Chiropsoides: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of jellyfishes}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Chiropsoides buitendijki 001A.jpg |
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| parent_authority = Thiel, 1936 |
| parent_authority = Thiel, 1936 |
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| taxon = Chiropsoides buitendijki |
| taxon = Chiropsoides buitendijki |
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'''''Chiropsoides''''' is a genus of [[box jellyfish]] in the family [[Chiropsalmidae]]. It is monotypic, with a single species, '''''Chiropsoides buitendijki'''''. The most distinct species characteristics are the shape of the [[gastric saccules]], the [[pedalial canals]], and the unilateral pedalial branching. |
'''''Chiropsoides''''' is a genus of [[box jellyfish]] in the family [[Chiropsalmidae]]. It is monotypic, with a single species, '''''Chiropsoides buitendijki'''''. The most distinct species characteristics are the shape of the [[gastric saccules]], the [[pedalial canals]], and the unilateral pedalial branching. |
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== Anatomy and |
== Anatomy and morphology == |
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As members of the phylum [[Cnidaria]]'', C. buitendijki'' have flexible, tubule-shaped stinging cells called [[nematocysts]] that coil within a capsule structure and can be launched outward to deliver a sting to prey. Many jellyfish of the class [[Box jellyfish|Cubozoa]] have tubules that can be categorized as microbasic, meaning that the tubule is not longer than the capsule and thus does not need to coil up to fit inside.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gershwin|first=Lisa-Ann|date=2006|title=Nematocysts of the Cubozoa|url=http://t.stingeradvisor.com/files/Gershwin%202006b%20-%20Nematocysts%20of%20the%20Cubozoa.pdf|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1232| |
As members of the phylum [[Cnidaria]]'', C. buitendijki'' have flexible, tubule-shaped stinging cells called [[nematocysts]] that coil within a capsule structure and can be launched outward to deliver a sting to prey. Many jellyfish of the class [[Box jellyfish|Cubozoa]] have tubules that can be categorized as microbasic, meaning that the tubule is not longer than the capsule and thus does not need to coil up to fit inside.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gershwin |first=Lisa-Ann |date=2006 |title=Nematocysts of the Cubozoa |url=http://t.stingeradvisor.com/files/Gershwin%202006b%20-%20Nematocysts%20of%20the%20Cubozoa.pdf|journal=Zootaxa |volume=1232|page=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1232.1.1 }}</ref> More specifically, ''C. buitendijki'' have tubules called mastigophores, meaning "whip-bearing".<ref name=":0" /> Most Cubozoans, including ''C. buitendijki,'' have p-mastigophores, meaning that the shaft and tubule differ noticeably in girth. This structure is believed to carry most of the venom within the entire nematocyst.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The umbrella |
The umbrella-shaped fleshy body of ''C. buitendijki'' has a smooth texture, and the species does not present with any nematocyst warts (freckles).<ref name=":0" /> The umbrella can reach about {{cvt|100|cm}} in diameter in adult specimens, and harbors the typical cuboid shape of other box jellyfish.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Rizman-Idid |first=Mohammed |date=2016 |title=Preliminary Taxonomic Survey and Molecular Documentation of Jellyfish Species (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia |url=https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00004295_141795.pdf |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=55|issue=55 |pages=e35 |doi=10.6620/ZS.2016.55-35 |pmid=31966180 |pmc=6511900 }}</ref> The species also has six functional eyes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Sucharitakul |first=Phuping |date=2016 |title=DNA sequencing complements morphological identification of Chiropsoides from Nam Bor Bay, Phuket, Thailand|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301794131 |journal=Phuket Marine Biology Center Research Bulletin |volume=73|pages=7–14}}</ref> |
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Species (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia|url=https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00004295_141795.pdf|journal=Zoological Studies|volume=55|pages=|via=}}</ref> The species also has 6 functional eyes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sucharitakul|first=Phuping|date=2016|title=DNA sequencing complements morphological |
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identification of Chiropsoides from Nam Bor Bay, Phuket, Thailand|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charatsee_Aungtonya/publication/301794131_DNA_sequencing_complements_morphological_identification_of_Chiropsoides_from_Nam_Bor_Bay_Phuket_Thailand/links/5a02e6d2aca2720c32637525/DNA-sequencing-complements-morphological-identification-of-Chiropsoides-from-Nam-Bor-Bay-Phuket-Thailand.pdf|journal=Phuket Marine Biology Center Research Bulletin|volume=73|pages=7-14|via=}}</ref> |
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== Behavior == |
== Behavior == |
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Most studies of ''C. buitendijki'' have focused on partial DNA sequencing, anatomical classification, and morphology studies. There is little known about the species’ behavior and community interaction. |
Most studies of ''C. buitendijki'' have focused on partial DNA sequencing, anatomical classification, and morphology studies. There is little known about the species’ behavior and community interaction. |
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'' |
''Chiropsoides buitendijki'' has potent venom that can harm human skin. Several cases of human injury have been reported off the southern coast of Malaysia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Aungtonya |first=Charatsee |date=2018 |title=The genus Chiropsoides (Chirodropida: Chiropsalmidae) from the Andaman Sea, Thai waters |journal=Acta Oceanologica Sinica |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=119–125|doi=10.1007/s13131-018-1311-4 |bibcode=2018AcOSn..37j.119A |s2cid=134296421 }}</ref> The sting marks left by the species are very distinctive because of the unique shape of their nematocysts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Species identification is therefore important in treating jellyfish stings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burke|first=William|date=2002|title=Cnidarians and human skin|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=15|pages=18–25|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8019.2002.01508.x|s2cid=86702470|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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Chiropsalmidae) from the Andaman Sea, Thai waters|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13131-018-1311-4.pdf|journal=Acta Oceanologica Sinica|volume=37|pages=119-125|via=}}</ref> The sting marks left by the species are very distinctive because of the unique shape of their nematocysts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Species identification is therefore important in treating jellyfish stings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burke|first=William|date=2002|title=Cnidarians and human skin|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1529-8019.2002.01508.x|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=15|pages=|via=}}</ref> |
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== Classification == |
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The similar species ''Chiropsoides quadrigatus'' may be the same species as ''C. buitendijki;'' this has been debated since some of the “distinct” features of ''C. quadrigatus'' too closely resemble those same “distinct” features found in ''C. buitendijki.'' Distinctive features are what identify a species as their own unique taxonomic group. If the features that distinguish each of these species are the same, then it is possible they are in fact one species. More sampling and [[necropsies]] are needed to make a clearer distinction.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bentlage|first=Bastian|date=2009|title=Inferring distributions of chirodropid box-jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in geographic and ecological space using ecological niche modeling|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2009/384/m384p121.pdf|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=284|pages=121–133|doi=10.3354/meps08012|bibcode=2009MEPS..384..121B|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Habitat == |
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''Chiropsoides buitendijki'' have been recorded in the [[Indo-Pacific]], specifically sighted in [[India]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indochina]].<ref name=":1" /> They live in [[Mangrove|mangrove forests]] and other [[coastal ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> A few sightings of the species have also been reported in the [[Philippines]] and [[Australia]]. The species closely resembles other species of box jelly, and its habitats have been found to coexist with other [[Chirodropidae]], such as ''[[Chironex yamaguchii]]'' and ''[[Chironex fleckeri]]''; it is quite possible that sightings in Australia and the Philippines have been misidentifications. The range of the species could also be an underestimation due to undersampling and a lack of scientific study of the species.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Threats == |
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''Chiropsoides buitendijki'' have been shown to experience [[Algal bloom|blooms]] in coastal [[upwelling]] regions, especially after [[monsoon]] season when the nutrients in the water are well mixed and distributed. However, these blooms in the Indian Ocean bring large numbers of jellyfish to coastal waters, where they are susceptible to [[bycatch]] from large fishing vessels. The jellyfish are not typically eaten, so a majority of catch is discarded on board.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1859415|from2=Q4013096}} |
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1859415|from2=Q4013096}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Chiropsalmidae]] |
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[[Category:Medusozoa genera]] |
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[[Category:Animals described in 1907]] |
[[Category:Animals described in 1907]] |
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[[Category:Monotypic cnidarian genera]] |
[[Category:Monotypic cnidarian genera]] |
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{{Medusozoa-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 05:51, 14 February 2024
| Chiropsoides | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Cubozoa |
| Order: | Chirodropida |
| Family: | Chiropsalmidae |
| Genus: | Chiropsoides Thiel, 1936 |
| Species: | C. buitendijki
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| Binomial name | |
| Chiropsoides buitendijki (van der Horst, 1907)
| |
Chiropsoides is a genus of box jellyfish in the family Chiropsalmidae. It is monotypic, with a single species, Chiropsoides buitendijki. The most distinct species characteristics are the shape of the gastric saccules, the pedalial canals, and the unilateral pedalial branching.
Anatomy and morphology[edit]
As members of the phylum Cnidaria, C. buitendijki have flexible, tubule-shaped stinging cells called nematocysts that coil within a capsule structure and can be launched outward to deliver a sting to prey. Many jellyfish of the class Cubozoa have tubules that can be categorized as microbasic, meaning that the tubule is not longer than the capsule and thus does not need to coil up to fit inside.[1] More specifically, C. buitendijki have tubules called mastigophores, meaning "whip-bearing".[1] Most Cubozoans, including C. buitendijki, have p-mastigophores, meaning that the shaft and tubule differ noticeably in girth. This structure is believed to carry most of the venom within the entire nematocyst.[1]
The umbrella-shaped fleshy body of C. buitendijki has a smooth texture, and the species does not present with any nematocyst warts (freckles).[1] The umbrella can reach about 100 cm (39 in) in diameter in adult specimens, and harbors the typical cuboid shape of other box jellyfish.[2] The species also has six functional eyes.[3]
Behavior[edit]
Most studies of C. buitendijki have focused on partial DNA sequencing, anatomical classification, and morphology studies. There is little known about the species’ behavior and community interaction.
Chiropsoides buitendijki has potent venom that can harm human skin. Several cases of human injury have been reported off the southern coast of Malaysia.[4] The sting marks left by the species are very distinctive because of the unique shape of their nematocysts.[1][4] Species identification is therefore important in treating jellyfish stings.[5]
Classification[edit]
The similar species Chiropsoides quadrigatus may be the same species as C. buitendijki; this has been debated since some of the “distinct” features of C. quadrigatus too closely resemble those same “distinct” features found in C. buitendijki. Distinctive features are what identify a species as their own unique taxonomic group. If the features that distinguish each of these species are the same, then it is possible they are in fact one species. More sampling and necropsies are needed to make a clearer distinction.[6]
Habitat[edit]
Chiropsoides buitendijki have been recorded in the Indo-Pacific, specifically sighted in India, Malaysia, and Indochina.[4] They live in mangrove forests and other coastal ecosystems.[2] A few sightings of the species have also been reported in the Philippines and Australia. The species closely resembles other species of box jelly, and its habitats have been found to coexist with other Chirodropidae, such as Chironex yamaguchii and Chironex fleckeri; it is quite possible that sightings in Australia and the Philippines have been misidentifications. The range of the species could also be an underestimation due to undersampling and a lack of scientific study of the species.[6]
Threats[edit]
Chiropsoides buitendijki have been shown to experience blooms in coastal upwelling regions, especially after monsoon season when the nutrients in the water are well mixed and distributed. However, these blooms in the Indian Ocean bring large numbers of jellyfish to coastal waters, where they are susceptible to bycatch from large fishing vessels. The jellyfish are not typically eaten, so a majority of catch is discarded on board.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Gershwin, Lisa-Ann (2006). "Nematocysts of the Cubozoa" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1232: 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1232.1.1.
- ^ a b Rizman-Idid, Mohammed (2016). "Preliminary Taxonomic Survey and Molecular Documentation of Jellyfish Species (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 55 (55): e35. doi:10.6620/ZS.2016.55-35. PMC 6511900. PMID 31966180.
- ^ a b Sucharitakul, Phuping (2016). "DNA sequencing complements morphological identification of Chiropsoides from Nam Bor Bay, Phuket, Thailand". Phuket Marine Biology Center Research Bulletin. 73: 7–14.
- ^ a b c Aungtonya, Charatsee (2018). "The genus Chiropsoides (Chirodropida: Chiropsalmidae) from the Andaman Sea, Thai waters". Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 37 (10): 119–125. Bibcode:2018AcOSn..37j.119A. doi:10.1007/s13131-018-1311-4. S2CID 134296421.
- ^ Burke, William (2002). "Cnidarians and human skin". Dermatologic Therapy. 15: 18–25. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2002.01508.x. S2CID 86702470.
- ^ a b Bentlage, Bastian (2009). "Inferring distributions of chirodropid box-jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in geographic and ecological space using ecological niche modeling" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 284: 121–133. Bibcode:2009MEPS..384..121B. doi:10.3354/meps08012.