Ruth Reese: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|American-Norwegian singer, poet, and civil rights activist (1921-1990)}} |
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'''Ruth Reese''' (10 March |
'''Ruth Reese''' (10 March 1921 – 25 October 1990) was an [[African Americans|African American]]-Norwegian singer, writer and civil rights activist. She was one of the first prominent black singers in Norway and was actively involved in the international fight against racism. Over several decades, she contributed significantly to the understanding of African American history and music in Norway.<ref name=kk>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/norway/varden/20130920/282986807628587|title=Kristin arvet både kunnskap og Noter av Ruth Reese|publisher=Varden|date=20 September 2013|access-date=8 March 2018 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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After her graduation, Reese first worked as a physical training instructor and choir director at Madden Park,{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940a|p=40}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940b|p=6}} before being hired as a substitute teacher{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948|p=19}} Throughout the 1940s, Reese performed in the Chicago area, entering musical contests, winning several local awards,{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1946|p=2}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948|p=19}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1949|p=185}} and earning promising reviews.{{sfn|Cassidy|1947|p=13}} In 1949, she appeared in the role of ''Mougali'' in the premiere performance of the opera ''Ouanga'' by [[Clarence Cameron White]].{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}}{{sfn|Cheatham|2004}} Earning acclaim and a scholarship for her performance, Reese moved to New York City, to continue her voice training with [[Léon Rothier]] and [[Lawrence Benjamin Brown|Lawrence Brown]].{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}} |
After her graduation, Reese first worked as a physical training instructor and choir director at Madden Park,{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940a|p=40}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940b|p=6}} before being hired as a substitute teacher{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948|p=19}} Throughout the 1940s, Reese performed in the Chicago area, entering musical contests, winning several local awards,{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1946|p=2}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948|p=19}}{{sfn|''The Chicago Tribune''|1949|p=185}} and earning promising reviews.{{sfn|Cassidy|1947|p=13}} In 1949, she appeared in the role of ''Mougali'' in the premiere performance of the opera ''Ouanga'' by [[Clarence Cameron White]].{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}}{{sfn|Cheatham|2004}} Earning acclaim and a scholarship for her performance, Reese moved to New York City, to continue her voice training with [[Léon Rothier]] and [[Lawrence Benjamin Brown|Lawrence Brown]].{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}} |
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After her concert debut in 1952, Reese moved to England and studied [[Amanda Aldridge]]. Her European debut was at the [[Gaveau#Salle Gaveau|Salle Gaveau]] in Paris in 1953.{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}} Though classically |
After her concert debut in 1952, Reese moved to England and studied [[Amanda Aldridge]]. Her European debut was at the [[Gaveau#Salle Gaveau|Salle Gaveau]] in Paris in 1953.{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}} Though classically trained, she gained her reputation from performing [[Spiritual (music)|Spirituals]], [[Gospel music]] and the [[Blues]] with their roots in African-American tradition.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1990|p=8}} Touring Europe, she performed both on stage and on the airwaves in Czechoslovakia, England, France, Israel, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and throughout Scandinavia.{{sfn|''The Black Rose''|1964|p=4}} She first came to Norway in 1956, where she drew attention for the color of her skin, often billed as a ''negersangerinne'' (negro songstress). At the time, Norwegian society viewed itself as [[homogeneous]]ly white and had not recognized its indigenous or national minority populations. Reese found similar situations to those she had experienced in the United States, when she was denied lodging numerous times. She persevered, making a name for herself and fell in love.{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 1960, she permanently settled in [[Oslo]], Norway and two years later married the bookstore owner Paul Shetelig.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}} |
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Reese began publishing about racial issues in newspapers like the ''[[Dagbladet]]''. In a piece published in 1959, ''Vår hud er sort'' (Our Skin is Black), she addressed the Norwegian indifference to [[Racism|racist policies]] in the United States or South Africa, such as the selling of South African fruits and wines, and began to draw awareness of the problems Africans and black people faced. Public debate on race began for the first time, the |
Reese began publishing about racial issues in newspapers like the ''[[Dagbladet]]''. In a piece published in 1959, ''Vår hud er sort'' (Our Skin is Black), she addressed the Norwegian indifference to [[Racism|racist policies]] in the United States or South Africa, such as the selling of South African fruits and wines, and began to draw awareness of the problems Africans and black people faced. Public debate on race began for the first time, the university sponsored a series of talks ''Racism and Democracy'', and in 1960, the national trade union proposed a boycott on South African goods. Reese actively took part in the movement to raise awareness, giving a lecture ''De amerikanske negrenes musikkhistorie gjennom 360 år'' (The American Negro's Music History Through 360 Years) throughout the country,{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} in which she explained the difference between Spirituals and Classical music. She felt that to be properly performed, Spirituals could not be sung by white interpreters because "[t]he tones are created in tears. One must feel this pain in the soul to make it sound right".{{sfn|Larsen|2009}} In 1963, to show solidarity with President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s [[Report to the American People on Civil Rights|Civil Rights Agenda]] and the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], Reese collected signatures on a petition and led supporters in a march to the Oslo home of the American ambassador.{{sfn|Kelley|Tuck|2015|p=24}} |
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In addition to her activism, Reese continued to perform throughout Norway and had wide popularity. She was one of the first black artists to become established in Norway and was a major contributor to the spread of African music in the country. In 1972, a collection of her writings was published in Norwegian, ''Lang svart vei'' (Long Black Road) and in 1979, she released an album ''Motherless Child'' in 1979.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 1985, she published her autobiography, ''Min vei'' (My Way), in which she acknowledged that her activism had impacted her career, but was unapologetic for speaking for those who could not "express their despair".{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 1990, she produced the short film ''Pride of Black Dreams'' which presented a brief history of African American through song and dance. It was shown widely in schools and on [[NRK]] Television.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|1990}} |
In addition to her activism, Reese continued to perform throughout Norway and had wide popularity. She was one of the first black artists to become established in Norway and was a major contributor to the spread of African music in the country. In 1972, a collection of her writings was published in Norwegian, ''Lang svart vei'' (Long Black Road) and in 1979, she released an album ''Motherless Child'' in 1979.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 1985, she published her autobiography, ''Min vei'' (My Way), in which she acknowledged that her activism had impacted her career, but was unapologetic for speaking for those who could not "express their despair".{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 1990, she produced the short film ''Pride of Black Dreams'' which presented a brief history of African American through song and dance. It was shown widely in schools and on [[NRK]] Television.{{sfn|Larsen|2009}}{{sfn|Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|1990}} |
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==Death and legacy== |
==Death and legacy== |
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Reese died on 25 October 1990 while giving an address against racism to the organization SOS Rasisme at a gathering being held in Oslo in her honor.{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1990|p=8}} Reese's archives were left to her student [[Kristin Asbjørnsen]], who has made recordings in honor of her teacher.{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} |
Reese died on 25 October 1990 while giving an address against racism to the organization SOS Rasisme at a gathering being held in Oslo in her honor.{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1990|p=8}} Reese's archives were left to her student [[Kristin Asbjørnsen]], who has made recordings in honor of her teacher.{{sfn|Røsjø|2008}} In 2013, Asbjørnsen explained that it had taken her many years to absorb the underlying messages from the lengthy notes and old recordings she had received. Only then was she ready to release albums inspired by Reese's approach.<ref name=kk/> |
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14 private photo albums and [[Scrapbooking|scrapbook]]s that she owned, and her unpublished manuscripts were left to The MiRA Resource Center for Black, Immigrant and Refugee Women. The MiRA Center has donated photo albums and scrapboks to "the Oslo city archive" [[Byarkivet]] (source www.mirasenteret.no).<ref>[https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/hun-var-kjent-som-the-black-rose-1.1788935#carousel-example-generic Hun var kjent som "The Black Rose"] [She was known as "The Black Rose"]. 19 October 2020. [[Dagsavisen]] |
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</ref> |
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A square in [[Grünerløkka]] is named in her honour. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
{{refbegin|30em}} |
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*{{cite news |
*{{cite news|last1=Cassidy|first1=Claudia|title=On the Aisle: Negro Choir and Two of Its Soloists Make Listening a Pleasure in Orchestra Hall|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081791/chicago_tribune/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=31 May 1947|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=13|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite journal |
*{{cite journal|last1=Cheatham|first1=Wallace M.|title=Ouanga: South Bend, Indiana, and the Premiere of a 20th–Century American Opera|journal=[[Indiana Magazine of History]]|date=June 2004|volume=100|issue=2|pages=173–185|url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/12052/17811|access-date=7 March 2018|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington, Indiana|issn=0019-6673}} |
||
*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|last2=Tuck|first2=Stephen|title=The Other Special Relationship: Race, Rights, and Riots in Britain and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1IMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24|year=2015|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-137-39271-8}} |
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*{{cite web |
*{{cite web|last1=Larsen|first1=Svend Erik Løken|title=Ruth Reese: Sanger Skribent|url=https://nbl.snl.no/Ruth_Reese|website=Norsk biografisk leksikon|publisher=Foreningen Store norske leksikon|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307193606/https://nbl.snl.no/Ruth_Reese|archive-date=7 March 2018|location=Oslo, Norway|language=Norwegian|date=13 February 2009|trans-title=Ruth Reese: Singer, writer}} |
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*{{cite journal |
*{{cite journal|last1=Røsjø|first1=Ellen|title=Ruth Reese: Striden følger meg!|url=http://marxisme.no:80/ellen-rosjo-2/|journal=[[Gnist]]|issue=1|publisher=[[Red Party (Norway)|Red Party]]|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830010535/http://marxisme.no/ellen-rosjo-2/|archive-date=30 August 2016|location=Oslo, Norway|language=Norwegian|date=2008|trans-title=Ruth Reese: The battle follows me!|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Anniston Star''|1990}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Alabamian Reese dies in Norway|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18077104/alabamian_reese_dies_in_norway_ap_the/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Anniston Star''|1990}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Alabamian Reese dies in Norway|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18077104/alabamian_reese_dies_in_norway_ap_the/|access-date=7 March 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[The Anniston Star]]|date=27 October 1990|location=Anniston, Alabama|page=8|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940a}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Girls' Chorus of Madden Park to Make Debut|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081719/chicago_tribune/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940a}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Girls' Chorus of Madden Park to Make Debut|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081719/chicago_tribune/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date= 2 June 1940|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=40|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
||
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1946}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Madden Park Veterans Will Hold Field Day|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18082099/chicago_tribune/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1946}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Madden Park Veterans Will Hold Field Day|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18082099/chicago_tribune/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=25 August 1946|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=2|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1949}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Negro History Week to be Celebrated at Hall Branch Library|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081821/chicago_tribune/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1949}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Negro History Week to be Celebrated at Hall Branch Library|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081821/chicago_tribune/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=13 February 1949|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=185|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940b}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Pick South Side Music Festival Vocal Winners|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081960/chicago_tribune/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1940b}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Pick South Side Music Festival Vocal Winners|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18081960/chicago_tribune/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=9 August 1940|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=6|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|1990}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Pride of Black Dreams|url=https://tv.nrk.no/serie/pride-of-black-dreams|website=NRK-TV|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]]| |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|1990}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Pride of Black Dreams|url=https://tv.nrk.no/serie/pride-of-black-dreams|website=NRK-TV|publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307230941/https://tv.nrk.no/serie/pride-of-black-dreams|archive-date=7 March 2018|location=Oslo, Norway|language=Norwegian|date=5 February 1990}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=School Teacher First Among Contraltos|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18082038/school_teacher_first_among_contraltos/| |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Chicago Tribune''|1948}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=School Teacher First Among Contraltos|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/18082038/school_teacher_first_among_contraltos/|access-date=7 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=22 July 1948|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=19|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}} |
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*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|''The Black Rose''|1964}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=The Black Rose|date=1964|publisher=n.s.|location=Oslo, Norway|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/black-rose-ruth-reese| |
*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|''The Black Rose''|1964}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=The Black Rose|date=1964|publisher=n.s.|location=Oslo, Norway|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/black-rose-ruth-reese|access-date=7 March 2018|via=[[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change]], Atlanta, Georgia}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=288149106004668490413|BIBSYS=90250941}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Reese, Ruth}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reese, Ruth}} |
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[[Category:People from Hayneville, Alabama]] |
[[Category:People from Hayneville, Alabama]] |
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[[Category:Musicians from Oslo]] |
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[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]] |
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]] |
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[[Category:American civil rights activists]] |
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[[Category:20th-century American women writers]] |
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[[Category:20th-century American writers]] |
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[[Category:20th-century African-American writers]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Norwegian writers]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Norwegian women writers]] |
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[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Norway]] |
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[[Category:English-language singers from Norway]] |
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[[Category:20th-century African-American women singers]] |
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[[Category:20th-century American women singers]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:51, 26 February 2024
Ruth Reese | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 25 October 1990 Oslo, Norway | (aged 69)
Nationality | American, Norwegian |
Occupation(s) | singer, writer, civil rights activist |
Ruth Reese (10 March 1921 – 25 October 1990) was an African American-Norwegian singer, writer and civil rights activist. She was one of the first prominent black singers in Norway and was actively involved in the international fight against racism. Over several decades, she contributed significantly to the understanding of African American history and music in Norway.[1]
Early life[edit]
Ruth Reese was born on 10 March 1921 in Hayneville, Alabama to Sarah (née Hunter) and William Reese.[2][3] In her childhood, the family moved to Chicago, where Reese attended school and sang in the church choir. Without adequate funds to pursue music studies, she worked as a domestic after school to pay for music lessons. After completing her secondary studies,[4] Reese attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois earning a bachelor's degree in music.[2]
Career[edit]
After her graduation, Reese first worked as a physical training instructor and choir director at Madden Park,[5][6] before being hired as a substitute teacher[7] Throughout the 1940s, Reese performed in the Chicago area, entering musical contests, winning several local awards,[8][7][9] and earning promising reviews.[10] In 1949, she appeared in the role of Mougali in the premiere performance of the opera Ouanga by Clarence Cameron White.[4][11] Earning acclaim and a scholarship for her performance, Reese moved to New York City, to continue her voice training with Léon Rothier and Lawrence Brown.[2][4]
After her concert debut in 1952, Reese moved to England and studied Amanda Aldridge. Her European debut was at the Salle Gaveau in Paris in 1953.[4] Though classically trained, she gained her reputation from performing Spirituals, Gospel music and the Blues with their roots in African-American tradition.[2][3] Touring Europe, she performed both on stage and on the airwaves in Czechoslovakia, England, France, Israel, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and throughout Scandinavia.[4] She first came to Norway in 1956, where she drew attention for the color of her skin, often billed as a negersangerinne (negro songstress). At the time, Norwegian society viewed itself as homogeneously white and had not recognized its indigenous or national minority populations. Reese found similar situations to those she had experienced in the United States, when she was denied lodging numerous times. She persevered, making a name for herself and fell in love.[12] In 1960, she permanently settled in Oslo, Norway and two years later married the bookstore owner Paul Shetelig.[2]
Reese began publishing about racial issues in newspapers like the Dagbladet. In a piece published in 1959, Vår hud er sort (Our Skin is Black), she addressed the Norwegian indifference to racist policies in the United States or South Africa, such as the selling of South African fruits and wines, and began to draw awareness of the problems Africans and black people faced. Public debate on race began for the first time, the university sponsored a series of talks Racism and Democracy, and in 1960, the national trade union proposed a boycott on South African goods. Reese actively took part in the movement to raise awareness, giving a lecture De amerikanske negrenes musikkhistorie gjennom 360 år (The American Negro's Music History Through 360 Years) throughout the country,[12] in which she explained the difference between Spirituals and Classical music. She felt that to be properly performed, Spirituals could not be sung by white interpreters because "[t]he tones are created in tears. One must feel this pain in the soul to make it sound right".[2] In 1963, to show solidarity with President John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights Agenda and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Reese collected signatures on a petition and led supporters in a march to the Oslo home of the American ambassador.[13]
In addition to her activism, Reese continued to perform throughout Norway and had wide popularity. She was one of the first black artists to become established in Norway and was a major contributor to the spread of African music in the country. In 1972, a collection of her writings was published in Norwegian, Lang svart vei (Long Black Road) and in 1979, she released an album Motherless Child in 1979.[2][12] In 1985, she published her autobiography, Min vei (My Way), in which she acknowledged that her activism had impacted her career, but was unapologetic for speaking for those who could not "express their despair".[12] In 1990, she produced the short film Pride of Black Dreams which presented a brief history of African American through song and dance. It was shown widely in schools and on NRK Television.[2][14]
Death and legacy[edit]
Reese died on 25 October 1990 while giving an address against racism to the organization SOS Rasisme at a gathering being held in Oslo in her honor.[3] Reese's archives were left to her student Kristin Asbjørnsen, who has made recordings in honor of her teacher.[12] In 2013, Asbjørnsen explained that it had taken her many years to absorb the underlying messages from the lengthy notes and old recordings she had received. Only then was she ready to release albums inspired by Reese's approach.[1]
14 private photo albums and scrapbooks that she owned, and her unpublished manuscripts were left to The MiRA Resource Center for Black, Immigrant and Refugee Women. The MiRA Center has donated photo albums and scrapboks to "the Oslo city archive" Byarkivet (source www.mirasenteret.no).[15]
A square in Grünerløkka is named in her honour.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b "Kristin arvet både kunnskap og Noter av Ruth Reese" (in Norwegian). Varden. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Larsen 2009.
- ^ a b c The Anniston Star 1990, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d e The Black Rose 1964, p. 4.
- ^ The Chicago Tribune 1940a, p. 40.
- ^ The Chicago Tribune 1940b, p. 6.
- ^ a b The Chicago Tribune 1948, p. 19.
- ^ The Chicago Tribune 1946, p. 2.
- ^ The Chicago Tribune 1949, p. 185.
- ^ Cassidy 1947, p. 13.
- ^ Cheatham 2004.
- ^ a b c d e Røsjø 2008.
- ^ Kelley & Tuck 2015, p. 24.
- ^ Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 1990.
- ^ Hun var kjent som "The Black Rose" [She was known as "The Black Rose"]. 19 October 2020. Dagsavisen
Bibliography[edit]
- Cassidy, Claudia (31 May 1947). "On the Aisle: Negro Choir and Two of Its Soloists Make Listening a Pleasure in Orchestra Hall". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 13. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- Cheatham, Wallace M. (June 2004). "Ouanga: South Bend, Indiana, and the Premiere of a 20th–Century American Opera". Indiana Magazine of History. 100 (2). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press: 173–185. ISSN 0019-6673. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- Kelley, Robin D. G.; Tuck, Stephen (2015). The Other Special Relationship: Race, Rights, and Riots in Britain and the United States. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-39271-8.
- Larsen, Svend Erik Løken (13 February 2009). "Ruth Reese: Sanger Skribent" [Ruth Reese: Singer, writer]. Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Foreningen Store norske leksikon. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- Røsjø, Ellen (2008). "Ruth Reese: Striden følger meg!" [Ruth Reese: The battle follows me!]. Gnist (in Norwegian) (1). Oslo, Norway: Red Party. Archived from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- "Alabamian Reese dies in Norway". The Anniston Star. Anniston, Alabama. Associated Press. 27 October 1990. p. 8. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Girls' Chorus of Madden Park to Make Debut". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 2 June 1940. p. 40. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Madden Park Veterans Will Hold Field Day". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 25 August 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Negro History Week to be Celebrated at Hall Branch Library". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 13 February 1949. p. 185. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Pick South Side Music Festival Vocal Winners". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 9 August 1940. p. 6. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Pride of Black Dreams". NRK-TV (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 February 1990. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- "School Teacher First Among Contraltos". The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 22 July 1948. p. 19. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- The Black Rose. Oslo, Norway: n.s. 1964. Retrieved 7 March 2018 – via King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Atlanta, Georgia.
- 1921 births
- 1990 deaths
- People from Hayneville, Alabama
- Musicians from Oslo
- Northwestern University alumni
- American civil rights activists
- 20th-century American women writers
- 20th-century American writers
- 20th-century African-American writers
- 20th-century Norwegian writers
- 20th-century Norwegian women writers
- Naturalised citizens of Norway
- English-language singers from Norway
- 20th-century African-American women singers
- 20th-century American women singers
- 20th-century American singers
- 20th-century African-American singers
- American expatriates in the United Kingdom