Diyar Bakr: Difference between revisions
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{{About|the medieval province|the city in modern Turkey|Diyarbakır}} |
{{About|the medieval province|the city in modern Turkey|Diyarbakır|other uses|Diyarbakır (disambiguation)}} |
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{{One source|date=May 2023}} |
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[[File:Al-Jazira.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map of the [[al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]] (Upper [[Mesopotamia]]), with its provinces, in medieval times]] |
[[File:Al-Jazira.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map of the [[al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]] (Upper [[Mesopotamia]]), with its provinces, in medieval times]] |
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'''Diyar Bakr''' ({{lang-ar|دِيَارُ بَكرٍ|Diyār Bakr|abode of [[Banu Bakr|Bakr]]}}) is the medieval [[Arabic]] name of the northernmost of the three provinces of the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] ([[Upper Mesopotamia]]), the other two being [[Diyar Mudar]] and [[Diyar Rabi'a]]. According to the medieval geographer [[al-Baladhuri]], all three provinces were named after the main Arab tribes that were settled there by [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] in the course of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] of the 7th century. The Diyar Bakr was settled by the [[Rabi'a ibn Nizar|Rabi'a]] subgroup of the [[Banu Bakr]], and hence the two provinces are sometimes referred to collectively as "Diyar Rabi'a". In later Turkish usage, "Diyar Bakr" referred to the western portion of the former province, around Amid (which hence became known as [[Diyarbakır]] in Turkish).{{sfn|Canard|Cahen|1965|pp=343–345}} |
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Diyar Bakr encompasses the region on both banks of the upper course of the river [[Tigris]], from its sources to approximately where its course changes from |
Diyar Bakr encompasses the region on both banks of the upper course of the river [[Tigris]], from its sources to approximately where its course changes from a west-east to a southeasterly direction. Its main city was [[Amida (Mesopotamia)|Amida]] (Amid in Arabic), and other major settlements included [[Mayyafariqin]], [[Hasankeyf|Hisn Kaifa]], and [[Arzanene|Arzan]]. Geographically and politically, in early Islamic times the Diyar Bakr was usually part of the Jazira, but it was sometimes joined to the [[Emirate of Armenia|Armenian province]] to the north. In the late 9th century, it was controlled by an autonomous dynasty founded by [[Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani]]. In the mid-10th century, the region passed into the hands of the [[Hamdanids]], but their rule was contested by the [[Buyids]] (978–983) and after that the [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanids]].{{sfn|Canard|Cahen|1965|pp=343–345}} |
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The Marwanid emirate ruled the region for almost a century before being annexed by the [[Seljuk Empire]] in 1084–1085. Following the Seljuk realm's collapse after the death of [[Malik-Shah I]] in 1092, a series of small emirates established itself across the region, with the [[Artukids|Artuqids]] of [[Mardin]] the most important among them. In the late 12th century, the province came under [[List of Ayyubid rulers#Emirs of Mesopotamia|Ayyubid]] control, and in the mid-13th century it was divided between the Ayyubids in the east and the [[Seljuks of Rum]], who controlled the western portion around Amida. Around 1260, the region was conquered by the [[Mongols]], who allowed the local rulers to continue to exercise power as their vassals. In the 14th century, the region was conquered by the [[Aq Qoyunlu]], who disputed control with the [[Qara Qoyunlu]] and the last Ayyubid princes. In the early 16th century, it was for a time occupied by the [[Safavid Iran|Safavids]] before coming under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control in 1516.{{sfn|Canard|Cahen|1965|pp=343–345}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*{{EI2|volume=2|last1=Canard|first1=Marius|author1-link=Marius Canard|last2=Cahen|first2=Claude|author2-link=Claude Cahen|title=Diyār Bakr|pages=343–345|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/diyar-bakr-COM_0173}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hagemann |first1=Hannah-Lena |title=Whence Diyār Bakr? An Inquiry into Early Jazīran Administrative Geography |journal=Der Islam |date=2019 |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=324–344 |doi=10.1515/islam-2019-0026|s2cid=204963515 }} |
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{{coord missing|Turkey}} |
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==Source== |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Canard|first1=Marius|last2=Cahen|first2=Claude|author2-link=Claude Cahen|article=Diyār Bakr|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G|location=Leiden, The Netherlands and New York, New York|publisher=Brill|year=1991|pages=343–345|isbn=90-04-07026-5|ref=harv}} |
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[[Category:History of Turkey]] |
[[Category:History of Turkey]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Medieval Upper Mesopotamia]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions]] |
[[Category:Historical regions]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Banu Bakr]] |
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[[Category:Arabic toponyms]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:58, 11 December 2023
 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (May 2023) |
Diyar Bakr (Arabic: دِيَارُ بَكرٍ, romanized: Diyār Bakr, lit. 'abode of Bakr') is the medieval Arabic name of the northernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Mudar and Diyar Rabi'a. According to the medieval geographer al-Baladhuri, all three provinces were named after the main Arab tribes that were settled there by Mu'awiya in the course of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. The Diyar Bakr was settled by the Rabi'a subgroup of the Banu Bakr, and hence the two provinces are sometimes referred to collectively as "Diyar Rabi'a". In later Turkish usage, "Diyar Bakr" referred to the western portion of the former province, around Amid (which hence became known as Diyarbakır in Turkish).[1]
Diyar Bakr encompasses the region on both banks of the upper course of the river Tigris, from its sources to approximately where its course changes from a west-east to a southeasterly direction. Its main city was Amida (Amid in Arabic), and other major settlements included Mayyafariqin, Hisn Kaifa, and Arzan. Geographically and politically, in early Islamic times the Diyar Bakr was usually part of the Jazira, but it was sometimes joined to the Armenian province to the north. In the late 9th century, it was controlled by an autonomous dynasty founded by Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani. In the mid-10th century, the region passed into the hands of the Hamdanids, but their rule was contested by the Buyids (978–983) and after that the Marwanids.[1]
The Marwanid emirate ruled the region for almost a century before being annexed by the Seljuk Empire in 1084–1085. Following the Seljuk realm's collapse after the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092, a series of small emirates established itself across the region, with the Artuqids of Mardin the most important among them. In the late 12th century, the province came under Ayyubid control, and in the mid-13th century it was divided between the Ayyubids in the east and the Seljuks of Rum, who controlled the western portion around Amida. Around 1260, the region was conquered by the Mongols, who allowed the local rulers to continue to exercise power as their vassals. In the 14th century, the region was conquered by the Aq Qoyunlu, who disputed control with the Qara Qoyunlu and the last Ayyubid princes. In the early 16th century, it was for a time occupied by the Safavids before coming under Ottoman control in 1516.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Canard & Cahen 1965, pp. 343–345.
Sources[edit]
- Canard, Marius & Cahen, Claude (1965). "Diyār Bakr". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 343–345. OCLC 495469475.
Further reading[edit]
- Hagemann, Hannah-Lena (2019). "Whence Diyār Bakr? An Inquiry into Early Jazīran Administrative Geography". Der Islam. 96 (2): 324–344. doi:10.1515/islam-2019-0026. S2CID 204963515.