "Argonauta nodosa". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163029A965050. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T163029A965050.en. Downloaded on 05 February 2018.
  2. ^ a b Kirk, T.W. ('1884'). Art. VII.—Description of a new species of paper nautilus (Argonauta gracilis). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 17: 58–59. (reprint)
  3. ^ Finn, Julian K. (2013). "Taxonomy and biology of the argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae) with particular reference to Australian material". Molluscan Research. 33 (3): 143–222. doi:10.1080/13235818.2013.824854. S2CID 84533043.
  4. ^ "Mollusca Base website". Mollusca Base website. Archived from the original on 2021-08-23.
  5. ^ "WoRMS website". WoRMS website. Archived from the original on 2021-08-23.
  6. ^ Pisor, D. L. (2005). Registry of World Record Size Shells (4th ed.). Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks. p. 12.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Norman, M. (2000). Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks. p. 192.
  8. ^ Sweeney, M.J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life Web Project.
  9. ^ Reid, A. (1989). "Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell". Aust. Nat. Hist. 22 (12): 580–587.
  10. ^ Nesis, K. N. (1977). "The biology of paper nautiluses, Argonauta boettgeri and A. hians (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago". Zool. Zh. 56: 1004–1014.
  11. ^ Lu, C. C. "Argonautidae". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 2006-09-13.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  13. ^ Rancurel, P. (1970). "Les contenus stomacaux d' Alepisaurus ferox dans le sud-ouest Pacifique (Céphalopodes)". Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. Ser. Océanogr. (in French). 8 (4): 4–87.
  14. ^ Gales, R. D.; Pemberton, C. C. Lu; M. Clarke (1994). "The cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal: variation due to location, season and sample type". Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 44 (5): 657–671. doi:10.1071/MF9930657.
  15. ^ Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022). Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 202–207. ISBN 978-1-77554-179-0. Wikidata Q114871191.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argonauta_nodosa&oldid=1170346148"