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{{short description|Genus of annelids}}
{{Short description|Genus of annelids}}
{{other uses|Harmothoe (disambiguation)}}
{{For|greek myth figure|Harmothoe (mythology)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Harmothoe''
| image = Harmothoe sp (13984527274).jpg
| image = Harmothoe sp (13984527274).jpg
| image_alt = "Harmothoe" sp.
| image_caption = ''Harmothoe'' sp.
| image_caption = ''Harmothoe'' sp.
| image_upright =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_alt =
| phylum = [[Annelid]]a
| taxon = Harmothoe
| classis = [[polychaete|Polychaeta]]
| subclassis = [[Palpata]]
| authority = [[Hjalmar Kinberg|Kinberg]], 1856
| synonyms =
| ordo = [[Phyllodocida]]
| familia = [[Polynoidae]]
| type_species = ''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]''
| type_species_authority = Kinberg, 1856
| subfamilia = [[Polynoinae]]
| genus = '''''Harmothoe'''''
| genus_authority = [[Hjalmar Kinberg|Kinberg]], 1856
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision_ranks = Species
}}
}}


'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family ''[[Polynoidae]]''. The name comes from an [[Amazons|Amazon]].
'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family ''[[Polynoidae]]'' (scale worms). Species of ''Harmothoe'' are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}
</ref>


== Description ==
The genus contains bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163}}</ref>
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The [[prostomium]] is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The [[Parapodia|neuropodia]] are elongate and tapering. The [[Chaeta|notoochaetae]] are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The [[Chaeta|neurochaetae]] also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>

== Biology ==

''Harmothoe'' is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref>

== Taxonomic comments ==

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]],<ref name=barnich2000 /> [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Northeast Atlantic|Northeast Atlantic]]<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the [[Subantarctic]] and [[Antarctic]].<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
''Harmothoe'' includes following species:
The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read/>
{{Columns-list|
{{columns-list|style=font-style:italic;|
*''[[Harmothoe acanellae]]''
*''[[Harmothoe abyssicola]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]'' Andrews, 1891
*''[[Harmothoe aequiseta]]''
*''[[Harmothoe acuminata]]'' Willey, 1902
*''[[Harmothoe agulhana]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aequespina]]'' (Langerhans, 1884)
*''[[Harmothoe antilopis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe africana]]'' Augener, 1918
*''[[Harmothoe areolata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe africanus]]'' (Hartman, 1976)
*''[[Harmothoe aspera]]''
*''[[Harmothoe anoculata]]'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1975)
*''[[Harmothoe benthaliana]]''
*''[[Harmothoe antarctica]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe beringiana]]''
*''[[Harmothoe antilopes]]'' McIntosh, 1876
*''[[Harmothoe corralophila]]''
*''[[Harmothoe areolata]]'' (Grube, 1860)
*''[[Harmothoe crassicirrata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe asiatica]]'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe crucis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe aspera]]'' (Hansen, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe dearborni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe assimilis]]'' (Örsted, 1843)
*''[[Harmothoe dictyophora]]''
*''[[Harmothoe atra]]'' Horst, 1915
*''[[Harmothoe elisabethae]]''
*''[[Harmothoe augeneri]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe extenuata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe australis]]'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[[Harmothoe floccosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe balboensis]]'' Monro, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe forcipata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe bellani]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2000
*''[[Harmothoe fragilis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe benthaliana]]'' McIntosh, 1885
*''[[Harmothoe fraserthomsoni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe benthophila]]'' Ehlers, 1913
*''[[Harmothoe fusca]]''
*''[[Harmothoe beringiana]]'' Annenkova, 1952
*''[[Harmothoe gilchristi]]''
*''[[Harmothoe borealis]]'' (Théel, 1879)
*''[[Harmothoe goreensis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe branchiata]]'' Hartman, 1976
*''[[Harmothoe haliaeti]]''
*''[[Harmothoe campoglacialis]]'' Hilbig & Montiel, 2000
*''[[Harmothoe hirsuta]]''
*''[[Harmothoe capensis]]'' (Willey, 1904)
*''[[Harmothoe hyalonemae]]''
*''[[Harmothoe capitulifera]]'' Ditlevsen, 1911
*''[[Harmothoe imbricata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe casabullicola]]'' Brito, Nuñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe impar]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cascabullicola]]'' Brito, Núñez & Bacallado, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe johnstoni]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cedrici]]'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[[Harmothoe lagiscoides]]''
*''[[Harmothoe charlottae]]'' Hutchings & Murray, 1984
*''[[Harmothoe lamellifora]]''
*''[[Harmothoe ciliata]]'' Monro, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe ljungmani]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cilielytris]]'' Uschakov, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe longisetis]]''
*''[[Harmothoe clavigera]]'' (M. Sars, 1863)
*''[[Harmothoe macginitiei]]''
*''[[Harmothoe coeliaca]]'' de Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[[Harmothoe maxillospinosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe commensalis]]'' Rozbaczylo & Cañete, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe mexicana]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cornuta]]'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[[Harmothoe multisetosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe craigsmithi]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe nodosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crassicirrata]]'' Johnson, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe oerstedi]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crosetensis]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe priops]]''
*''[[Harmothoe crucis]]'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe profunda]]''
*''[[Harmothoe cylindrica]]'' Imajima, 1997
*''[[Harmothoe saldanha]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dannyi]]'' Barnich, Beuck & Freiwald, 2013
*''[[Harmothoe scriptoria]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dearborni]]'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[[Harmothoe spinifera]]''
*''[[Harmothoe derjugini]]'' (Annenkova, 1937)
*''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dictyophora]]'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe spinulosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe dinardensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe trilobocephala]]''
*''[[Harmothoe discoveryae]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe trimaculata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe eltanina]]'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[[Harmothoe unicolor]]''
*''[[Harmothoe ernesti]]'' Augener, 1931
*''[[Harmothoe variegata]]''
*''[[Harmothoe evei]]'' Kirkegaard, 1980
*''[[Harmothoe villosa]]''
*''[[Harmothoe exanthema]]'' (Grube, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe waahli]]''
*''[[Harmothoe extenuata]]'' (Grube, 1840)
*''[[Harmothoe fernandi]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[[Harmothoe flaccida]]'' (Potts, 1910)
*''[[Harmothoe forcipata]]'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe fragilis]]'' Moore, 1910
*''[[Harmothoe fraserthomsoni]]'' McIntosh, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe fuligineum]]'' (Baird, 1865)
*''[[Harmothoe fullo]]'' (Grube, 1878)
*''[[Harmothoe fusca]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe fuscaspinae]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe gilchristi]]'' Day, 1960
*''[[Harmothoe glabra]]'' (Malmgren, 1865)
*''[[Harmothoe globifera]]'' (Sars G.O., 1873)
*''[[Harmothoe globosa]]'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[[Harmothoe glomerosa]]'' Imajima, 1997
*''[[Harmothoe gordae]]'' Pettibone, 1990
*''[[Harmothoe goreensis]]'' Augener, 1918
*''[[Harmothoe grisea]]'' (Grube, 1870)
*''[[Harmothoe gruzovi]]'' Averincev, 1972
*''[[Harmothoe hanleyi]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe helderensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe hirsuta]]'' Johnson, 1897
*''[[Harmothoe hollisi]]'' Pettibone, 1989
*''[[Harmothoe holothuricola]]'' Izuka, 1912
*''[[Harmothoe hyalonemae]]'' Martin, Rossel & Uriz, 1992
*''[[Harmothoe imbricata]]'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
*''[[Harmothoe impar]]'' (Johnston, 1839)
*''[[Harmothoe ingolfiana]]'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[[Harmothoe johnstoni]]'' (McIntosh, 1876)
*''[[Harmothoe joubini]]'' Fauvel, 1913
*''[[Harmothoe juvenalis]]'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe kieliensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe lanceocirrata]]'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe liaoi]]'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[[Harmothoe longidentis]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe longisetis]]'' (Grube, 1863)
*''[[Harmothoe macginitiei]]'' Pettibone, 1955
*''[[Harmothoe macnabi]]'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[[Harmothoe macquoriensis]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe macrolepidota]]'' (Schmarda, 1861)
*''[[Harmothoe madrynensis]]'' Barnich, Orensanz & Fiege, 2012
*''[[Harmothoe magellanica]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe marerubrum]]'' Wehe, 2006
*''[[Harmothoe mariannae]]'' Barnich & Fiege, 2009
*''[[Harmothoe melanicornis]]'' Britaev, 1981
*''[[Harmothoe meteroae]]'' Augener, 1931
*''[[Harmothoe micraspis]]'' Eliason, 1962
*''[[Harmothoe muiri]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe multisetosa]]'' (Moore, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe norvegica]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe notochaetosa]]'' Lopez & San Martín, 1996
*''[[Harmothoe oculinarum]]'' (Storm, 1879)
*''[[Harmothoe ornatus]]'' (Hartman, 1967)
*''[[Harmothoe pagenstecheri]]'' Michaelsen, 1896
*''[[Harmothoe panamensis]]'' Kirkegaard, 1995
*''[[Harmothoe paraminuta]]'' Hartmann-Schröder, 1984
*''[[Harmothoe paxtoni]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe pentactae]]'' (Giard, 1886)
*''[[Harmothoe picta]]'' Saint-Joseph, 1888
*''[[Harmothoe pokoui]]'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
*''[[Harmothoe praeclara]]'' (Haswell, 1883)
*''[[Harmothoe profunda]]'' Day, 1963
*''[[Harmothoe propinqua]]'' (Malmgren, 1867)
*''[[Harmothoe pulchella]]'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe quadriceps]]'' Grube in Augener, 1922
*''[[Harmothoe quadrituberculata]]'' Augener, 1922
*''[[Harmothoe rarispina]]'' (M. Sars, 1861)
*''[[Harmothoe reticulata]]'' (Claparède, 1870)
*''[[Harmothoe rottnestensis]]'' Hanley, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe ruthae]]'' Miranda & Brasil, 2014
*''[[Harmothoe saldanha]]'' Day, 1953
*''[[Harmothoe sanctaehelenae]]'' Day, 1949
*''[[Harmothoe serrata]]'' Day, 1963
*''[[Harmothoe setosissima]]'' (Lamarck, 1818)
*''[[Harmothoe sexdentata]]'' (Marenzeller, 1902)
*''[[Harmothoe sinensis]]'' Barnich, Sun & Fiege, 2004
*''[[Harmothoe spinifera]]'' (Ehlers, 1864)
*''[[Harmothoe spinosa]]'' Kinberg, 1856
*''[[Harmothoe spongicola]]'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe stephensoni]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe sylliformia]]'' Treadwell, 1928
*''[[Harmothoe synaptae]]'' Saint-Joseph, 1906
*''[[Harmothoe tahitiensis]]'' Pettibone, 1993
*''[[Harmothoe talismani]]'' Roule, 1898
*''[[Harmothoe tenuisetis]]'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*''[[Harmothoe triannulata]]'' Moore, 1910
*''[[Harmothoe tridestinensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe trimaculata]]'' (Treadwell, 1924)
*''[[Harmothoe turbinata]]'' Hanley & Burke, 1991
*''[[Harmothoe vagabunda]]'' Pettibone, 1985
*''[[Harmothoe vesiculosa]]'' Ditlevsen, 1917
*''[[Harmothoe villosa]]'' Treadwell, 1926
*''[[Harmothoe vinogradovae]]'' Averincev, 1978
*''[[Harmothoe viridis]]'' Loshamn, 1981
*''[[Harmothoe viscayensis]]'' Nolte, 1936
*''[[Harmothoe vittata]]'' Trautsch, 1889
*''[[Harmothoe vossae]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2003
*''[[Harmothoe waahli]]'' (Kinberg, 1856)
*''[[Harmothoe watsoni]]'' McIntosh, 1919
*''[[Harmothoe westoni]]'' Salazar-Silva, 2010
*''[[Harmothoe yendoi]]'' Izuka, 1912
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Harmothoe.html#Harmothoe Animal Diversity Web]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3647957}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3647957}}

Latest revision as of 00:18, 1 January 2024

For greek myth figure, see Harmothoe (mythology).

Harmothoe
Harmothoe sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Polynoidae
Genus: Harmothoe
Kinberg, 1856
Type species
Harmothoe spinosa
Kinberg, 1856

Harmothoe is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family Polynoidae (scale worms). Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.[1]

Description[edit]

Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of elytra and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The prostomium is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The neuropodia are elongate and tapering. The notoochaetae are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The neurochaetae also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.[2]

Biology[edit]

Harmothoe is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.[3]

Taxonomic comments[edit]

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of Harmothoe from the Mediterranean,[2] Northeast Atlantic[4] and from the Subantarctic and Antarctic.[5]

Species[edit]

The genus Harmothoe includes 152 species as of June 2020[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Read, Geoffrey B.; Fauchald, Kristian (2020). "The World Polychaeta Database".
  2. ^ a b Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783
  3. ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
  4. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1
  5. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044


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