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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Trần Anh Tông
| name = Trần Anh Tông<br/>陳英宗
|title=Emperor of [[Đại Việt]]
| title = [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Đại Việt]]
| image =
|father=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]
| caption =
|mother=Queen [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]]
| father = [[Trần Nhân Tông]]
|spouse=Queen Thuận Thánh
| mother = Empress [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]]
|issue=Crown prince [[Trần Mạnh]] and 5 daughters
| spouse = Empress Thuận Thánh
|date of birth=[[1276]]
| issue = Crown prince [[Trần Mạnh]] and 5 daughters
|place of birth = [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]], Đại Việt
| birth_date = 17 September 1276
|date of death=[[1320]]
|place of death = Đại Việt
| birth_place = [[Thăng Long]], [[Đại Việt]]
| death_date = 12 December 1320
|place of burial = Thái Lăng
| death_place = [[Thăng Long]], [[Đại Việt]]
|full name= Trần Thuyên (陳烇)
| place of burial = Thái Tomb
|succession=[[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|Emperor of Trần Dynasty]]
| full name = Trần Thuyên (陳烇)
|reign=[[1293]]-[[1314]]
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
|predecessor=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]
| reign = 1293&ndash;1314
|successor=[[Trần Minh Tông]]
| predecessor = [[Trần Nhân Tông]]
|reign1=
| successor = [[Trần Minh Tông]]
|predecessor1=
| succession1 = [[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
|successor1=
| reign1 = 1314&ndash;1320
|house=[[Trần Dynasty]]
| predecessor1 = [[Trần Nhân Tông]]
|era dates= Hưng Long (興隆, 1293-1314)
| successor1 = [[Trần Minh Tông]]
|temple name=Anh Tông (英宗)
| house = [[Trần dynasty]]
|posthumous name=Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế<br>(顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝)
| era dates = Hưng Long (興隆, 1293&ndash;1314)
|religion = [[Bouddhism]]
| regnal name = Ứng Thiên Quảng Vận Nhân Minh Thánh Hiếu hoàng đế (應天廣運仁明聖孝皇帝)
| temple name = Anh Tông (英宗)
| posthumous name = Ứng Thiên Quảng Vận Hiển Văn Duệ Vũ Khâm Minh Nhân Hiếu hoàng đế<br>應天廣運顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}
}}
{{Trần dynasty monarchs}}
'''Trần Anh Tông''' ({{lang-vi-hantu|陳英宗}}, 17 September 1276 – 12 December 1320), [[personal name]] '''Trần Thuyên''' (陳烇), [[courtesy name]] '''Nhật Sủy''' (日煃) or '''Nhật Sáng'''<ref>[[History of Yuan]].</ref> (日㷃/日𤊞), was the fourth emperor of the [[Trần dynasty]], reigning over [[Dai Viet]] from 1293 to 1314. After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Minh Tông]], Anh Tông held the title [[Retired Emperor]] for six years. As the first Trần emperor who ruled in total peace with respect to foreign affairs, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt, which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over the kingdoms of [[Champa]] and [[Lan Xang]].


== Early years ==
'''Trần Anh Tông''' ([[Hán tự]]: [[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:英|英]][[wikt:宗|宗]], [[1276]]–[[1320]]), [[Vietnamese name|given name]] '''Trần Thuyên''' ([[wikt:陳|陳]][[wikt:烇|烇]]), was the [[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|fourth emperor]] of the [[Trần Dynasty]] who reigned [[Đại Việt]] from [[1293]] to [[1314]]. After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Minh Tông]], Anh Tông held the title [[Thái thượng hoàng]] for six years. As the first Trần emperor ruled in total peace, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over kingdom of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]].
Anh Tông was born in 1276 as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor [[Trần Nhân Tông]] and Empress [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]].<ref name=Ngo205>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=205}}</ref> In 1292 he was invested as [[crown prince]] by Nhân Tông<ref>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=241}}</ref> and ultimately was ceded the throne in 1293 while his father still reigned as Retired Emperor ({{lang|vi|Thái thượng hoàng}}) for 16 years.

== Background and during Nhân Tông's reign ==
Anh Tông was born in [[1276]] as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor [[Trần Nhân Tông]] and queen [[Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh]].<ref name=Ngo205>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=205}}</ref> In [[1292]] he was entitled [[crown prince]] by Nhân Tông<ref>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=241}}</ref> and ultimately was ceded the throne in [[1293]] while his father still reigned as [[Thái thượng hoàng]] (Retired Emperor) for 16 years.

After official historical book, although being an intelligent ruler and devoted son,<ref name=Tran65>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=65}}</ref> the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank wine and escaped the royal citadel to wander around [[Thăng Long]] in night. One time the Emperor was so drank that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor coming back from [[Thiên Trường]]. Being aware of the circumstance, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long<ref name=Ngo209>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=209}}</ref> and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named [[Đoàn Nhữ Hài]]. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as cour counsellor and avoided drinking henceforth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=64}}</ref>


According to officially commissioned historical books, although being an intelligent ruler and a devoted son,<ref name=Tran65>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=65}}</ref> the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank alcohol and escaped from the royal citadel to wander around [[Thăng Long]] at night. One time the Emperor was so drunk that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor who was coming back from [[Thiên Trường]] for a visit. When he was made aware of the situation, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long<ref name=Ngo209>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=209}}</ref> and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named [[Đoàn Nhữ Hài]]. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as court counselor and avoided drinking.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=64}}</ref>
== As emperor ==
== As emperor ==
{{Infobox Chinese
Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor reigned without the menace from [[Mongol Empire]]. Despite the deceases of two most important ministers of early Trần dynasty, [[Trần Quang Khải]] in [[1294]] and [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]] in [[1300]], the Emperor was still served by several efficient mandarins like [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Đoàn Nhữ Hài, [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]], a famous general in the [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|third war of resistance]] by Đại Việt against [[Mongol Empire]], [[Trương Hán Siêu]], [[Mạc Đĩnh Chi]] or [[Nguyễn Trung Ngạn]]. Anh Tông was very strict with social evils like gamble or corruption but the Emperor also reward generously for one who deserved.<ref name=Ngo207>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=207}}</ref> Under the reign of a lucid emperor like Anh Tông with the assistance from such a capable court, Đại Việt people was able to witness a long period of peace and prosperity.<ref name=Tran65/><ref name=Ngo205/>
| vie = Trần Anh Tông

| hn = {{linktext|陳|英|宗}}
Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with [[Yuan Dynasty]] while restraining the two other neighbour of Đại Việt, kingdom of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]]. The Emperor's envoy to Yuan Dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was sometime called "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in Yan Dynasty's court by his eloquence.<ref name=Ngo221>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=221}}</ref> After the failed invasions of Mongol Empire, southwestern border of Đại Việt was intruded several times by Laos force until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to take charge of pacifying the frontier regions.<ref name=Tran66>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=66}}</ref><ref name=Ngo215>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=215}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis85>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=85}}</ref>
}}

Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor who reigned without having to face attacks from the [[Mongol Empire]]. Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, [[Trần Quang Khải]] in 1294 and [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]] in 1300, the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Đoàn Nhữ Hài, [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]], [[Trương Hán Siêu]], [[Mạc Đĩnh Chi]] and [[Nguyễn Trung Ngạn]]. Anh Tông was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption but he also generously rewarded those who served him well.<ref name=Ngo207>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=207}}</ref> Under the reign of an able emperor and capable court administration, Đại Việt witnessed a long period of peace and prosperity.<ref name=Ngo205/><ref name=Tran65/>
In [[1306]],<ref name=Ngo218>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=218}}</ref> to maintain a good relation with kingdom of [[Champa]], Anh Tông married off his sister, princess [[Huyền Trân]], to [[Chế Mân]], king of Champa, in exchange, Đại Việt was received a large region of two provinces from Champa. Only one year after the state marriage, Chế Mân died and as a royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân had to die following her husband. Facing the urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin [[Trần Khắc Chung]] travel to Champa with purpose of helping Huyền Trân avoid the apparent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to come back to Đại Việt but [[Chế Chí]], the successor of Chế Mân, did not want to keep the peacful treaty with Đại Việt anymore. After that event, Anh Tông in person and two generals [[Trần Quốc Chân]] and [[Trần Khánh Dư]], commanded three groups of Đại Việt army attack Champa in [[1312]]. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,<ref name=Ngo223>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=223}}</ref> another Champa king was established by Anh Tông but the relation between Đại Việt and Champa still kept strained for a long time afterward.<ref name=Tran66/><ref name=Chapuis86>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=86}}</ref>
{{Infobox Vietnamese
|title=Birth name
|qn=Trần Thuyên
|hn={{linktext|陳|烇}}
}}
Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with the [[Yuan dynasty]] while restraining the two other neighbours of Đại Việt, the kingdoms of [[Champa]] and [[Laos]]. The Emperor's envoy to the Yuan dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was dubbled the "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in the Yuan dynasty court for his eloquence.<ref name=Ngo221>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=221}}</ref> After the failed invasions of the Mongol Empire, Đại Việt's southwestern border was invaded several times by Laos until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to oversee the pacification of the frontier regions.<ref name=Tran66>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=66}}</ref><ref name=Ngo215>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=215}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis85>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=85}}</ref>


In 1306, the king of [[Champa]] [[Chế Mân]] offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures Ô and Lý in exchange for a marriage with Vietnamese princess [[Huyền Trân]].<ref name="Chapuis85"/> Anh Tông accepted this offer, then he took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture to Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture, both of them often referred shortly as [[Thuận Hóa]] region.<ref name=Chapuis85/> Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and in line with the royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be [[Sati (practice)|cremated with her husband]]. Facing this urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin [[Trần Khắc Chung]] to Champa to save Huyền Trân from an imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to return to Đại Việt but [[Chế Chí]], the successor of Chế Mân, no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt. After that event, Anh Tông himself, along with generals [[Trần Quốc Chân]] and [[Trần Khánh Dư]] commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,<ref name=Ngo223>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=223}}</ref> and Anh Tông installed a hand-picked successor, Che Man's brother [[Che Nang|Che Da-a-ba-niem]],<ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|89}} but the relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterwards.<ref name="Tran66" /><ref name=Chapuis86>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=86}}</ref>
== As retired emperor ==
== As retired emperor ==
After 21 years reigning, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor [[Trần Minh Tông]], and kept the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before died in [[1320]] at age 54.<ref name=Tran66/> Anh Tông had only one [[era name]] during his reign which was Hưng Long ([[wikt:興|興]][[wikt:隆|隆]], prosperity), after the Emperor's decease, he was given the [[posthumous name]] Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).<ref name=Ngo205/>
After 21 years of rule, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor [[Trần Minh Tông]], and Anh Tông retained the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before dying in 1320 at the age of 54.<ref name=Tran66/> Anh Tông had only one [[era name]] during his reign, which was Hưng Long ([[wikt:興|興]][[wikt:隆|隆]], prosperity). After the Emperor's death, he was given the [[posthumous name]] Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).<ref name=Ngo205/>


According to historical books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign which created over Đại Việt a peaceful and prosperous period. Personally, the Emperor was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, always cautious and intelligent in judging, he was only critized for having build a tower and gather monks in [[Yên Tử mountain]].<ref name=Ngo205/><ref name=Reid58>{{Harvnb|Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|2006|p=58}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis87>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=87}}</ref> According to the royal historian [[Ngô Sĩ Liên]], Anh Tông was also a father with sense of responsibility for his son, this is an important factor that contributed to the good quality as a ruler of Minh Tông in the future.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=254}}</ref> The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off royal princess Huyền Trân to the foreign Champa king in exchange of peace and land was sometimes considered a fault of Trần dynasty.<ref name=Ngo218/>
According to history books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign, which created a peaceful and prosperous period in the history of Đại Việt. He was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, was always cautious and intelligent in judgment, and the only major criticism of him was building a tower and gathering monks in [[Yên Tử mountain]].<ref name=Ngo205/><ref name=Reid58>{{Harvnb|Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|2006|p=58}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis87>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=87}}</ref> According to the royal historian [[Ngô Sĩ Liên]], Anh Tông was a father with sense of responsibility for his son, which is seen as an important factor in Minh Tông's good governance in the future.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=254}}</ref> The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off the royal princess [[Huyền Trân]] to the king of Champa in exchange for peace and land was sometimes considered a stigma on the Trần dynasty.<ref name=Ngo218>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=218}}</ref>


== Family ==
== Family ==
* Anh Tông had one queen, two other wives and several concubines:
* Anh Tông had one empress, two other wives and several concubines:
** Queen Thuận Thánh (?-1330), daughter of [[Trần Quốc Tảng]] and grand-daughter of [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]]. She was entitled [[Queen dowager]] when [[Trần Minh Tông|Trần Mạnh]] was made emperor
** Empress Thuận Thánh (?&ndash;1330), daughter of [[Trần Quốc Tảng]] and granddaughter of [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]]. She was entitled [[Queen dowager]] when [[Trần Minh Tông|Trần Mạnh]] was made emperor
** Imperial consort Chiêu Hiến, daughter of [[Trần Bình Trọng]], natural mother of Trần Mạnh<ref name=Ngo227>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=227}}</ref>
** Imperial consort Chiêu Hiến, daughter of [[Trần Bình Trọng]], natural mother of Trần Mạnh<ref name=Ngo227>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=227}}</ref>
** Imperial consort Tĩnh Huệ, daughter of [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]]
** Imperial consort Tĩnh Huệ, daughter of [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]]
** Đa La Thanh, daughter of Northen monk Du Chi Bà Lam
** Đa La Thanh, daughter of northern monk Du Chi Bà Lam[[File:Trần Anh Tông TLĐSXSĐ.jpg|thumb|Emperor Trần Anh Tông]]
** Imperial concubine Trần Thị Thái Bình
** Imperial concubine Trần Thị Thái Bình
** Palace maid Vương thị
** Palace maid Vương Thị
* Besides three short-lived sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor [[Trần Minh Tông]]. The Emperor also had five daughters:

* Besides three short-life sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor [[Trần Minh Tông]]. The Emperor also had five daughters:
** Princess Thiên Chân
** Princess Thiên Chân
** Princess Ý Trinh
** Princess Ý Trinh
Line 60: Line 69:
** Princess Huệ Chân
** Princess Huệ Chân
** Princess Thánh Chân
** Princess Thánh Chân

== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|4}}
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation|first=Sỹ Liên|last=Ngô|authorlink=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|authorlink=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|first=Trọng Kim|last=Trần|authorlink=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=[[Saigon]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|author=Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|title=Việt Nam: borderless histories|link=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ex_Hy0sv4T0C&lpg=PA58&dq=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&as_brr=3&hl=fr&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&f=false|year=2006|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0299217744}}
* {{citation|first=Oscar|last=Chapuis|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|link=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&lpg=PA85&dq=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&as_brr=3&hl=fr&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&f=false|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313296227}}


== Sources ==
{{start box}}
* {{citation|first=Sỹ Liên|last=Ngô|authorlink=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|authorlink=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{citation|first=Trọng Kim|last=Trần|authorlink=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=Saigon}}
* {{citation|author=Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid|title=Việt Nam: borderless histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex_Hy0sv4T0C&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA58|year=2006|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-21774-4}}
* {{citation|first=Oscar|last=Chapuis|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7}}
{{S-start}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
|- style="text-align: center;"
{{s-hou|[[Trần Dynasty|House of Trần]]| |1276| |1320}}
{{s-hou|[[Trần dynasty|House of Trần]]| |1276| |1320}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-reg}}
|-
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|Emperor of Trần Dynasty]]|years=[[1293]]-[[1314]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor of Trần dynasty]]|years=1293&ndash;1314}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Trần Minh Tông]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Trần Minh Tông]]}}
|-
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Trần Nhân Tông]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty#Retired emperor|Retired Emperor of Trần Dynasty]]|years=[[1314]]-[[1320]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty#Retired emperor|Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty]]|years=1314&ndash;1320}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Trần Minh Tông]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Trần Minh Tông]]}}
|-
|-
{{end box}}
{{S-end}}
{{Family tree of Trần royal family}}
[[Category:Trần Dynasty emperors]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Vietnamese poets]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tran, Anh Tong}}
[[Category:Trần dynasty retired emperors|A]]
[[Category:Trần dynasty emperors|A]]
[[Category:1276 births]]
[[Category:1276 births]]
[[Category:1320 deaths]]
[[Category:1320 deaths]]
[[Category:Vietnamese monarchs]]

[[sv:Tran Anh Tong]]
[[vi:Trần Anh Tông]]

Revision as of 05:25, 20 March 2024

Trần Anh Tông
陳英宗
Emperor of Đại Việt
Emperor of Trần dynasty
Reign1293–1314
PredecessorTrần Nhân Tông
SuccessorTrần Minh Tông
Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty
Reign1314–1320
PredecessorTrần Nhân Tông
SuccessorTrần Minh Tông
Born17 September 1276
Thăng Long, Đại Việt
Died12 December 1320
Thăng Long, Đại Việt
Burial
Thái Tomb
SpouseEmpress Thuận Thánh
IssueCrown prince Trần Mạnh and 5 daughters
Names
Trần Thuyên (陳烇)
Era dates
Hưng Long (興隆, 1293–1314)
Regnal name
Ứng Thiên Quảng Vận Nhân Minh Thánh Hiếu hoàng đế (應天廣運仁明聖孝皇帝)
Posthumous name
Ứng Thiên Quảng Vận Hiển Văn Duệ Vũ Khâm Minh Nhân Hiếu hoàng đế
應天廣運顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝
Temple name
Anh Tông (英宗)
HouseTrần dynasty
FatherTrần Nhân Tông
MotherEmpress Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh
ReligionBuddhism
Trần dynasty monarchs
Trần Thái Tông 1226–1258
Trần Thánh Tông 1258–1278
Trần Nhân Tông 1278–1293
Trần Anh Tông 1293–1314
Trần Minh Tông 1314–1329
Trần Hiến Tông 1329–1341
Trần Dụ Tông 1341–1369
Dương Nhật Lễ 1369–1370
Trần Nghệ Tông 1370–1372
Trần Duệ Tông 1373–1377
Trần Phế Đế 1377–1388
Trần Thuận Tông 1388–1398
Trần Thiếu Đế 1398–1400
Trần Ngỗi 1407–1409
Trần Quý Khoáng 1409–1413

Trần Anh Tông (chữ Hán: 陳英宗, 17 September 1276 – 12 December 1320), personal name Trần Thuyên (陳烇), courtesy name Nhật Sủy (日煃) or Nhật Sáng[1] (日㷃/日𤊞), was the fourth emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigning over Dai Viet from 1293 to 1314. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Minh Tông, Anh Tông held the title Retired Emperor for six years. As the first Trần emperor who ruled in total peace with respect to foreign affairs, Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt, which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over the kingdoms of Champa and Lan Xang.

Early years

Anh Tông was born in 1276 as Trần Thuyên, the first son of the then-emperor Trần Nhân Tông and Empress Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh.[2] In 1292 he was invested as crown prince by Nhân Tông[3] and ultimately was ceded the throne in 1293 while his father still reigned as Retired Emperor (Thái thượng hoàng) for 16 years.

According to officially commissioned historical books, although being an intelligent ruler and a devoted son,[4] the young Emperor Anh Tông often drank alcohol and escaped from the royal citadel to wander around Thăng Long at night. One time the Emperor was so drunk that he forgot to welcome the Retired Emperor who was coming back from Thiên Trường for a visit. When he was made aware of the situation, Nhân Tông departed immediately in a fury from Thăng Long[5] and Anh Tông had to write a petition for the Retired Emperor with the help from a young scholar named Đoàn Nhữ Hài. After that event, Anh Tông appointed Đoàn as court counselor and avoided drinking.[6]

As emperor

Trần Anh Tông
Vietnamese name
VietnameseTrần Anh Tông
Hán-Nôm陳英宗

Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor who reigned without having to face attacks from the Mongol Empire. Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300, the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật, Đoàn Nhữ Hài, Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trương Hán Siêu, Mạc Đĩnh Chi and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn. Anh Tông was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption but he also generously rewarded those who served him well.[7] Under the reign of an able emperor and capable court administration, Đại Việt witnessed a long period of peace and prosperity.[2][4]

Birth name
Vietnamese alphabetTrần Thuyên
Hán-Nôm陳烇

Foreign policy during Anh Tông's reign was continuing the détente with the Yuan dynasty while restraining the two other neighbours of Đại Việt, the kingdoms of Champa and Laos. The Emperor's envoy to the Yuan dynasty was so successful that the leader Mạc Đĩnh Chi was dubbled the "Two-state exemplar" because he came first as Trạng nguyên (Zhuangyuan, 狀元) in Đại Việt's imperial examination and was praised in the Yuan dynasty court for his eloquence.[8] After the failed invasions of the Mongol Empire, Đại Việt's southwestern border was invaded several times by Laos until Anh Tông appointed Phạm Ngũ Lão to oversee the pacification of the frontier regions.[9][10][11]

In 1306, the king of Champa Chế Mân offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures Ô and Lý in exchange for a marriage with Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân.[11] Anh Tông accepted this offer, then he took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture to Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture, both of them often referred shortly as Thuận Hóa region.[11] Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and in line with the royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband. Facing this urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to Champa to save Huyền Trân from an imminent death. Finally Huyền Trân was able to return to Đại Việt but Chế Chí, the successor of Chế Mân, no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt. After that event, Anh Tông himself, along with generals Trần Quốc Chân and Trần Khánh Dư commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,[12] and Anh Tông installed a hand-picked successor, Che Man's brother Che Da-a-ba-niem,[13]: 89  but the relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained for a long time afterwards.[9][14]

As retired emperor

After 21 years of rule, Anh Tông passed the throne to the crown prince Trần Mạnh, who became the Emperor Trần Minh Tông, and Anh Tông retained the title Thái thượng hoàng for six more years before dying in 1320 at the age of 54.[9] Anh Tông had only one era name during his reign, which was Hưng Long (興隆, prosperity). After the Emperor's death, he was given the posthumous name Hiển văn duệ vũ khâm minh nhân hiếu hoàng đế (顯文睿武欽明仁孝皇帝).[2]

According to history books, Anh Tông was praised for his righteous reign, which created a peaceful and prosperous period in the history of Đại Việt. He was known as a modest ruler who was quick to mend his mistakes, was always cautious and intelligent in judgment, and the only major criticism of him was building a tower and gathering monks in Yên Tử mountain.[2][15][16] According to the royal historian Ngô Sĩ Liên, Anh Tông was a father with sense of responsibility for his son, which is seen as an important factor in Minh Tông's good governance in the future.[17] The decision made by Anh Tông and his father Nhân Tông to marry off the royal princess Huyền Trân to the king of Champa in exchange for peace and land was sometimes considered a stigma on the Trần dynasty.[18]

Family

  • Anh Tông had one empress, two other wives and several concubines:
  • Besides three short-lived sons, Anh Tông was survived by only one son, Trần Mạnh, who eventually became his successor Trần Minh Tông. The Emperor also had five daughters:
    • Princess Thiên Chân
    • Princess Ý Trinh
    • Princess Huy Chân
    • Princess Huệ Chân
    • Princess Thánh Chân

References

  1. ^ History of Yuan.
  2. ^ a b c d Ngô 1993, p. 205
  3. ^ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p. 241
  4. ^ a b Trần 1971, p. 65
  5. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 209
  6. ^ Trần 1971, p. 64
  7. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 207
  8. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 221
  9. ^ a b c Trần 1971, p. 66
  10. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 215
  11. ^ a b c Chapuis 1995, p. 85
  12. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 223
  13. ^ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
  14. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 86
  15. ^ Tran Tuyet Nhung, Anthony Reid 2006, p. 58
  16. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 87
  17. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 254
  18. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 218
  19. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 227

Sources

Trần Anh Tông
Born: 1276 Died: 1320
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Trần dynasty
1293–1314 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty
1314–1320 		Succeeded by
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