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{{Infobox military structure
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Fort Revere
| name = Fort Revere
| partof = [[Harbor Defenses of Boston]]
| partof = [[Harbor Defenses of Boston]]
Line 5: Line 5:
| image = Fort Revere park overlooking Allerton, Hull MA.jpg
| image = Fort Revere park overlooking Allerton, Hull MA.jpg
| caption = Fort Revere Park overlooking Allerton and Hull.
| caption = Fort Revere Park overlooking Allerton and Hull.
| pushpin_map = Massachusetts
| pushpin_map = Massachusetts#USA
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 250px
| pushpin_mapsize = 250px
Line 17: Line 17:
| open_to_public = yes
| open_to_public = yes
| condition = some batteries buried, remainder in good condition
| condition = some batteries buried, remainder in good condition
| built = 1776, 1898-1906
| built = 1776, 1898–1906
| builder = [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces, [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]], [[United States Army]]
| builder = [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces, [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]], [[United States Army]]
| used = 1776-1782, 1901-1947
| used = 1776–1782, 1901–1947
| materials =
| materials =
| demolished =
| demolished =
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[[File:6in Rifled Gun No 9.jpg|thumb|300px|[[6-inch gun M1903]] on [[disappearing carriage]] M1905 at [[Battery Chamberlin]] in San Francisco, similar to the 6-inch guns at Fort Revere.]]
[[File:6in Rifled Gun No 9.jpg|thumb|300px|[[6-inch gun M1903]] on [[disappearing carriage]] M1905 at [[Battery Chamberlin]] in San Francisco, similar to the 6-inch guns at Fort Revere.]]


'''Fort Revere''' is an {{convert|8|acre|ha|adj=on}} historic site situated on a small peninsula located in [[Hull, Massachusetts]]. It is situated on [[Telegraph Hill (Hull, Massachusetts)|Telegraph Hill]] in Hull Village and contains the remains of two seacoast fortifications, one from the [[American Revolution]] and one that served 1898-1947.<ref name=FWiki1>[http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Revere Fort Revere at FortWiki.com]</ref> There are also a water tower with an observation deck, a military history museum and picnic facilities. It is operated as [[Fort Revere Park]] by the [[Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston]].
'''Fort Revere''' is an {{convert|8|acre|ha|adj=on}} historic site situated on a small peninsula located in [[Hull, Massachusetts]]. It is situated on [[Telegraph Hill (Hull, Massachusetts)|Telegraph Hill]] in Hull Village and contains the remains of two seacoast fortifications, one from the [[American Revolution]] and one that served 1898–1947.<ref name=FWiki1>[http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Revere Fort Revere at FortWiki.com]</ref> There are also a water tower with an observation deck, a military history museum and picnic facilities. It is operated as [[Fort Revere Park]] by the [[Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston]].


== History ==
==History==


===American Revolution===
===American Revolution===
Telegraph Hill, the site of Fort Revere, was first fortified by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces in 1776 during the [[American Revolution]] and called Fort Independence. In 1797 that name was transferred to the [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|fort on Castle Island]], which retains the name to this day. The fort on Telegraph Hill may have been called the Allerton Battery after 1797. It was used to protect [[Boston Harbor]]. By January 1777 the fort had embrasures for 15 guns, plus two detached batteries with an unknown number of guns and a military hospital nearby. By early 1778 the fort mounted 22 guns.


Telegraph Hill, the site of Fort Revere, was first fortified by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces in 1776 during the [[American Revolution]] and called Fort Independence. In 1797 that name was transferred to the [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|fort on Castle Island]], which retains the name to this day. The fort on Telegraph Hill may have been called the Allerton Battery after 1797. It was used to protect [[Boston Harbor]]. By January 1777 the fort had embrasures for 15 guns, plus two detached batteries with an unknown number of guns and a military hospital nearby. By early 1778 the fort mounted 22 guns. In August 1778 [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]] from [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|D'Estaing's]] fleet were stationed at the fort, supervised by Chief Engineer [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|du Portail]] (a French general assisting the Continental Army)<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wade | first1 = Arthur P. | last2 = | first2 = | title = Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794-1815 | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2011 | page = 11 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-2-2}}</ref> at General Washington's direction. Through 1780 they greatly expanded the fort, probably with considerable help from Patriot forces.<ref name=NAForts1>[http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston1.html#hull Fort Independence (1) at NorthAmericanForts.com]</ref> French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today).
In August 1778 [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]] from [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|D'Estaing's]] fleet were stationed at the fort, supervised by Chief Engineer [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|du Portail]] (a French general assisting the Continental Army)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=Arthur P. |title=Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794-1815 |publisher=CDSG Press |year=2011 |page=11 |isbn=978-0-9748167-2-2}}</ref> at General Washington's direction. Through 1780 they greatly expanded the fort, probably with considerable help from Patriot forces.<ref name=NAForts1>[http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston1.html#hull Fort Independence (1) at NorthAmericanForts.com]</ref> French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today).


===19th century===
===19th century===
After the transfer of the fort's name in 1797 it was known locally as "the French fort". With no recorded activity in the War of 1812, the fort probably fell out of use after 1815. New fortifications were proposed for the Telegraph Hill area in the 1830s under the [[Seacoast defense in the United States|Third System of US fortifications]], but none were built. The remains of the fort were demolished or covered over during Fort Revere's World War I-era buildup.<ref name=NAForts1/> Telegraph Hill became a [[Semaphore line|semaphore]] station in the 1840s, later a telegraph station, and still later a radio station.
After the transfer of the fort's name in 1797 it was known locally as "the French fort". With no recorded activity in the War of 1812, the fort probably fell out of use after 1815. New fortifications were proposed for the Telegraph Hill area in the 1830s under the [[Seacoast defense in the United States|Third System of US fortifications]], but none were built. The remains of the fort were demolished or covered over during Fort Revere's World War I-era buildup.<ref name=NAForts1 /> Telegraph Hill became a [[Semaphore line|semaphore]] station in the 1840s, later a telegraph station, and still later a radio station.


===Endicott period===
===Endicott period===
Fort Revere, named in honor of [[Paul Revere]], was acquired as '''Nantasket Head Military Reservation''' in 1897 under the large-scale [[Board of Fortifications|Endicott program]], which initially included seven forts in the [[Coast Defenses of Boston|Coast (later Harbor) Defenses of Boston]].<ref name=FWiki1 /><ref name=Berhow206>Berhow, pp. 205–206</ref> The fort's batteries were built 1898–1906.

Fort Revere, named in honor of [[Paul Revere]], was acquired as '''Nantasket Head Military Reservation''' in 1897 under the large-scale [[Board of Fortifications|Endicott program]], which initially included seven forts in the [[Coast Defenses of Boston|Coast (later Harbor) Defenses of Boston]].<ref name=FWiki1/><ref name=Berhow206>Berhow, pp. 205-206</ref> The fort's batteries were built 1898-1906.


Fort Revere's batteries included:<ref name=FWiki1/><ref name=Berhow206/><ref name=NAForts2>[http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston2.html#boston Fort Revere at NorthAmericanForts.com]</ref>
Fort Revere's batteries included:<ref name=FWiki1/><ref name=Berhow206/><ref name=NAForts2>[http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston2.html#boston Fort Revere at NorthAmericanForts.com]</ref>


{|Class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"}
{| class="wikitable"
!bgcolor="efefef"|Name
!Name
!bgcolor="efefef"|No. of guns
!No. of guns
!bgcolor="efefef"|Gun type
!Gun type
!bgcolor="efefef"|Carriage type
!Carriage type
!bgcolor="efefef"|Years active
!Years active
|-
|-
|[[Eleazer Wheelock Ripley|Ripley]]||2||[[12-inch gun M1888]]||[[barbette]] M1892||1901-1943
|[[Eleazer Wheelock Ripley|Ripley]]||2||[[12-inch gun M1888]]||[[barbette]] M1892||1901–1943
|-
|-
|[[William P. Sanders|Sanders]]||3||[[6-inch gun M1903]]||[[disappearing gun|disappearing]] M1903||1903-1943
|[[William P. Sanders|Sanders]]||3||[[6-inch gun M1903]]||[[disappearing gun|disappearing]] M1903||1903–1943
|-
|-
|Pope||3||6-inch gun M1903||disappearing M1903||1903-1917
|Pope||3||6-inch gun M1903||disappearing M1903||1903–1917
|-
|-
|Field||2||[[5-inch gun M1897]]||[[balanced pillar]] M1896||1901-1917
|Field||2||[[5-inch gun M1897]]||[[balanced pillar]] M1896||1901–1917
|-
|-
|Antiaircraft Battery 1||3||Unknown, possibly [[3-inch gun M1917]]||Unknown, possibly AA pedestal||1936-1945
|Antiaircraft Battery 1||3||Unknown, possibly [[3-inch gun M1917]]||Unknown, possibly AA pedestal||1936–1945
|-
|-
|AMTB 941||4||[[90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3|90 mm gun]]||2 fixed M3, 2 towed||1943-1946
|AMTB 941||4||[[90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3|90 mm gun]]||2 fixed M3, 2 towed||1943–1946
|-
|-
|}
|}


The fort's main armament was the two 12-inch guns of Battery Ripley, with a range of {{convert|18,400|yds}}.<ref name="Berhow, p. 61">Berhow, p. 61</ref> Battery Sanders was originally a six-gun battery, but two guns were administratively reassigned as Battery Pope in 1906, and in 1909 the guns were further reassigned with three guns in each battery. The two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were on "balanced pillar" carriages, a type of [[disappearing carriage]] that allowed the gun to be dropped down out of sight when not in use.<ref>Berhow, p. 88-89</ref> The disappearing carriages of the 6-inch guns had to be lowered to reload the guns for each shot.
The fort's main armament was the two 12-inch guns of Battery Ripley, with a range of {{convert|18,400|yds}}.<ref name="Berhow, p. 61">Berhow, p. 61</ref> Battery Sanders was originally a six-gun battery, but two guns were administratively reassigned as Battery Pope in 1906, and in 1909 the guns were further reassigned with three guns in each battery. The two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were on "balanced pillar" carriages, a type of [[disappearing carriage]] that allowed the gun to be dropped down out of sight when not in use.<ref>Berhow, p. 88–89</ref> The disappearing carriages of the 6-inch guns had to be lowered to reload the guns for each shot.


===World War I through World War II===
===World War I through World War II===
After the [[American entry into World War I]] in early 1917, the fort was expanded to include temporary structures such as quarters and additional storehouses.<ref name=FWiki1/> The three 6-inch guns of Battery Pope and the two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were earmarked for potential use on field carriages on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] and were removed in late 1917.<ref name=FWiki1/> The 5-inch guns were apparently sent to France to arm the 69th Coast Artillery Regiment, but a source indicates that ammunition for these guns was never received.<ref>[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/69th_Artillery.html 69th Coast Artillery in World War I]</ref> After the war all 5-inch guns were withdrawn from Coast Artillery service and apparently scrapped. The three 6-inch guns removed from Fort Revere were never returned to it; typically this type of weapon was stored after the war and re-used on new long-range mountings in World War II.<ref>Berhow, pp. 104-105</ref>
After the [[American entry into World War I]] in early 1917, the fort was expanded to include temporary structures such as quarters and additional storehouses.<ref name=FWiki1 /> The three 6-inch guns of Battery Pope and the two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were earmarked for potential use on field carriages on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] and were removed in late 1917.<ref name=FWiki1 /> The 5-inch guns were apparently sent to France to arm the 69th Coast Artillery Regiment, but a source indicates that ammunition for these guns was never received.<ref>[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/69th_Artillery.html 69th Coast Artillery in World War I]</ref> After the war all 5-inch guns were withdrawn from Coast Artillery service and apparently scrapped. The three 6-inch guns removed from Fort Revere were never returned to it; typically this type of weapon was stored after the war and re-used on new long-range mountings in World War II.<ref>Berhow, pp. 104–105</ref>


In 1927 the 12-inch guns at Fort Revere were rendered effectively obsolete by the two [[16-inch gun M1919|16-inch guns]] of nearby [[Fort Duvall]] on Hog Island (now [[Spinnaker Island (Massachusetts)|Spinnaker Island]]).<ref name=Berhow206/> A 3-gun [[antiaircraft]] battery was built in 1936.<ref name=NAForts2/>
In 1927 the 12-inch guns at Fort Revere were rendered effectively obsolete by the two [[16-inch gun M1919|16-inch guns]] of nearby [[Fort Duvall]] on Hog Island (now [[Spinnaker Island (Massachusetts)|Spinnaker Island]]).<ref name=Berhow206 /> A 3-gun [[antiaircraft]] battery was built in 1936.<ref name=NAForts2 />


With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Fort Revere was again built up with temporary structures to accommodate the 1940-1941 mobilization. With new defenses completed [[Harbor Defense Command|elsewhere in the Boston area]], the fort's remaining original guns were scrapped in 1943.<ref name=FWiki1/> A battery of four [[90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3|90 mm gun]]s known as Anti-[[Motor Torpedo Boat]] Battery 941 (AMTB 941) was built in the area in 1943.
With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Fort Revere was again built up with temporary structures to accommodate the 1940–1941 mobilization. With new defenses completed [[Harbor Defense Command|elsewhere in the Boston area]], the fort's remaining original guns were scrapped in 1943.<ref name=FWiki1 /> A battery of four [[90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3|90 mm gun]]s known as Anti-[[Motor Torpedo Boat]] Battery 941 (AMTB 941) was built in the area in 1943.


In 1947 Fort Revere was disarmed and turned over to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
In 1947 Fort Revere was disarmed and turned over to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.


===Postwar to present===
===Postwar to present===
Following the decommissioning of the fort in 1947, efforts begun during the [[United States Bicentennial]] celebration in 1976 resulted in the fort's restoration and the installation of amphitheaters within the walls of the disused fortification. A small monument dedicated July 14, 1976 ([[Bastille Day]]) commemorates the French forces who served and died at the fort in the Revolution.<ref name="vanAaram">{{cite news|title=Fort Revere offers families movies and more|last=van Aaram|first=Amy|date=July 5, 2007|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="sscc-places">{{cite web|url=http://www.southshorechamber.org/visitor_info/places_visit.htm#Hull|title=Places to visit: Hull|publisher=South Shore Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref>
Following the decommissioning of the fort in 1947, efforts begun during the [[United States Bicentennial]] celebration in 1976 resulted in the fort's restoration and the installation of amphitheaters within the walls of the disused fortification. A small monument dedicated July 14, 1976 ([[Bastille Day]]) commemorates the French forces who served and died at the fort in the Revolution.<ref name="vanAaram">{{cite news|title=Fort Revere offers families movies and more|last=van Aaram|first=Amy|date=July 5, 2007|publisher=The Boston Globe}}</ref><ref name="sscc-places">{{cite web|url=http://www.southshorechamber.org/visitor_info/places_visit.htm#Hull|title=Places to visit: Hull|publisher=South Shore Chamber of Commerce|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref>


==Military Chronology==
==Military chronology==


1632 – The Hull peninsula, most likely at Telegraph Hill, was first considered by [[John Winthrop|Governor Winthrop]] as an outer harbor defense for Boston. Deferred in favor of the [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|1634 works at Castle Island]] in South Boston.
1632-
The Hull peninsula, most likely at Telegraph Hill, was first considered by [[John Winthrop|Governor Winthrop]] as an outer harbor defense for Boston. Deferred in favor of the [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|1634 works at Castle Island]] in South Boston.


1673 – An early warning beacon is established at Telegraph Hill to alert Boston of potential Dutch or French naval attacks.
1673-
An early warning beacon is established at Telegraph Hill to alert Boston of potential Dutch or French naval attacks.


1696 – Nantasket/Telegraph Hill beacon is erected during [[King William's War]] to forewarn against French revenge for the New England's raids into Canada.
1696
Nantasket/Telegraph Hill beacon is erected during [[King William's War]] to forewarn against French revenge for the New England's raids into Canada.


1704 – Hull, and most notably Telegraph Hill, are used as a rendezvous camp for [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Church's]] northern expedition during [[Queen Anne's War]].
1704-
Hull, and most notably Telegraph Hill, are used as a rendezvous camp for [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Church's]] northern expedition during [[Queen Anne's War]].


1775 – National Register Nomination notes "Fort Independence was built on top of Telegraph Hill just prior to the Revolution." Citation is lacking, and documentation for pre-war construction by Crown, Province or rebels aside from the register is currently unavailable.
1775-
National Register Nomination notes "Fort Independence was built on top of Telegraph Hill just prior to the Revolution." Citation is lacking, and documentation for pre-war construction by Crown, Province or rebels aside from the register is currently unavailable.


1776 – Telegraph Hill was probably first fortified by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces shortly after the conclusion of Washington's siege of Boston. Sources suggest that an earthwork battery fired on the blockading British fleet in June 1776. This work later saluted American Independence on 17 July 1776.
1776-
Telegraph Hill was probably first fortified by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] forces shortly after the conclusion of Washington's siege of Boston. Sources suggest that an earthwork battery fired on the blockading British fleet in June 1776. This work later saluted American Independence on 17 July 1776.


1777 – January of this year, Committee on Fortifications reports note that a ditched pentagonal fort with 15 embrasures stood at Hull. Supported by two detached water batteries, the fort still needed a [[glacis]], powder magazine, guardhouse, and several barracks. A military hospital was located near the fort. In July, 575 troops and local militia were stationed at Hull's defenses.
1777-
January of this year, Committee on Fortifications reports note that a ditched pentagonal fort with 15 embrasures stood at Hull. Supported by two detached water batteries, the fort still needed a [[glacis]], powder magazine, guardhouse, and several barracks. A military hospital was located near the fort.


1778 – The winter season brought reports from the Commander that the works mounted 22 pieces ranging from 42-pdr to 3-pdr [[cannon|guns]]. In August of that month, works at Telegraph Hill were upgraded by [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]] from [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|D'Estaing's]] crippled fleet. French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today). A month later, in September, Washington assigned Chief Engineer [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|du Portail]] to further strengthen the Hull defenses. The French arguably remained on the site in some shape or form through 1780. Smallpox caused the interment of over 200 released French prisoners of war and garrison members in the cantonment's cemetery. A notable survivor and commander at this site at this time was [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]], a contemporary of [[James Cook]].
July of this year 575 troops and local militia were stationed at Hull's defenses.


In 1782 the fortification was deactivated, and in 1783 the war was over.
1778-The winter season brought reports from the Commander that the works mounted 22 pieces ranging from 42-pdr to 3-pdr [[cannon|guns]].


1810s – It is speculated that the fortification was not fully reactivated during the [[War of 1812]], however that it was a viable backup in case of emergency.
In August of that month, works at Telegraph Hill were upgraded by [[Troupes de marine|French Marines]] from [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|D'Estaing's]] crippled fleet. French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today).


1813 – Telegraph Hill was used to observe [[Capture of USS Chesapeake|the defeat of Lawrence's USS ''Chesapeake'' by HMS ''Shannon'']].
A month later, in September, Washington assigned Chief Engineer [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|du Portail]] to further strengthen the Hull defenses. The French arguably remained on the site in some shape or form through 1780. Smallpox caused the interment of over 200 released French prisoners of war and garrison members in the cantonment's cemetery. A notable survivor and commander at this site at this time was [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]], a contemporary of [[James Cook]].


1830s – Proposals by the Corps of Engineers "[[Seacoast defense in the United States|Third System]]" of seacoast defense included outer harbor defenses at Telegraph Hill with a channel-side water battery secured by expanded fortifications atop the hill, which in turn were supported by additional works on Little Hog Island, and Point Allerton. These works were never built.
In 1782 the fortification was deactivated, and in 1783 the war was over.


1840s – Telegraph Hill was extensively used as a semaphore/flag/electric telegraphy (and eventually radio) station to notify Boston of approaching merchant vessels. An observation tower was built within the old earthworks. (This is not the water tower seen today.)
1810(s)-
It is speculated that the fortification was not fully reactivated during the [[War of 1812]], however that it was a viable backup in case of emergency.


1850s – Telegraph Hill saw little use during the Civil War other than its important and ongoing role as a surveillance and communications point.
1813-
Telegraph Hill was used to observe [[Capture of USS Chesapeake|the defeat of Lawrence's USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon]].


1867 – The state militia sets up an encampment at Hull.
1830(s)-
Proposals by the Corps of Engineers "[[Seacoast defense in the United States|Third System]]" of seacoast defense included outer harbor defenses at Telegraph Hill with a channel-side water battery secured by expanded fortifications atop the hill, which in turn were supported by additional works on Little Hog Island, and Point Allerton. These works were never built.


1885 – The [[Board of Fortifications|Endicott Board]] of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] included the Telegraph Hill site in official plans for Boston Harbor's defense system.
1840(s)-
Telegraph Hill was extensively used as a semaphore/flag/electric telegraphy (and eventually radio) station to notify Boston of approaching merchant vessels. An observation tower was built within the old earthworks. (This is not the water tower seen today)


1898 – The US Government purchased Fort Revere officially from the town, and the Massachusetts Militia were stationed there during the Spanish–American War.
1850(s)-
Telegraph Hill saw little use during the Civil War other than its important and ongoing role as a surveillance and communications point.


Later this year construction began on the 77 acre Fort Revere Reservation as it is known today. The site included two 6-inch batteries atop Telegraph Hill, added after the 12- and 5-inch batteries near the shoreline. The detached military post included a variety of barracks, quarters, storehouses etc. Installation of artillery fire control facilities were extensive as they most likely included slighting the channel bearing flank of the Revolutionary War earthworks.
1867-
The state militia sets up an encampment at Hull.


Fort Revere's batteries consisted of:
1885-
The [[Board of Fortifications|Endicott Board]] of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] included the Telegraph Hill site in official plans for Boston Harbor's defense system.


{| class="wikitable"
1898-
! Battery !! Memoriam !! Weapons !! Mounts !! Built !! Abandoned !! Located
The US Government purchased Fort Revere officially from the town, and the Massachusetts Militia were stationed there during the Spanish–American War.
|-
| Sanders || Civil War || 3×6″ || Disappearing || 1903–1906 || 1917/1943 || Hillside
|-
| Pope || Civil War || 3×6″ || Disappearing || 1903–1906 || 1917 || Hillside


|-
Later this year construction began on the 77 acre Fort Revere Reservation as it is known today. The site included two 6-inch batteries atop Telegraph Hill, added after the 12- and 5-inch batteries near the shoreline. The detached military post included a variety of barracks, quarters, storehouses etc. Installation of artillery fire control facilities were extensive as they most likely included slighting the channel bearing flank of the Revolutionary War earthworks.
| Ripley || War of 1812 || 2×12″ || Barbette || 1898–1899 || 1943 || Shoreline


|-
FORT REVERE's BATTERIES CONSISTED OF:
| Field || Mexican–American War || 2×5″ || Pillar || 1898–1899 || 1917 || Shoreline


|}
*'''Battery''' '''Memoriam''' '''Weapons''' '''Mounts''' '''Built''' '''Abandoned''' '''Located'''
*Maximum effective range of cannon ca. 1775 = 1,500 yards
*Sanders Civil War 3x6" disappearing 1903/06 1917/43 Hillside
*Maximum effective range of 12-inch guns 18,400 yards<ref name="Berhow, p. 61" />
*Pope Civil War 3x6" disappearing 1903/06 1917 Hillside
*Ripley War 1812 2x12" barbette 1898/99 1943 Shoreline
*Field Mexican 2x5" pilliar 1898/99 1917 Shoreline
*Maximum effective range of cannon ca. 1775 = 1,500yards
*Maximum effective range of 12 inch guns 18,400 yards<ref name="Berhow, p. 61"/>


1903 – A water tower, with provisions for a military searchlight, was erected at Telegraph Hill within the old earthworks.
1903-
A water tower, with provisions for a military searchlight, was erected at Telegraph Hill within the old earthworks.


1917 – World War I finds Fort Revere an active Coast Artillery garrison, although the fort is stripped of its lighter weapons for potential field service in Europe.
1917-
World War I finds Fort Revere an active Coast Artillery garrison, although the fort is stripped of its lighter weapons for potential field service in Europe.


1920s – Anti-aircraft emplacements are installed within the earthwork compound. Historic earthworks were leveled, and the area was eventually placed in caretaker status.
1920(s)-
Anti-aircraft emplacements are installed within the earthwork compound. Historic earthworks were leveled, and the area was eventually placed in caretaker status.


1940s – World War II established the 90mm AMTB Battery 941 at Fort Revere. Fort re-activated until end of war.
1940(s)-
World War II established the 90mm AMTB Battery 941 at Fort Revere. Fort re-activated until end of war.


1950s – Fort Revere was evidently excluded from either the post-war anti-aircraft artillery or [[Nike missile]] defense systems of Boston. Municipal and private development commences at the site and several of the structures were recycled for private usage.
1950(s)-
Fort Revere was evidently excluded from either the post-war anti-aircraft artillery or [[Nike missile]] defense systems of Boston. Municipal and private development commences at the site and several of the structures were recycled for private usage.


1970 – Two of the batteries were buried. (Ripley and Field)
1970-
Two of the batteries were buried. (Ripley and Field)


1975 – Contract awarded to repair the water tower as part of a Bicentennial Celebration, plaque was placed in memory.
1975-
Contract awarded to repair the water tower as part of a Bicentennial Celebration, plaque was placed in memory.


1976 – Town of Hull/Metropolitan District Commission (now the Department of Conservation and Recreation) dedicated Fort Independence/Fort Revere Park.
1976-
Town of Hull/Metropolitan District Commission (now the Department of Conservation and Recreation) dedicated Fort Independence/Fort Revere Park.


1990s – Massachusetts Historical Commission grants award to re-roof and keep the water tower open for supervised tours.
1990(s)-
Massachusetts Historical Commission grants award to re-roof and keep the water tower open for supervised tours.


2000 – Debated over responsibility and ownership heat up between Town of Hull and Commonwealth of Massachusetts DCR. DCR maintains, and cleans graffiti from forts, mows lawns, and leads/supervises historic walking tours of the fort and its areas. DCR holds free movies during the summer on the parade ground and concerts in the batteries.
2000(s)-
Debated over responsibility and ownership heat up between Town of Hull and Commonwealth of Massachusetts DCR. DCR maintains, and cleans graffiti from forts, mows lawns, and leads/supervises historic walking tours of the fort and its areas. DCR holds free movies during the summer on the parade ground and concerts in the batteries.


2010 – Town of Hull orders no more tours for summer in the tower. Park is still a viable recreational space for tourists and towns people alike. The officer's quarters still stands in the back and is a museum, with artillery outside, and interactive exhibits inside, open when staffing is possible. Many of the residents of the park, live in former military housing, and frequent the common space during the seasons with dogs, children and other recreational activities.
2010-
Town of Hull orders no more tours for summer in the tower. Park is still a viable recreational space for tourists and towns people alike. The officer's quarters still stands in the back and is a museum, with artillery outside, and interactive exhibits inside, open when staffing is possible Many of the residents of the park, live in former military housing, and frequent the common space during the seasons with dogs, children and other recreational activities.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|United States}}
* [[9th Coast Artillery (United States)]]
* [[9th Coast Artillery (United States)]]
* [[241st Coast Artillery (United States)]]
* [[Seacoast defense in the United States]]
* [[Seacoast defense in the United States]]
* [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps]]
* [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps]]
* [[List of military installations in Massachusetts]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Berhow | first1 = Mark A., Ed. | last2 = | first2 = | title = American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Third Edition | location = McLean, Virginia | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-3-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Berhow |editor-first=Mark A. | title = American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide |edition=Third | location = McLean, Virginia | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-3-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Emanuel Raymond | authorlink = | title = Seacoast Fortifications of the United States | publisher = Leeward Publications | year = 1979 | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-0-929521-11-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Emanuel Raymond | title = Seacoast Fortifications of the United States | publisher = Leeward Publications | year = 1979 | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-0-929521-11-4}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 203: Line 183:
* [http://fortreverepark.org/ Fort Revere Park and Preservation Society]
* [http://fortreverepark.org/ Fort Revere Park and Preservation Society]


{{MAMilitary}}
{{FmrMAForts}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Military facilities in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Forts in Massachusetts|Revere]]
[[Category:Forts in Massachusetts|Revere]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War forts|Revere]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War forts|Revere]]
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Plymouth County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Plymouth County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1776]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1776]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay]]

Latest revision as of 18:39, 7 March 2024

Fort Revere
Part of Harbor Defenses of Boston
Allerton Point, Hull, Massachusetts
Fort Revere Park overlooking Allerton and Hull.
Fort Revere is located in Massachusetts
Fort Revere
Fort Revere
Location in Massachusetts
Fort Revere is located in the United States
Fort Revere
Fort Revere
Fort Revere (the United States)
Coordinates42°18′17″N 70°54′21″W / 42.30472°N 70.90583°W / 42.30472; -70.90583
TypeCoastal Defense
Site information
OwnerMassachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
Open to
the public		yes
Conditionsome batteries buried, remainder in good condition
Site history
Built1776, 1898–1906
Built byPatriot forces, French Marines, United States Army
In use1776–1782, 1901–1947
Battles/warsWorld War I
World War II
Panorama of Fort Revere's fortifications.
6-inch gun M1903 on disappearing carriage M1905 at Battery Chamberlin in San Francisco, similar to the 6-inch guns at Fort Revere.

Fort Revere is an 8-acre (3.2 ha) historic site situated on a small peninsula located in Hull, Massachusetts. It is situated on Telegraph Hill in Hull Village and contains the remains of two seacoast fortifications, one from the American Revolution and one that served 1898–1947.[1] There are also a water tower with an observation deck, a military history museum and picnic facilities. It is operated as Fort Revere Park by the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston.

History[edit]

American Revolution[edit]

Telegraph Hill, the site of Fort Revere, was first fortified by Patriot forces in 1776 during the American Revolution and called Fort Independence. In 1797 that name was transferred to the fort on Castle Island, which retains the name to this day. The fort on Telegraph Hill may have been called the Allerton Battery after 1797. It was used to protect Boston Harbor. By January 1777 the fort had embrasures for 15 guns, plus two detached batteries with an unknown number of guns and a military hospital nearby. By early 1778 the fort mounted 22 guns.

In August 1778 French Marines from D'Estaing's fleet were stationed at the fort, supervised by Chief Engineer du Portail (a French general assisting the Continental Army)[2] at General Washington's direction. Through 1780 they greatly expanded the fort, probably with considerable help from Patriot forces.[3] French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today).

19th century[edit]

After the transfer of the fort's name in 1797 it was known locally as "the French fort". With no recorded activity in the War of 1812, the fort probably fell out of use after 1815. New fortifications were proposed for the Telegraph Hill area in the 1830s under the Third System of US fortifications, but none were built. The remains of the fort were demolished or covered over during Fort Revere's World War I-era buildup.[3] Telegraph Hill became a semaphore station in the 1840s, later a telegraph station, and still later a radio station.

Endicott period[edit]

Fort Revere, named in honor of Paul Revere, was acquired as Nantasket Head Military Reservation in 1897 under the large-scale Endicott program, which initially included seven forts in the Coast (later Harbor) Defenses of Boston.[1][4] The fort's batteries were built 1898–1906.

Fort Revere's batteries included:[1][4][5]

Name No. of guns Gun type Carriage type Years active
Ripley 2 12-inch gun M1888 barbette M1892 1901–1943
Sanders 3 6-inch gun M1903 disappearing M1903 1903–1943
Pope 3 6-inch gun M1903 disappearing M1903 1903–1917
Field 2 5-inch gun M1897 balanced pillar M1896 1901–1917
Antiaircraft Battery 1 3 Unknown, possibly 3-inch gun M1917 Unknown, possibly AA pedestal 1936–1945
AMTB 941 4 90 mm gun 2 fixed M3, 2 towed 1943–1946

The fort's main armament was the two 12-inch guns of Battery Ripley, with a range of 18,400 yards (16,800 m).[6] Battery Sanders was originally a six-gun battery, but two guns were administratively reassigned as Battery Pope in 1906, and in 1909 the guns were further reassigned with three guns in each battery. The two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were on "balanced pillar" carriages, a type of disappearing carriage that allowed the gun to be dropped down out of sight when not in use.[7] The disappearing carriages of the 6-inch guns had to be lowered to reload the guns for each shot.

World War I through World War II[edit]

After the American entry into World War I in early 1917, the fort was expanded to include temporary structures such as quarters and additional storehouses.[1] The three 6-inch guns of Battery Pope and the two 5-inch guns of Battery Field were earmarked for potential use on field carriages on the Western Front and were removed in late 1917.[1] The 5-inch guns were apparently sent to France to arm the 69th Coast Artillery Regiment, but a source indicates that ammunition for these guns was never received.[8] After the war all 5-inch guns were withdrawn from Coast Artillery service and apparently scrapped. The three 6-inch guns removed from Fort Revere were never returned to it; typically this type of weapon was stored after the war and re-used on new long-range mountings in World War II.[9]

In 1927 the 12-inch guns at Fort Revere were rendered effectively obsolete by the two 16-inch guns of nearby Fort Duvall on Hog Island (now Spinnaker Island).[4] A 3-gun antiaircraft battery was built in 1936.[5]

With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Fort Revere was again built up with temporary structures to accommodate the 1940–1941 mobilization. With new defenses completed elsewhere in the Boston area, the fort's remaining original guns were scrapped in 1943.[1] A battery of four 90 mm guns known as Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat Battery 941 (AMTB 941) was built in the area in 1943.

In 1947 Fort Revere was disarmed and turned over to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Postwar to present[edit]

Following the decommissioning of the fort in 1947, efforts begun during the United States Bicentennial celebration in 1976 resulted in the fort's restoration and the installation of amphitheaters within the walls of the disused fortification. A small monument dedicated July 14, 1976 (Bastille Day) commemorates the French forces who served and died at the fort in the Revolution.[10][11]

Military chronology[edit]

1632 – The Hull peninsula, most likely at Telegraph Hill, was first considered by Governor Winthrop as an outer harbor defense for Boston. Deferred in favor of the 1634 works at Castle Island in South Boston.

1673 – An early warning beacon is established at Telegraph Hill to alert Boston of potential Dutch or French naval attacks.

1696 – Nantasket/Telegraph Hill beacon is erected during King William's War to forewarn against French revenge for the New England's raids into Canada.

1704 – Hull, and most notably Telegraph Hill, are used as a rendezvous camp for Church's northern expedition during Queen Anne's War.

1775 – National Register Nomination notes "Fort Independence was built on top of Telegraph Hill just prior to the Revolution." Citation is lacking, and documentation for pre-war construction by Crown, Province or rebels aside from the register is currently unavailable.

1776 – Telegraph Hill was probably first fortified by Patriot forces shortly after the conclusion of Washington's siege of Boston. Sources suggest that an earthwork battery fired on the blockading British fleet in June 1776. This work later saluted American Independence on 17 July 1776.

1777 – January of this year, Committee on Fortifications reports note that a ditched pentagonal fort with 15 embrasures stood at Hull. Supported by two detached water batteries, the fort still needed a glacis, powder magazine, guardhouse, and several barracks. A military hospital was located near the fort. In July, 575 troops and local militia were stationed at Hull's defenses.

1778 – The winter season brought reports from the Commander that the works mounted 22 pieces ranging from 42-pdr to 3-pdr guns. In August of that month, works at Telegraph Hill were upgraded by French Marines from D'Estaing's crippled fleet. French activities presumably included the hilltop redoubt, detached batteries, a new 30-gun water battery, new barracks, hospital, and subsequent cemetery (still visible today). A month later, in September, Washington assigned Chief Engineer du Portail to further strengthen the Hull defenses. The French arguably remained on the site in some shape or form through 1780. Smallpox caused the interment of over 200 released French prisoners of war and garrison members in the cantonment's cemetery. A notable survivor and commander at this site at this time was Louis Antoine de Bougainville, a contemporary of James Cook.

In 1782 the fortification was deactivated, and in 1783 the war was over.

1810s – It is speculated that the fortification was not fully reactivated during the War of 1812, however that it was a viable backup in case of emergency.

1813 – Telegraph Hill was used to observe the defeat of Lawrence's USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon.

1830s – Proposals by the Corps of Engineers "Third System" of seacoast defense included outer harbor defenses at Telegraph Hill with a channel-side water battery secured by expanded fortifications atop the hill, which in turn were supported by additional works on Little Hog Island, and Point Allerton. These works were never built.

1840s – Telegraph Hill was extensively used as a semaphore/flag/electric telegraphy (and eventually radio) station to notify Boston of approaching merchant vessels. An observation tower was built within the old earthworks. (This is not the water tower seen today.)

1850s – Telegraph Hill saw little use during the Civil War other than its important and ongoing role as a surveillance and communications point.

1867 – The state militia sets up an encampment at Hull.

1885 – The Endicott Board of the War Department included the Telegraph Hill site in official plans for Boston Harbor's defense system.

1898 – The US Government purchased Fort Revere officially from the town, and the Massachusetts Militia were stationed there during the Spanish–American War.

Later this year construction began on the 77 acre Fort Revere Reservation as it is known today. The site included two 6-inch batteries atop Telegraph Hill, added after the 12- and 5-inch batteries near the shoreline. The detached military post included a variety of barracks, quarters, storehouses etc. Installation of artillery fire control facilities were extensive as they most likely included slighting the channel bearing flank of the Revolutionary War earthworks.

Fort Revere's batteries consisted of:

Battery Memoriam Weapons Mounts Built Abandoned Located
Sanders Civil War 3×6″ Disappearing 1903–1906 1917/1943 Hillside
Pope Civil War 3×6″ Disappearing 1903–1906 1917 Hillside
Ripley War of 1812 2×12″ Barbette 1898–1899 1943 Shoreline
Field Mexican–American War 2×5″ Pillar 1898–1899 1917 Shoreline
  • Maximum effective range of cannon ca. 1775 = 1,500 yards
  • Maximum effective range of 12-inch guns 18,400 yards[6]

1903 – A water tower, with provisions for a military searchlight, was erected at Telegraph Hill within the old earthworks.

1917 – World War I finds Fort Revere an active Coast Artillery garrison, although the fort is stripped of its lighter weapons for potential field service in Europe.

1920s – Anti-aircraft emplacements are installed within the earthwork compound. Historic earthworks were leveled, and the area was eventually placed in caretaker status.

1940s – World War II established the 90mm AMTB Battery 941 at Fort Revere. Fort re-activated until end of war.

1950s – Fort Revere was evidently excluded from either the post-war anti-aircraft artillery or Nike missile defense systems of Boston. Municipal and private development commences at the site and several of the structures were recycled for private usage.

1970 – Two of the batteries were buried. (Ripley and Field)

1975 – Contract awarded to repair the water tower as part of a Bicentennial Celebration, plaque was placed in memory.

1976 – Town of Hull/Metropolitan District Commission (now the Department of Conservation and Recreation) dedicated Fort Independence/Fort Revere Park.

1990s – Massachusetts Historical Commission grants award to re-roof and keep the water tower open for supervised tours.

2000 – Debated over responsibility and ownership heat up between Town of Hull and Commonwealth of Massachusetts DCR. DCR maintains, and cleans graffiti from forts, mows lawns, and leads/supervises historic walking tours of the fort and its areas. DCR holds free movies during the summer on the parade ground and concerts in the batteries.

2010 – Town of Hull orders no more tours for summer in the tower. Park is still a viable recreational space for tourists and towns people alike. The officer's quarters still stands in the back and is a museum, with artillery outside, and interactive exhibits inside, open when staffing is possible. Many of the residents of the park, live in former military housing, and frequent the common space during the seasons with dogs, children and other recreational activities.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Fort Revere at FortWiki.com
  2. ^ Wade, Arthur P. (2011). Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794-1815. CDSG Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2.
  3. ^ a b Fort Independence (1) at NorthAmericanForts.com
  4. ^ a b c Berhow, pp. 205–206
  5. ^ a b Fort Revere at NorthAmericanForts.com
  6. ^ a b Berhow, p. 61
  7. ^ Berhow, p. 88–89
  8. ^ 69th Coast Artillery in World War I
  9. ^ Berhow, pp. 104–105
  10. ^ van Aaram, Amy (July 5, 2007). "Fort Revere offers families movies and more". The Boston Globe.
  11. ^ "Places to visit: Hull". South Shore Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  • Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-3-9.
  • Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.

External links[edit]

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