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[[Image:CLIMAP.jpg|300px|thumb|right|CLIMAP |
[[Image:CLIMAP.jpg|300px|thumb|right|CLIMAP map of ice sheets, sea temperature changes, and changes in the outline of coastal regions during the last glacial.]] |
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'''Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction''', known as '''CLIMAP''', was a major research project of the 1970s and 80s to produce a [[map]] of [[climate]] conditions during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. The project was funded by the [[National Science Foundation]] as part of the [[International Decade of Ocean Exploration]] (1970s) and is based in large part of the collection and analysis of a very large number of sediment cores to create a snapshot of conditions across the [[ocean]]s. The CLIMAP project also resulted in maps of vegetative zones across the continents and the estimated extent of glaciation at the time. Most CLIMAP results aim to describe the Earth as it was 18 thousand years ago, but there was also an analysis to look at conditions during the previous [[interglacial]]—120 thousand years ago (CLIMAP 1981). |
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'''[[İklim]]: Uzun Menzilli Araştırma, [[Harita]]lama ve Tahmin''' |
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CLIMAP has been a cornerstone of [[paleoclimate]] research and remains the most used [[sea surface temperature]] reconstruction of the global ocean during the last glacial maximum (Yin and Battisti 2001), but it has also been persistently controversial. CLIMAP resulted in estimates of global cooling of only 3.0 ± 0.6 °C relative to the modern day (Hoffert and Covey 1992). The [[Climate change (general concept)|climate change]] during an [[ice age]] that occurs far from the continental [[ice sheet]]s themselves is believed to be primarily controlled by changes in [[greenhouse gas]]es, hence the conditions during the last glacial maximum provide a natural experiment for measuring the impact of changes in greenhouse gases on climate. The cited estimates of 3.0 °C implies a climate sensitivity to [[carbon dioxide]] changes at the low end of the range proposed by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].<ref>[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/325.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227210254/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/325.htm |date=2016-12-27 }}</ref> |
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[[İklim]], [[climap]] olarak adlandirilan, Uzun Menzilli Araştırma, Haritalama ve Tahmin, son buzul maksimum dönem esnasında iklim şartlarının bir haritasını çıkarmak için 1970 ve 80'lerin başta gelen bir araştırma projesiydi. Proje Uluslararası On yıllık Okyanus Araştırmasının (1970'ler) bir parçası olarak Ulusal Bilim Vakfı tarafından finanse edilmiş ve geniş ölçüde, [[okyanus]]lar çapında ki şartların bir anlık görüntüsünü oluşturmak için çok büyük miktarda ki [[çökel]] [[cevher]]lerinin toplanması ve analizine dayanmaktadır. Climap projesi ayrıca kıtalar boyunca bitki [[kuşak]]ları haritaları ve o zamanda ki buzullaşmanın tahmini sonuçlarını üretmiştir. Climap sonuçlarının çoğu 18 bin yıl önce ki durumda yeryüzünün açıklamasını yapmayı hedeflemiştir. Ancak onun öncesinde [[interglasiyer]] (120.000 yıl önce) şartlarına bakılmak için yapılan bir analizdi. (CLİMAP 1981) |
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However, CLIMAP also suggested that some of the [[tropics]] and in particular much of the [[Pacific Ocean]] were warmer than they are today. To date, no [[climate model]] has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin and Battisti 2001), with most preferring a several degree cooling. Also, it appears that climate models which are forced to match the CLIMAP sea surface measurements are too warm to match estimates for changes at continental locations (Pinot ''et al.'' 1999). This suggests that either climate model design is missing some important unknown factor, or CLIMAP systematically overestimated the temperatures in the tropical oceans during the last glacial, though there is at present no consistent explanation for why or how this should have happened. Unfortunately cost and difficulty of collecting sediment cores from the open Pacific has limited the availability of samples that might help to confirm or disprove these observations. If the Pacific reconstruction is assumed to be in error, it would result in a larger climate sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gases. |
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Climap [[paleoiklim]] araştırmasının köşe taşı olmuştur ve son buzul dönemi esnasında ki en çok kullanılan global okyanusun [[yüzey]] sıcaklığı yeniden yapılandırması olarak kalmıştır (Yin ve Battisti 2001). Aynı zamanda sürekli tartışma konusu olmuştur. Climap modern zamanımıza kıyasla global soğumanın yalnızca 3.0+- 0.6 [[cantigrant]] olarak hesaplanmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır( [[Hoffert]] ve [[Covey]], 1992). Bir [[buzul]] çağında kıtasal buz tabakalarından uzakta meydana gelen iklim değişikliğinin temel olarak sera gazları değişimleri tarafından kontrol edildiğine inanılır, dolayısıyla son [[buzul]] maksimum dönemi esnasında ki şartlar [[sera]] gazları değişmelerinin iklim üzerinde ki etkisini ölçmek için doğal bir deney ortamı sağlamaktadır. Bahsedilen 3.0 oC'lık tahminler, Uluslararası İklim Değişikliği Paneli tarafından teklif edilen aralığın en düşük ucunda ki [[karbondioksit]] değişimlerine karşı bir iklim duyarlılığı olduğu anlamına gelir. |
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==References== |
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Bununla birlikte, Climap ayrıca bazı [[tropik]]lerin özellikle [[Pasifik]] Okyanusunun bugün olduğundan daha sıcak olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Günümüzde, hiçbir iklim modeli Pasifikte ki teklif edilen sıcaklığı taklit etme olmamıştır ([[Yin]] ve [[Battisti]], 2001), en çok tercih edileni birkaç derece soğuk olanıdır. Ayrıca, Climap deniz yüzeyi ölçümlerine uymaya zorlanan iklim modellerinin kıtasal lokasyonlarda ki değişiklik tahminlerine uyması bakımından çok sıcak olduğu görünür ( Pinot et al, 1999). Bu da şunu ortaya koyar ki ya iklim modeli bazı bilinmeyen önemli faktörler yönünden eksiktir ya da Climap son buzul esnasında tropikal okyanuslarda ki sıcaklıkları sistematik olarak olduğundan fazla tahmin etmiştir. Ancak bunun neden ve ya nasıl olmuş olabileceği hakkında tutarlı bir açıklama yoktur. Ne yazık ki, [[Okyanus]] açıklarından çökel cevherleri toplamanın maliyeti ve zorluğu bu gözlemleri teyit etme ve ya yanlışlığını kanıtlamaya yardım edebilecek örneklemelerin bulunabilirliğini sınırladı. Eğer Pasifik canlandırımının hatalı olduğu farz edilirse, bu sera gazları değişikliklerine karşı daha büyük iklim duyarlılığı sonucu ortaya çıkarır. |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Referanslar== |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite journal|author1=Jeffrey H. Yin |author2=David S. Battisti |year=2001|title=The Importance of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Patterns in Simulations of Last Glacial Maximum Climate|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=14|issue=4|pages=565–581|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0565:TIOTSS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2001JCli...14..565Y |doi-access=free}} |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite journal|author1=Pinot, S. |author2=G. Ramstein |author3=S.P. Harrison |author4=I.C. Prentice |author5=J. Guiot |author6=M. Stute |author7=S. Joussaume |others=PMIP-participating-groups |year=1999|title=Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=15|pages=857–874|doi=10.1007/s003820050318|issue=11|bibcode=1999ClDy...15..857P }} |
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*CLIMAP Data Archive. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.geology:G00126 |
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==External links== |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite journal| |
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==Yardımcı linkler== |
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*[http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/ PMIP Home page] |
*[http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/ PMIP Home page] |
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*[http://pmip2.lsce.ipsl.fr/ PMIP2 Home page] |
*[http://pmip2.lsce.ipsl.fr/ PMIP2 Home page] |
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{{Global warming}} |
{{Global warming}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Climatological research]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:48, 24 August 2023
Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction, known as CLIMAP, was a major research project of the 1970s and 80s to produce a map of climate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum. The project was funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (1970s) and is based in large part of the collection and analysis of a very large number of sediment cores to create a snapshot of conditions across the oceans. The CLIMAP project also resulted in maps of vegetative zones across the continents and the estimated extent of glaciation at the time. Most CLIMAP results aim to describe the Earth as it was 18 thousand years ago, but there was also an analysis to look at conditions during the previous interglacial—120 thousand years ago (CLIMAP 1981).
CLIMAP has been a cornerstone of paleoclimate research and remains the most used sea surface temperature reconstruction of the global ocean during the last glacial maximum (Yin and Battisti 2001), but it has also been persistently controversial. CLIMAP resulted in estimates of global cooling of only 3.0 ± 0.6 °C relative to the modern day (Hoffert and Covey 1992). The climate change during an ice age that occurs far from the continental ice sheets themselves is believed to be primarily controlled by changes in greenhouse gases, hence the conditions during the last glacial maximum provide a natural experiment for measuring the impact of changes in greenhouse gases on climate. The cited estimates of 3.0 °C implies a climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide changes at the low end of the range proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[1]
However, CLIMAP also suggested that some of the tropics and in particular much of the Pacific Ocean were warmer than they are today. To date, no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin and Battisti 2001), with most preferring a several degree cooling. Also, it appears that climate models which are forced to match the CLIMAP sea surface measurements are too warm to match estimates for changes at continental locations (Pinot et al. 1999). This suggests that either climate model design is missing some important unknown factor, or CLIMAP systematically overestimated the temperatures in the tropical oceans during the last glacial, though there is at present no consistent explanation for why or how this should have happened. Unfortunately cost and difficulty of collecting sediment cores from the open Pacific has limited the availability of samples that might help to confirm or disprove these observations. If the Pacific reconstruction is assumed to be in error, it would result in a larger climate sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gases.
References[edit]
- ^ [1] Archived 2016-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Hoffert, M.I.; C. Covey (1992). "Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions". Nature. 360 (6404): 573–576. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..573H. doi:10.1038/360573a0.
- Jeffrey H. Yin; David S. Battisti (2001). "The Importance of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Patterns in Simulations of Last Glacial Maximum Climate". Journal of Climate. 14 (4): 565–581. Bibcode:2001JCli...14..565Y. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0565:TIOTSS>2.0.CO;2.
- Pinot, S.; G. Ramstein; S.P. Harrison; I.C. Prentice; J. Guiot; M. Stute; S. Joussaume (1999). "Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata". Climate Dynamics. 15 (11). PMIP-participating-groups: 857–874. Bibcode:1999ClDy...15..857P. doi:10.1007/s003820050318.
- CLIMAP (1981). Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum in Map Series, Technical Report MC-36. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America.
- CLIMAP Data Archive. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.geology:G00126
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