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{{Short description|Genus of annelids}}
{{italic title}}
{{otheruses|Harmothoe (disambiguation)}}
{{For|greek myth figure|Harmothoe (mythology)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Harmothoe''
| image = Harmothoe sp (13984527274).jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_caption = ''Harmothoe'' sp.
| phylum = [[Annelida]]
| image_upright =
| classis = [[Polychaeta]]
| image_alt =
| subclassis = [[Palpata]]
| taxon = Harmothoe
| ordo = [[Phyllodocida]]
| authority = [[Hjalmar Kinberg|Kinberg]], 1856
| familia = [[Polynoidae]]
| synonyms =
| subfamilia = [[Polynoinae]]
| genus = '''''Harmothoe'''''
| type_species = ''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]''
| genus_authority = [[Hjalmar Kinberg|Kinberg]], 1856
| type_species_authority = Kinberg, 1856
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision_ranks = Species
}}
}}
'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family [[Polynoidae]]. The name comes from an [[Amazons|Amazon]].


'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family ''[[Polynoidae]]'' (scale worms). Species of ''Harmothoe'' are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}
==Species==
</ref>


== Description ==
''Harmothoe'' includes following species:
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The [[prostomium]] is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The [[Parapodia|neuropodia]] are elongate and tapering. The [[Chaeta|notoochaetae]] are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The [[Chaeta|neurochaetae]] also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>


== Biology ==
{{columns-list|3;font-style:italic|

*''[[Harmothoe acanellae]]''
''Harmothoe'' is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref>
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]''

*''[[Harmothoe aequiseta]]''
== Taxonomic comments ==
*''[[Harmothoe agulhana]]''

*''[[Harmothoe antilopis]]''
In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]],<ref name=barnich2000 /> [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Northeast Atlantic|Northeast Atlantic]]<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the [[Subantarctic]] and [[Antarctic]].<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>
*''[[Harmothoe areolata]]''

*''[[Harmothoe aspera]]''
==Species==
*''[[Harmothoe benthaliana]]''
The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read/>
*''[[Harmothoe beringiana]]''
{{Columns-list|
*''[[Harmothoe corralophila]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crassicirrata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe abyssicola]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe crucis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]'' Andrews, 1891
*''[[Harmothoe dearborni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe acuminata]]'' Willey, 1902
*''[[Harmothoe dictyophora]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aequespina]]'' (Langerhans, 1884)
*''[[Harmothoe elisabethae]]''
*''[[Harmothoe africana]]'' Augener, 1918
*''[[Harmothoe extenuata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe africanus]]'' (Hartman, 1976)
*''[[Harmothoe floccosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe anoculata]]'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1975)
*''[[Harmothoe forcipata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe antarctica]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe fragilis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe antilopes]]'' McIntosh, 1876
*''[[Harmothoe fraserthomsoni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe areolata]]'' (Grube, 1860)
*''[[Harmothoe fusca]]''
*''[[Harmothoe asiatica]]'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe gilchristi]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aspera]]'' (Hansen, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe goreensis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe assimilis]]'' (Örsted, 1843)
*''[[Harmothoe haliaeti]]''
*''[[Harmothoe atra]]'' Horst, 1915
*''[[Harmothoe hirsuta]]''
*''[[Harmothoe augeneri]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe hyalonemae]]''
*''[[Harmothoe australis]]'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[[Harmothoe imbricata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe balboensis]]'' Monro, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe impar]]''
*''[[Harmothoe bellani]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2000
*''[[Harmothoe johnstoni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe benthaliana]]'' McIntosh, 1885
*''[[Harmothoe lagiscoides]]''
*''[[Harmothoe benthophila]]'' Ehlers, 1913
*''[[Harmothoe lamellifora]]''
*''[[Harmothoe beringiana]]'' Annenkova, 1952
*''[[Harmothoe ljungmani]]''
*''[[Harmothoe borealis]]'' (Théel, 1879)
*''[[Harmothoe longisetis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe branchiata]]'' Hartman, 1976
*''[[Harmothoe macginitiei]]''
*''[[Harmothoe campoglacialis]]'' Hilbig & Montiel, 2000
*''[[Harmothoe maxillospinosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe capensis]]'' (Willey, 1904)
*''[[Harmothoe mexicana]]''
*''[[Harmothoe capitulifera]]'' Ditlevsen, 1911
*''[[Harmothoe multisetosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe casabullicola]]'' Brito, Nuñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe nodosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cascabullicola]]'' Brito, Núñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe oerstedi]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cedrici]]'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[[Harmothoe priops]]''
*''[[Harmothoe charlottae]]'' Hutchings & Murray, 1984
*''[[Harmothoe profunda]]''
*''[[Harmothoe ciliata]]'' Monro, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe saldanha]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cilielytris]]'' Uschakov, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe scriptoria]]''
*''[[Harmothoe clavigera]]'' (M. Sars, 1863)
*''[[Harmothoe spinifera]]''
*''[[Harmothoe coeliaca]]'' de Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe commensalis]]'' Rozbaczylo & Cañete, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe spinulosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cornuta]]'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[[Harmothoe trilobocephala]]''
*''[[Harmothoe craigsmithi]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe trimaculata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crassicirrata]]'' Johnson, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe unicolor]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crosetensis]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe variegata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crucis]]'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe villosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cylindrica]]'' Imajima, 1997
*''[[Harmothoe violacea]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dannyi]]'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[[Harmothoe waahli]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dearborni]]'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[[Harmothoe derjugini]]'' (Annenkova, 1937)
*''[[Harmothoe dictyophora]]'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe dinardensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe discoveryae]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe eltanina]]'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[[Harmothoe ernesti]]'' Augener, 1931
*''[[Harmothoe evei]]'' Kirkegaard, 1980
*''[[Harmothoe exanthema]]'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe extenuata]]'' (Grube, 1840)
*''[[Harmothoe fernandi]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[[Harmothoe flaccida]]'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[[Harmothoe forcipata]]'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe fragilis]]'' Moore, 1910
*''[[Harmothoe fraserthomsoni]]'' McIntosh, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe fuligineum]]'' (Baird, 1865)
*''[[Harmothoe fullo]]'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe fusca]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe fuscaspinae]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe gilchristi]]'' Day, 1960
*''[[Harmothoe glabra]]'' (Malmgren, 1865)
*''[[Harmothoe globifera]]'' (Sars G.O., 1873)
*''[[Harmothoe globosa]]'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[[Harmothoe glomerosa]]'' Imajima, 1997
*''[[Harmothoe gordae]]'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[[Harmothoe goreensis]]'' Augener, 1918
*''[[Harmothoe grisea]]'' (Grube, 1870)
*''[[Harmothoe gruzovi]]'' Averincev, 1972
*''[[Harmothoe hanleyi]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe helderensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe hirsuta]]'' Johnson, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe hollisi]]'' Pettibone, 1989
*''[[Harmothoe holothuricola]]'' Izuka, 1912
*''[[Harmothoe hyalonemae]]'' Martin, Rossel & Uriz, 1992
*''[[Harmothoe imbricata]]'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
*''[[Harmothoe impar]]'' (Johnston, 1839)
*''[[Harmothoe ingolfiana]]'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[[Harmothoe johnstoni]]'' (McIntosh, 1876)
*''[[Harmothoe joubini]]'' Fauvel, 1913
*''[[Harmothoe juvenalis]]'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe kieliensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe lanceocirrata]]'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe liaoi]]'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[[Harmothoe longidentis]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe longisetis]]'' (Grube, 1863)
*''[[Harmothoe macginitiei]]'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[[Harmothoe macnabi]]'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[[Harmothoe macquoriensis]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe macrolepidota]]'' (Schmarda, 1861)
*''[[Harmothoe madrynensis]]'' Barnich, Orensanz & Fiege, 2012
*''[[Harmothoe magellanica]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe marerubrum]]'' Wehe, 2006
*''[[Harmothoe mariannae]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[[Harmothoe melanicornis]]'' Britaev, 1981
*''[[Harmothoe meteroae]]'' Augener, 1931
*''[[Harmothoe micraspis]]'' Eliason, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe muiri]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe multisetosa]]'' (Moore, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe norvegica]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe notochaetosa]]'' Lopez & San Martín, 1996
*''[[Harmothoe oculinarum]]'' (Storm, 1879)
*''[[Harmothoe ornatus]]'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[[Harmothoe pagenstecheri]]'' Michaelsen, 1896
*''[[Harmothoe panamensis]]'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[[Harmothoe paraminuta]]'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1984
*''[[Harmothoe paxtoni]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe pentactae]]'' (Giard, 1886)
*''[[Harmothoe picta]]'' Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[[Harmothoe pokoui]]'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
*''[[Harmothoe praeclara]]'' (Haswell, 1883)
*''[[Harmothoe profunda]]'' Day, 1963
*''[[Harmothoe propinqua]]'' (Malmgren, 1867)
*''[[Harmothoe pulchella]]'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe quadriceps]]'' Grube in Augener, 1922
*''[[Harmothoe quadrituberculata]]'' Augener, 1922
*''[[Harmothoe rarispina]]'' (M. Sars, 1861)
*''[[Harmothoe reticulata]]'' (Claparède, 1870)
*''[[Harmothoe rottnestensis]]'' Hanley, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe ruthae]]'' Miranda & Brasil, 2014
*''[[Harmothoe saldanha]]'' Day, 1953
*''[[Harmothoe sanctaehelenae]]'' Day, 1949
*''[[Harmothoe serrata]]'' Day, 1963
*''[[Harmothoe setosissima]]'' (Lamarck, 1818)
*''[[Harmothoe sexdentata]]'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe sinensis]]'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[[Harmothoe spinifera]]'' (Ehlers, 1864)
*''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]'' Kinberg, 1856
*''[[Harmothoe spongicola]]'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe stephensoni]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe sylliformia]]'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe synaptae]]'' Saint-Joseph, 1906
*''[[Harmothoe tahitiensis]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe talismani]]'' Roule, 1898
*''[[Harmothoe tenuisetis]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe triannulata]]'' Moore, 1910
*''[[Harmothoe tridestinensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe trimaculata]]'' (Treadwell, 1924)
*''[[Harmothoe turbinata]]'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe vagabunda]]'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[[Harmothoe vesiculosa]]'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[[Harmothoe villosa]]'' Treadwell, 1926
*''[[Harmothoe vinogradovae]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe viridis]]'' Loshamn, 1981
*''[[Harmothoe viscayensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe vittata]]'' Trautsch, 1889
*''[[Harmothoe vossae]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe waahli]]'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe watsoni]]'' McIntosh, 1919
*''[[Harmothoe westoni]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe yendoi]]'' Izuka, 1912
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Harmothoe.html#Harmothoe Animal Diversity Web]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3647957}}
{{annelid-stub}}


[[Category:Polychaetes]]
[[Category:Polychaete genera]]
[[Category:Phyllodocida]]
[[Category:Bioluminescent annelids]]


{{annelid-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:18, 1 January 2024

For greek myth figure, see Harmothoe (mythology).

Harmothoe
Harmothoe sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Polynoidae
Genus: Harmothoe
Kinberg, 1856
Type species
Harmothoe spinosa
Kinberg, 1856

Harmothoe is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family Polynoidae (scale worms). Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.[1]

Description[edit]

Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of elytra and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The prostomium is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The neuropodia are elongate and tapering. The notoochaetae are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The neurochaetae also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.[2]

Biology[edit]

Harmothoe is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.[3]

Taxonomic comments[edit]

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of Harmothoe from the Mediterranean,[2] Northeast Atlantic[4] and from the Subantarctic and Antarctic.[5]

Species[edit]

The genus Harmothoe includes 152 species as of June 2020[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Read, Geoffrey B.; Fauchald, Kristian (2020). "The World Polychaeta Database".
  2. ^ a b Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783
  3. ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
  4. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1
  5. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044


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