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{{Short description|Genus of annelids}}

{{For|greek myth figure|Harmothoe (mythology)}}
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{{short description|Genus of annelids}}
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'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family ''[[Polynoidae]]''.
'''''Harmothoe''''' is a genus of marine [[Polychaete]] worms belonging to the family ''[[Polynoidae]]'' (scale worms). Species of ''Harmothoe'' are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}
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Harmothoe is a genus of marine annelids in the family Polynoidae (scale worms). Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.The genus is one of many in the family that contain bioluminescent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herring |first1=Peter J. |title=Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms |journal=Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence |date=1987 |issue=3|volume=1 |pages=147–163|doi=10.1002/bio.1170010303 |pmid=3503524 }}</ref><ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}
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== Description ==
== Description ==
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The [[Prostomium|prostomium]] is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The [[Parapodia|neuropodia]] are elongate and tapering. The [[Chaeta|notoochaetae]] are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The [[Chaeta|neurochaetae]] also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of [[elytron (Annelida)|elytra]] and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The [[prostomium]] is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The [[Parapodia|neuropodia]] are elongate and tapering. The [[Chaeta|notoochaetae]] are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The [[Chaeta|neurochaetae]] also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.<ref name=barnich2000>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783</ref>


== Biology ==
== Biology ==
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== Taxonomic comments ==
== Taxonomic comments ==


In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the [[Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean]]<ref name=barnich2000></ref>, [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Northeast Atlantic|Northeast Atlantic]]<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the [[Subantarctic]] and [[Antarctic]]<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>.
In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of ''Harmothoe'' from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]],<ref name=barnich2000 /> [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic Northeast Atlantic|Northeast Atlantic]]<ref name=barnich2009>Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1</ref> and from the [[Subantarctic]] and [[Antarctic]].<ref name=barnich2006>Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read>{{Cite web| last1 = Read| first1 = Geoffrey B.| last2 = Fauchald| first2 = Kristian| title = The World Polychaeta Database| date = 2020| url = http://www.marinespecies.org/polychaeta/}}</ref>:
The genus ''Harmothoe'' includes 152 species as of June 2020<ref name=read/>
{{columns-list|
{{Columns-list|
*''[[Harmothoe abyssicola]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe abyssicola]]'' Bidenkap, 1895
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]'' Andrews, 1891
*''[[Harmothoe aculeata]]'' Andrews, 1891
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />



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Latest revision as of 00:18, 1 January 2024

For greek myth figure, see Harmothoe (mythology).

Harmothoe
Harmothoe sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Polynoidae
Genus: Harmothoe
Kinberg, 1856
Type species
Harmothoe spinosa
Kinberg, 1856

Harmothoe is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family Polynoidae (scale worms). Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.[1]

Description[edit]

Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of elytra and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered. The prostomium is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface. There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The neuropodia are elongate and tapering. The notoochaetae are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The neurochaetae also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.[2]

Biology[edit]

Harmothoe is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.[3]

Taxonomic comments[edit]

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of Harmothoe from the Mediterranean,[2] Northeast Atlantic[4] and from the Subantarctic and Antarctic.[5]

Species[edit]

The genus Harmothoe includes 152 species as of June 2020[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Read, Geoffrey B.; Fauchald, Kristian (2020). "The World Polychaeta Database".
  2. ^ a b Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Revision of the Mediterranean species of Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 and Lagisca Malmgren, 1865 Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Polynoinae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new species. Journal of Natural History 34: 1889–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050144783
  3. ^ Herring, Peter J. (1987). "Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1 (3): 147–163. doi:10.1002/bio.1170010303. PMID 3503524.
  4. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D (2000) Barnich R, Fiege D (2009) Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic. Zootaxa 2104: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2104.1.1
  5. ^ Barnich R, Fiege D, Micaletto G, Gambi MC (2006) Redescription of Harmothoe spinosa Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and related species from Subantarctic and Antarctic waters, with the erection of a new genus. Journal of Natural History 40: 33–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500445044


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