Hasankeyf

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Hasankeyf
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Hasankeyf (Turkey)
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Hasankeyf.JPG
The Tigris in Hasankeyf, in the river the pillars of the bridge built in 1116
Basic data
Province (il) : Batman
Coordinates : 37 ° 43 '  N , 41 ° 25'  E Coordinates: 37 ° 42 '51 "  N , 41 ° 24' 47"  E
Residents : 3,326 (2018)
Telephone code : (+90) 488
Postal code : 72 350
License plate : 72
Structure and administration (as of 2019)
Structure : 3 malls
Mayor : Abdulvahap Kusen ( AKP )
Hasankeyf district
Residents : 6,724 (2018)
Surface: 293 km²
Population density : 23 inhabitants per km²
Kaymakam : Ceyhun Dilşad Taşkın
Website (Kaymakam):
Template: Infobox location in Turkey / maintenance / district

Hasankeyf ( ancient Greek Κιφας , Kurdish Heskîf or Hesenkêf , Aramaic Hesna / Hesno, Hsenkep or Hesno d-kepo , from Syrian ܚܨܢ ܟܐܦܐ Ḥéṣn Kayfa ) is an ancient city fortress on the Tigris and a current district in the Turkish province of Batman .

The county was established in 1990 together with Batman Province (Law No. 3647). It is the smallest and least populous in Batman Province . In addition to the district town ( Merkez ), it includes 21 villages ( Köy ), the largest of which has 415 inhabitants. An average of 162 people live in each village.

Surname

The Turkish name Hasankeyf literally means "Hasan's joy", which is a corruption of the Arabic nameحصن كيفا / Ḥiṣn Kayfā is. Ḥiṣn is the common Arabic word for fortress, Kayfā is the Arabic form of the Aramaic word Kēfā , in Hebrew-Aramaic letters כיפא. Since there is no long e in Arabic , it is regularly replaced by ay . The meaning of Kēfā in Aramaic is "rock" or "stone". The name Kephas for Peter comes from the same Aramaic word. Ḥiṣn Kayfā means “rock fortress” or “ rock castle ”. The Greeks and later the Romans called the city Kip (h) as, Kephe, Cepha or Ciphas.

history

From the foundation to the 12th century

The story of Hasankeyf only becomes tangible in the first centuries of the Christian era. The place was in that part of northern Mesopotamia , which has been claimed by both the (Eastern) Romans and the Persian Sassanids since the 3rd century . Therefore, the rulers changed often at first. Soon after 363 the Romans built a border fortress here to control the important Tigris crossing. This border fortress was called Kiphas and was mostly able to repel the Sassanids in the following years; It was not until 608 that they succeeded in taking the place under Chosrau II , but in 630 they returned it to the Romans. In 638, during the course of Islamic expansion , the Arabs conquered the place. Since then, the Christians in this area have lived under Islamic suzerainty, first under the Umayyads , then under the Abbasids . The Hamdanids ruled here from 906–990 and after them the Kurdish Marwanids from 990–1096. Until then, Hasankeyf had no particular strategic importance for the Muslims .

From 1101 Hasankeyf was developed into a center under the Artukids . The Artukiden come from Artuk, a general of the Seldschukenherrschers Malik Shah I. decreases. They ruled until 1232, were active political actors and expanded the city. They built a medrese , water canals that reached up to the castle, and a new bridge over the Tigris.

History from the 13th century

In 1232 the city fell to the Ayyubids . In 1260 the city was overrun by the Mongols . Hülegü spared Hasankeyf when he heard that its ruler was an Ayyubid. In 1301 Hulegu's descendant Ghazan attacked the city. After the destruction, the Ayyubids rebuilt the city. Many of the buildings date from this time.

Development stagnated from the middle of the 15th century. The Akkoyunlar ruled from 1461 to 1482 . The Ayyubids won Hasankeyf again, but then came under pressure from the Safavids . In 1515 the Ottomans captured this area and left the city to the Ayyubids. This was a strategy used by the Sultan to win the local Kurdish rulers against the Safavids. The rule of the Ayyubids ended in 1524 and the Ottomans beat Hasankeyf to the Eyâlet Diyarbakır .

In the 16th century, the city is said to have had around 10,000 inhabitants, 60% of whom were Christians. At that time, however, the area belonging to Hasankeyf was larger and included all of Batman , Siirt and parts of Mardin . Over time, Hasankeyf lost more and more of its size and importance, but retained the status of a place of worship or national heritage among the Kurds .

During the genocide of the Armenians 1915–1917 , Hasankeyf was an important place of extermination, as deportation routes crossed there.

The population has dropped dramatically over the past 20 to 30 years.

Controversial dam project

As part of the Southeast Anatolia Project , which  aims to create many dams - including the Ilısu Dam - in southeastern Turkey, the Turkish state is planning to flood Hasankeyf. National, mostly Kurdish, and international protests are still stirring today. Regardless of this, Turkey started construction of the dam in early August 2006.

On December 15, 2006, the Swiss Federal Council granted the companies Alstom , Colenco, Maggia and Stucky export risk guarantees amounting to 225 million francs for the Ilısu dam project. Of the 100 or so requirements listed, at least 25 should be met "satisfactorily". On March 26, 2007, the German and Austrian government cabinets also approved loan guarantees for local companies involved in the construction project, as the specified criteria were met. Parts of the ancient city are to be moved and rebuilt in a cultural park. However, critics report that only a small part of the ancient treasures will be preserved.

Switzerland stopped the export risk guarantee, as did Germany and Austria, after conditions for environmental and cultural property protection had not been satisfactorily met despite considerable improvements to the project.

In February 2010, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his government had found new lenders and that the dam could be built. At the beginning of 2016, the Turkish parliament finally decided to implement the project.

The dam was completed in July 2017. On May 12, 2017, the Zeynel-Bey mausoleum was moved with a special transporter to avoid flooding. It is now 2 km away in the new Hasankeyf cultural park. A further eight important buildings are also to be implemented. Part of the population was also resettled to "Neu-Hasankeyf".

A final lawsuit before the European Court of Human Rights against the flooding of the place was dismissed on February 21, 2019.

The original date for the flooding in June 2019 had to be postponed indefinitely, as the Tigris was carrying too much water at this point and various preparatory work had not yet been completed. According to the water authority DSI, a “test damming” was probably started between July 20 and 22, 2019. The Hasankeyf Rescue Initiative reports that it continued on July 29th. The flooding should be completed by November 2019, but [obsolete] continued in early 2020. It should be completed by the end of 2020.

Attractions

  • Bridge built in 1116 by Artukids Fahrettin Karaaslan, today a ruin. Parts of the old bridge were made of wood, which was removed when enemies threatened the city.
  • Artucidian Palace
  • Ayyubid Ulu Cami
  • Small palace of the Ayyubids
  • Rock dwellings
  • Zeynel-Bey-Mausoleum, tomb of the son of Uzun Hasan from the 15th century

photos

  • View of Hasankeyf from the opposite bank of the Tigris'

  • Ruins of old buildings near the fortress

  • Another view of the old living quarters

  • The old bridge from a bird's eye view

  • Ruins of the old town with modern houses in the background

  • The remains of the Artukidian bridge

  • Archaeological excavation field between Tigris and Zeynel-Bey-Mausoleum (2013)

  • Rock dwellings in Hasankeyf

literature

watch TV

  • Re: The Fall of Hasankeyf, arte, 2020
  • Weltspiegel : Hasankeyf goes under, ARD, 2020

Web links

Commons : Hasankeyf  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Türkiye Nüfusu İl ve İlçelere Göre Nüfus Bilgileri (Nufusune.com) , accessed on April 23, 2019
  2. ↑ Country under for German export. the daily newspaper , March 28, 2007.
  3. ↑ "Export Credit Guarantee for Ilisu Dam" ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Federal Ministry of Economics  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmwi.de
  4. ^ Ilisu project. Republic of Austria issues export guarantee.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , wienweb.at, March 26, 2007.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wienweb.at  
  5. ↑ No guarantees for controversial Ilisu Dam. NZZ online , July 7, 2009
  6. ↑ Hasankeyf: 12,000 years of history are flooded ( memento of the original from August 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , DTJ announcement of January 29, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / test.dtj-online.de
  7. ↑ Ilısu Barajı'nın gövdesi tamamlandı. Announcement from Hürriyet from July 29, 2017.
  8. ↑ Turkey saves 1100-ton gravesite. Report on www.n-tv.de from May 12, 2017.
  9. ↑ Hasankeyf'teki Kültürel Miras Bir Bir Taşınıyor. News from Milliyet from July 27, 2017.
  10. ↑ tagesschau.de: Hasankeyf - the reservoir swallows everything. Retrieved July 8, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Hasankeyf flooding postponed. In: tagesschau.de. June 10, 2019, accessed August 12, 2019 .
  12. ↑ The flooding of the Ilisu dam has started! ANF ​​News, July 27, 2019, accessed August 12, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Hasankeyf: Damming without warning. ANF ​​News, August 1, 2019, accessed August 12, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Elke Dangeleit: The end of Hasankeyf. telepolis, August 22, 2019, accessed on August 22, 2019 .
  15. ↑ The Ilisu Dam in Turkey - Ancient sites are sinking in the floods. Retrieved on February 16, 2020 (German).
  16. ↑ https://www.sn.at/panorama/international/hasankeyf-eine-uralte-kulturstaette-versinkt-im-ilisu-stausee-87787132
  17. ↑ Re: The downfall of Hasankeyf: A world cultural heritage sinks into the reservoir , arte, May 27, 2020; [1]
  18. ↑ Hasankeyf goes under , Weltspiegel, April 19, 2020