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{{Short description|Species of fly}}
{{italictitle}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''''Chirosia betuleti''''
| image = Chirosia betuleti female, Trawscoed, North Wales, April 2014 (17995445952).jpg
| image = Chirosia betuleti, on Dryopteris dilitata, forming a Knotting gall.jpg
| image_caption = ''Chirosia betuleti'' female
| image2 = Chirosia betuleti, on Dryopteris dilitata, forming a Knotting gall.jpg
| image_caption = Knotting gall on Broad buckler fern
| image2_caption = Knotting gall on broad buckler fern
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| genus = Chirosia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| species = betuleti
| classis =[[Insect]]a
| authority = ([[Oscar Ringdahl|Ringdahl]], 1935)
| ordo =[[Fly|Diptera]]
| synonyms = *''Hylemyia betuleti'' <small>[[Oscar Ringdahl|Ringdahl]], 1935</small>
⚫
| familia = [[Anthomyiidae]]
*''Chirosia signata'' <small>(Brischke, 1888)</small>
⚫
| genus = ''[[Chirosia]]''
*''Melinia carinata'' <small>(Tiensuu, 1939)</small>
⚫
| species = '''''C. betuleti'''''
| binomial = ''Chirosia betuleti''
| binomial_authority = (Ringdahl, 1935)
}}
}}

The '''Knotting gall''', is caused by the dipteron fly '''''Chirosia betuleti''''' (Ringdahl, 1935). The gall develops in the terminal shoots of ferns, such as Broad buckler fern Dryopteris dilatata, Male shield fern [[Dryopteris filix-mas]], Lady fern [[Athyrium filix-femina]],<ref name="S23">Stubbs, Page 80</ref><ref name="R315">Redfern, Page 288</ref> and the Ostrich fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris.<ref>[http://biostor.org/reference/56267 BioStor] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
'''''Chirosia betuleti''''' is a species of [[fly]], which causes '''knotting gall''' in ferns. The [[gall]] develops in the terminal shoots of ferns, such as broad buckler fern (''[[Dryopteris dilatata]]''), male fern (''[[Dryopteris filix-mas]]''), lady fern (''[[Athyrium filix-femina]]''), and ostrich fern (''[[Matteuccia]] struthiopteris)''.<ref name="S23">Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. {{ISBN|0-9511582-0-1}}., p. 80</ref><ref name="R315">Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). ''British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi.'' AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. {{ISBN|1-85153-214-5}}, p. 288</ref><ref name="BioStor">[http://biostor.org/reference/56267 BioStor] Retrieved: 2011-07-28</ref>


==The physical appearance of the galls==
==The physical appearance of the galls==
The fly larva mines the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the [[Trichomes|trichomes]], causing it to coil. Usually only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass<ref name="EX">[http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Flies/Chirosia_betuleti.html Leaf and Stem Mines] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
The [[leaf miner|fly larva mines]] the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious knot or mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside, a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the [[trichomes]], causing it to coil. Usually, only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass.<ref name="EX">[http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Flies/Chirosia_betuleti.html Leaf and Stem Mines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008084632/http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Flies/Chirosia_betuleti.html |date=2011-10-08 }} Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>


==Life-cycle==
==Lifecycle==
Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the [[Trichome|trichomes]] in the groove of the rachis causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates of up to nine fronds out of 13 on a single plnat have been noted.<ref>[http://biostor.org/reference/56267 BioStor] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the trichomes in the groove of the rachis, causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates up to nine fronds in 13 on a single plant have been noted.<ref name="BioStor"/>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
[[File:Chirosia betuleti, forming a Knotting gall on Dryopteris dilatata.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Broad buckler fern with a Knotting gall.]]
[[File:Chirosia betuleti, forming a Knotting gall on Dryopteris dilatata.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Broad buckler fern with a knotting gall]]
The Knotting gall is found in Cornwall, Wiltshire, Worcester, Hants, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Berkshire, Cardiganshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Easterness, Elgin, Flintshire, Herefordshire, Merionethshire, Perth, Yorkshire, Montgomeryshire, Lincolnshire, Somerset, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Devon, Hampshire, Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Gloucestershire, Kent, Suffolk and Worcestershire.<ref name="EX">[http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Flies/Chirosia_betuleti.html Leaf and Stem Mines] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
The knotting gall is found in Cornwall, Wiltshire, Worcester, Hants, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Berkshire, Cardiganshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, East Norfolk, Suffolk, Easterness, Elgin, Flintshire, North Ayrshire, Herefordshire, Merionethshire, Perth, Yorkshire, Montgomeryshire, Lincolnshire, Somerset, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Devon, Hampshire, Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Gloucestershire, Kent, Suffolk, and Worcestershire.<ref name="EX"/>


The Knotting gall has been recorded throughout the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia - North and Northwest, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden.<ref name="EX">[http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/Flies/Chirosia_betuleti.html Leaf and Stem Mines] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
As shown, the knotting gall has been recorded throughout the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia – north and north-west, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden.<ref name="EX"/>


==Parasitoids==
==Parasitoids==
Braconid wasps of the genus ''Aphaereta'' and eulophid wasps of the genera ''Dimmockia'' and ''Elachertus'' have been identified as parasitoids of ''C. betuleti''.<ref>[http://biostor.org/reference/56267 BioStor] Retrieved : 2011-07-28</ref>
[[Braconidae|Braconid]] wasps of the genus ''Aphaereta'' and [[Eulophidae|eulophid]] wasps of the genera ''[[Dimmockia]]'' and ''[[Elachertus]]'' have been identified as [[parasitoids]] of ''C. betuleti''.<ref name="BioStor"/>

== See also ==
* [[Fern sports]]


== References ==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Notes
⚫
{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
;Sources
⚫
{{Commons category|Chirosia betuleti}}
* Darlington, Arnold (1968). ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour''. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8
* Darlington, Arnold (1968). ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour''. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset. {{ISBN|0-7137-0748-8}}
* Hancy, Rex (2000). ''The Study of Plant Galls in Norfolk.'' The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist's Society.
* Hancy, Rex (2000). ''The Study of Plant Galls in Norfolk.'' The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist's Society.
* Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). ''British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi.'' AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. ISBN 1-85153-214-5.
* Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. ISBN 0-9511582-0-1.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5101991}}


⚫
[[Category:Anthomyiidae]]
⚫
{{commons cat|Chirosia betuleti}}
[[Category:Diptera of Europe]]
{{commons cat|Knotting gall}}
[[Category:Gall-inducing insects]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1935]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Oscar Ringdahl]]

Latest revision as of 16:59, 28 December 2023

Chirosia betuleti
Chirosia betuleti female
Knotting gall on broad buckler fern
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Anthomyiidae
Genus: Chirosia
Species:
C. betuleti
Binomial name
Chirosia betuleti
(Ringdahl, 1935)
Synonyms
  • Hylemyia betuleti Ringdahl, 1935
  • Chirosia signata (Brischke, 1888)
  • Melinia carinata (Tiensuu, 1939)

Chirosia betuleti is a species of fly, which causes knotting gall in ferns. The gall develops in the terminal shoots of ferns, such as broad buckler fern (Dryopteris dilatata), male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), and ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris).[1][2][3]

The physical appearance of the galls[edit]

The fly larva mines the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious knot or mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside, a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the trichomes, causing it to coil. Usually, only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass.[4]

Lifecycle[edit]

Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the trichomes in the groove of the rachis, causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates up to nine fronds in 13 on a single plant have been noted.[3]

Distribution[edit]

Broad buckler fern with a knotting gall

The knotting gall is found in Cornwall, Wiltshire, Worcester, Hants, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Berkshire, Cardiganshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, East Norfolk, Suffolk, Easterness, Elgin, Flintshire, North Ayrshire, Herefordshire, Merionethshire, Perth, Yorkshire, Montgomeryshire, Lincolnshire, Somerset, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Devon, Hampshire, Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Gloucestershire, Kent, Suffolk, and Worcestershire.[4]

As shown, the knotting gall has been recorded throughout the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia – north and north-west, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden.[4]

Parasitoids[edit]

Braconid wasps of the genus Aphaereta and eulophid wasps of the genera Dimmockia and Elachertus have been identified as parasitoids of C. betuleti.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. ISBN 0-9511582-0-1., p. 80
  2. ^ Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi. AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. ISBN 1-85153-214-5, p. 288
  3. ^ a b c BioStor Retrieved: 2011-07-28
  4. ^ a b c Leaf and Stem Mines Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved : 2011-07-28

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chirosia betuleti.
  • Darlington, Arnold (1968). The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8
  • Hancy, Rex (2000). The Study of Plant Galls in Norfolk. The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist's Society.
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