Homowo: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(164 intermediate revisions by 80 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Traditional festival in Ghana by the Ga people}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
[[File:Accra Homowo um1900 300dpi.jpg|thumb|A street in [[Accra]]. Many people from nearby neighborhoods and the surrounding area flock to the city center in order to attend the celebration of the Homowo Festival, the annual main festival of the [[Ga people|Ga]], around 1900.]]
'''Homowo''' is a festival celebrated by [[Ga people]] of [[Ghana]]. The [[festival]] starts in the month of May with the planting of crops before the [[rainy season]] starts.
[[File:Teshie Homowo 61.jpg|thumb|[[Teshie]] Homowo Festival Ban on Singing & Drumming Ritual Ceremony.]]
[[File:Homowo1.jpg|thumb|Homowo festival rituals.]]
[[File:Nungua Homowo Festival 04.jpg|alt=A woman wearing a white cloth carries a pot while clad in green vines walks alongside two men wearing white while also pooring libation|thumb|Nungua Homowo Festival Painting.]]
'''Homowo''' is a [[festival]] celebrated by the [[Ga people]] of [[Ghana]] in the [[Greater Accra Region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Homowo Festival |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/tribes/homowo_festival.php |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> The [[festival]] starts at the end of April into May with the planting of crops (mainly [[maize|millet]]) before the [[rainy season]] starts. The Ga people celebrate Homowo in the remembrance of [[famine]] that once happened in their history in precolonial Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> The Ga Homowo or Harvest Custom is an annual tradition among the Accra people, with its origin tied to the Native Calendar and the Damte Dsanwe people of the Asere Quarter. Asere is a sub-division of the Ga Division in the Accra District of the Gold Coast Colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/asere-mantse-to-set-up-education-fund.html|title=Asere Mantse Sets up Educational Fund|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== <span lang="ru" dir="ltr">Etymology & Origin</span> ==
The word homowo (''Homo'' - hunger, ''wo'' - sleep) can mean to hoot or jeer at hunger. <ref "roots">The [[library of congress]]'s article on Homowo. Retrieved 08 September 07</ref> The tradition of Homowo started with a period of hunger leading to [[famine]] due to failure of the seasonal [[rain]]s needed by crops in the [[Greater Accra Region]], where the Ga people predominately dwell. When the rains returned to normal, the Ga people celebrated by creating the Homowo festival hence it name and meaning.
The word '''Homowo''' (''Homo'' - hunger, ''wo'' - hoot) can mean "to hoot (or jeer) at hunger" in the Ga language.<ref name="roots">The [[Library of Congress]]'s article on Homowo. Retrieved 08 September 07</ref> It is said that as the [[Ga people]] traveled to [[Ghana]], they faced [[famine]] and other misfortunes along the way and upon settlement. The people attributed their mishaps and misfortunes to the displeasure of a god or [[deity]]. To restore balance in their society, the Ga people sacrificed [[livestock]], prayed and poured [[Libation|libations]] to pacify the gods or [[Deity|deities]].<ref name="Lokko 1981 43–50">{{Cite journal |last=Lokko |first=Sophia D. |date=1981 |title=Hunger-Hooting Festival in Ghana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145377 |journal=The Drama Review: TDR |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=43–50 |doi=10.2307/1145377 |jstor=1145377 |issn=0012-5962}}</ref>
It is not intended here to trace the origin of the Ga Homowo or Harvest Custom of the Accra peoples. This takes place yearly according to the Native Calendar as given out by the Priest of the Fetish Dantu of the Damte Dsanwe people of the Asere Quarter. Asere is a sub-division of the Ga Division of the Accra District of the Eastern province of the Gold Coast Colony, nor to discuss why Harvest Custom has been held for so many centuries past and still continues.


An intriguing aspect of the Ga Homowo tradition is the dual celebrations that occur within the Damte Dsanwe community. The tradition suggests that, in the Ga people's history, the Paramount Chief or Ga Mantse temporarily left Accra for eastern Ga territories. During his absence, the community, under the authority of the Priest of the Dantu Fetish, conducted the Homowo Harvest Custom, complete with the customary rituals. Upon the Ga Mantse's return, a second Homowo Harvest Festival was held, in which all Ga people were encouraged to participate. This second celebration, while commemorating the Ga Mantse's return, became an integral part of Ga cultural history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asetena.com/homowo-festival-history-significance-and-how-it-is-celebrated/|title=History and significance of Homowo Festival|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>
The Ga language is spoken among a very limited population of the Gold Coast. Neither this population nor the territory it occupies is of much consequence in comparison with those of the neighbouring nations. However what the Gas lack in numbers and extent of territory, they have made up in valour and sound common sense-so much so that they have been frequently attacked. The Gas have never been conquered and made slaves of. The soil of the land has always been, and is, the property of the Ga people.


What is sought to be done here is simply to give, as far as possible, the days and dates which make up the native year with some of the events which take place on each day through out the native year, according to the Native Calendar, as given to all the Gas by the Priest of the Damte Fetish.
It is important to clarify that while two Ga Homowo celebrations appear to transpire within a single year, the original and authentic Ga Homowo is the first one, known as the Damte Dsanwe Homowo. This celebration marks the culmination of the native year and aligns with native law and custom.<ref name=":0" />


== Pre-festival ==
This Damte Dsanwe place and the Dantu Fetish with its Priest has already been referred to, and described, in one of my articles entitled "The Native Tribunals of the Akras". This much can be said here, that the Damte Dsanwe people are, or are supposed to be, of Akan origin, and are some of the real Ga people who first came to this part of the Coast with their Mantse and Priest and regular suite, in accordance with the Native Court or State.
Homowo is celebrated in all the cities in the Ga state with celebrations climaxing in [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]]. Prior to the actual celebration of the festival, '''Nmaadumo''', a sowing rite of wheat takes place to mark the beginning of the Ga Calendar and the celebrations that occur within it. '''Nmaa''' or millet is sown by the seven [[Priest|priests]] of the [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]] people who perform '''Shibaa''', the rite of digging.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Ammah |first=Charles |title=Ga Homowo |publisher=Advance Accra |year=1968 |location=Accra, Ghana |pages=11–13}}</ref> The priests sow the wheat in a specific order with '''Dantu''' on Monday, '''Sakumo''' on Tuesday, '''Naa Korle''' and '''Naa Afieye''' on Friday, '''Gua''' on Saturday, '''Naa Dede''' on Sunday, and '''Nai''' on the following Tuesday. During wheat-sowing, a strict ban on noise called '''Koninfemo''' is set in place. This is to ensure that the crops grow without distractions. This lasts for four weeks and two days, and at the end of this period, specific drum beatings called '''Odadaa''' are played to announce the end of the noise-making ban.<ref name=":03"/>


== Timeline/Dates ==
As with other tribes and peoples of the Ga nation, the subsequent wars and strife greatly reduced them in numbers and power; their Mantse is no longer with them and the real Stool of that people is not seen, neither has its whereabouts been known for centuries past. It is supposed to have been taken by their Mantse or Chief from Damte Dsanwe to Adutsoshishi in the Gbese Quarter of Accra; but what has become of the Stool, the State sword and other paraphernalia no one can say, or those who know are not willing to speak.
The native calendar of the [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga people]] is provided yearly by the '''Damte''' [[Fetish priest|Fetish Priest]] of the Damte Dsanwe people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quartey-Papafio |first=A. B. |date=1920 |title=The Gã Homowo Festival |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716030 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=19 |issue=74 |pages=126–134 |jstor=716030 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> The Ga Native Year commences either on the last Monday of April or the first or second Monday of May.<ref name=":1"/> This period is when the Nmaadumo takes place, and marks the beginning of the Homowo season which ends in September after the crops are harvested. The start of the year is determined by either counting days or weeks from the initial day designated by the Dantu Priest as the inaugural day of the Native Year. At times, often midway or near the end of the year, the Dantu Priest may shift the Calendar either forward or backward by a week or two. This adjustment can be made either by the directive of the Ga Mantse or at the discretion of the Dantu Priest, often without a specific reason. Consequently, the Calendar is not fixed, leading to variations in the timing of the Homowo Festival.


A week and five days after Odadaa is played, the '''Twins Yam Festival''' begins, and five weeks and four days later, the celebrations of Homowo begin. Different cities celebrate their Homowo at different dates, with Lante Dzanwe beginning, followed by '''[[Tema]]''' six days later. [[Nungua]], however, begins celebrating Homowo soon after Odadaa is played on the first Sunday in July. The general Homowo celebration of the entire [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]] (from [[Osu, Accra]] to '''[[Teshie]]''') begins eight days after Tema, and ten days after, '''Nungo''' and '''Gboogbla''' begin their part of the festival. The last place to celebrate the festival is '''Awutu''' four days later.<ref name=":03"/>
Their priest now is the head of the Damte Dsanwe people, and they and the Kpakpatsewe people now recognise and serve one Mantse, the Akwashong Mantse.


=== Soobii ===
Why is it that in the same town, Damte Dsanwe people first celebrate the Homowo Harvest Festival, and then join the rest of the Akras in celebrating a similar festival a fortnight later?
Celebrators living and working in neighboring towns and villages are called '''Soobii''' (Thursday people) as they arrive on Thursday to join other Ga people in celebrating Homowo during the Homowo week at [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]]. Once the Soobii people arrive at the city for the festival, they diverge into their localities to march together.


=== Twins Yam Festival ===
The reason given for this by tradition is that some time in the history of the Ga people the Paramount Chief, or Ga Mantse; left Accra for the towns in the east of the Ga territory, and when the time for the Homowo Harvest Festival came on during his absence, the Gas who were left behind empowered the Priest of the Fetish Dantu to perform the Custom and offer the sacrifices usually done by the Ga Mantse, which he did, with the assistance of the. Akwashong Mantse; and a fortnight afterwards the Ga Mantse returned to Accra, and, although informed of what had taken place, he insisted upon holding another Homowo Harvest Festival, in which he asked all the Ga people to join, which they did; hence the second celebration also became a fixture in the annals of the Ga people, though in reality a sort of commemoration of the return of the Ga Mantse to Accra.
'''The Twins Yam Festival''' falls on the Friday following the [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]] area Homowo celebration and before the main Homowo celebration on Saturday. On this day, twin Ga people wear white and celebrate with feastings, music, and dancing. This festival stems from the Ga belief that twins live different lives compared to their non-twins counterparts and behave differently. On this day, a pair of buffalo horns that are typically preserved in a [[shrine]] are brought out to be used for ritual ceremonies. The twins are expected to wear the same clothing, share their gifts, and react similarly in given situations.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ammah |first=Charles Nii |title=Ga Homowo and other Ga-Adangme Festivals |publisher=Sedco Publishing Limited |year=1982 |location=Accra, Ghana |pages=8}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Opoku |first=A.A. |title=Festivals of Ghana |publisher=Ghana Publishing Company |year=1970 |location=Ghana |pages=52}}</ref>


Typically, the Homowo Festival is observed in August, occasionally falling in July or September. It is noted that in 1888, the entire Accra community celebrated the Homowo Festival as late as September 27th or 29th.
It will therefore be seen that although there appear to be two celebrations of the Ga Homowo in one year, yet the real Ga Homowo or Harvest Festival is the first one - the one known as the Damte Dsanwe Homowo - because that is the one celebrated at the end of the native year and properly according to native law and custom.


'''The key milestones of the Native Year include:'''
Why and how it came about that the Damte Priest alone works out the Calendar for all the Ga people cannot be exactly made out from the traditions handed down to date, but it is true that even today all the Akras at Accra join the Damte Dsanwe people and Kpakpatsewe people in celebrating the Damte Dsanwe Homowo by preparing privately the special meal on that Saturday and enjoying it, and then join. The Damte Dsanwe and Kpakpatsewe people in the public celebrations, which take place in the afternoon of that day.


# '''1st Day (Monday):''' The Ga year begins on the first Monday after the Saturday feast. This practice is rooted in the belief that starting on Saturday is inauspicious. On this day, the Dantu Priest observes his Grand Custom by feasting and creating specific leaf mixtures in a traditional bowl. These mixtures are then taken by adherents and the Damte Dsanwe family, who sprinkle water with the leaves and share visits with one another.
It would appear to some readers strange that, although the Asere Quarter of the town of Accra is the oldest and practically the mother of the rest of the Quarters and other towns, not only at Accra, but down to the other towns on the East.
# '''2nd Day (Tuesday):''' This marks the preparation for the general Homowo Harvest Festival. Fishing is halted, and in certain regions, farming activities cease.
# '''3rd Day (Wednesday):''' Considered inauspicious, no significant tasks are undertaken on this day.
# '''4th Day (Thursday):''' Farmers refrain from working, and some areas prohibit any farming activities according to Native Law and Custom. Preparations continue for the general Harvest Festival.
# '''5th Day (Friday):''' Farmers rest on this day as per Native Law and Custom.
# '''6th Day (Saturday):''' Notably uneventful, this day lacks significant occurrences until the 11th day.
# '''11th Day (Thursday):''' Villagers and townspeople gather in Accra Town for the Homowo Festival. An evening gong signals the prohibition of debt collection, legal actions, and claims until the conclusion of the Homowo Festival. Violations of these injunctions are met with penalties.
#


The climax of the festival arrives on the 13th day, Saturday, with a grand feast where palm soup and kpokpoi are prepared and enjoyed. On the 14th day, Sunday, visits are exchanged, and the people engage in various practices to commemorate the departed and express well-wishes for the New Year.
However not many of the Principal Fetishes are located there, and that most of them are in Gbese Quarter; and also, that although in the days of yore a Fetish was supposed to be an important thing to be possessed by every chief, there is no real or public Fetish located at the Abola Quarters where the Paramount Chief, or Ga Mantse, now has his residence, neither is any such Fetish at the Alata Quarter.


Overall, the Native Year and its associated customs are deeply interwoven with the Ga culture, reflecting both practical considerations and spiritual beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2023/06/12/437884/homowo-festival-celebrating-harvest-and-migration|title=HOMOWO FESTIVAL: CELEBRATING HARVEST AND MIGRATION|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>
The reason for this given by tradition is that, when Prince Okaija, who afterwards became the first known Mantse of Gbese and must have learnt or known something about the Christian religion in Portugal, returned to Accra, and when he found the state of things in the place and also saw so many fetishes collected together at Asere with their Priests, he kept his eyes on them.


== Celebration ==
When he came to establish his Quarter, now known as the Gbese Quarter, Prince Okaija took with him those of the fetishes which he discovered were substantial; that is, those that derive their source or sources of devotion from some real things in existence, such as land, water, stream, sea or mountain, as the source of personification the medium of their intercourse with the. Divine being among particular devotees of such fetishes, and took them with him to the Gbese Quarter, i.e.
The Homowo Festival features several cultural elements, including rituals and traditions that hold historical significance. The closing and opening of the Korle Lagoon for fishing are central components. The Korle Priest performs ceremonies involving libations, prayers, and the removal of palm leaves to mark the cycles of opening and closing the lagoon.


Traditional celebration of Homowo includes marching across cities while drumming, singling, and dancing. This celebration is further multiplied during the Gamashie Homowo celebration as the Soobii people join in. They sing songs with lyrics such as '''"Nmaayi eye"''' (the harvest is white/plentiful) to celebrate fruitful harvests. The celebration continues into the early hours of Friday when preparation for cooking begins.<ref name=":22" />


=== Rites ===
Fetish Source of Devotion
Sakumo The Sakumo River
Nai The Sea
Korle The Korle Lagoon
Oku The Densu River


==== Shaayo Laitso Kee ====
This rite involves housewives presenting logs to mother-in-laws. This act marks the cordial relationship between a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law. This rite is also exchanged between son-in-laws and father-in-laws. The logs are used to make bonfires for the souls of dead relatives that are said to have arrived during Soobii.<ref name=":03"/>


==== Akpade Rite ====
But all the rest of the fetishes which had no real or particular source of devotion he left at Asere, and they remained there till the Sempes and the Akugmai Aji left the Asere Quarter for Ngleshi, now called James Town, and they took with them the Oyieni Fetish and such like other fetishes.
This rite involves plastering two side doors with red clay (Akpade) on the Friday of the Twins Yam Festival. This act is carried out by the elderly women of families, however the elderly men of the families fire musket bullets to expel evil spirits on the same day.<ref name=":03" />


==== Libation ====
Moreover the fact of no fetish being found at Abola Quarter is explained in the fact that the Abola people are not Gas, and when the Ga Mantse went and resided there that did not make them Gas because the Ga Mantse was not, and all his successors have never been Gas, neither have they really been regarded by the people as such.
The head of the family traditionally sprinkles [[Kpekpele|'''kpoikpoi''']] (a process called "'''Nishwamo'''") and pours drinks to the ground to honor ancestors following the preparation of Homowo food on Saturday.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" />


===== Prayer During Libation =====
It will also be seen that all the stools in Accra had fetishes attached to them originally, but till the Sakumo Fetish was discovered and the Ga Stool was removed from Asere to Abola, it had no fetish attached; the Ga Stools, which have stool fetishes attached, are given hereunder with their fetishes.
'''''Noowala Noowala''' (Long life Long Life)''


'''''Afi naa akpe wo''' (May the new year bring us together)''
Stools Fetish
Damte Dsanwe Stool Dantu Fetish
Akwashong Stool Gua Fetish and Abudu Fetish
Asere Stool ( Nikolai) Kalan, Kotope, Oyeadu, Karinana and other fetishes
Sempe Stool Osekan, Oyeini, Abosu Abla, Obutu Oyeini and Karinana fetishes


'''''Gbii kpaanyo anina wo''' (May we live to see the eighth day)''


'''''Woye Gbo ni woye Gboenaa''' (May we eat the fruits of Gbo and that of Gboenaa)''
All the fetishes attached to the Sempe Stool are supposed to be. part of the Nai Fetish, and they really do all their things with the Nai Fetish. The Akugmai Aji Stool observes its Yam Custom the same day with the Gbese Stool.


'''''Wofee moomo''' (May we live long)''
All these fetishes, being Ga in origin, celebrate the corn harvest, and do so a week before their stools celebrate their Yam Custom; all the remaining stools of the Akras are either Twi, in origin or follow or continue or adopt the Twi custom and have Fetishes, but they celebrate Adai and not corn festival before their stools celebrate their Yam Customs either in the same week or week after.


'''''Alonte din ko aka-fo woten''' (May no black cat (ill omen) come between us)''
The Twi Stools in Accra Town are:


'''''Wosee afi bene wotrashi neke nonu noon''' (May sit like this the next year)''
Stool. Fetish
Gbese Stool Korle Fetish
Otublohum Stool Afeaye Fetish
Alata Stool Okai Jata Afeaye Fetish, Charway Fetish. The Banafo fetish they worship is a fetish which some Mowele people who came to Accra for fishing purposes brought with them for self-protection. The Kwei Kuma Fetish is not attached to the Alata Stool; it is a family fetish.
Abola Stool The Abola Stool has no known Fetish.
Akagmai Aji Stool Akagmai Aji Stool has no known Fetish.


'''''Tswa Tswa tswa Omanye aba''' (Hai! Hail! Hail! May peace be)''<ref name="Lokko 1981 43–50"/>
The Korle Fetish is, said to be the fetish of the Gbese Stool by grace only because it is a Ga Fetish and celebrates the corn feast instead of the Adai or Yam Custom. However just as the Sakumo was made or considered to be a fetish for the Ga Stool be-cause the Ga Mantse performs the duties of the Priest in the absence of one either through death or journey, the Korle and, Sakumo Fetishes both observe the corn feast.


== Cuisine ==
The Oyeadu Fetish is Asere Fetish, but it is not recognised as the fetish of the Asere Stool, and it is part of the tradition of Asere that the Qyeadu either comes out of or is a part of the Kalan Fetish, and that what the Oyeadu Fetish spoils, the Kalan repairs.
Cooking for Homowo Saturday begins around 4am on Saturday in most Ga homes to ensure it is ready for sprinkling at 7am.<ref name=":03" />


=== Kpekpele ===
It is admitted that the Oyeadu Fetish does wicked things; therefore if anyone die in childbirth the Qyeadu Fetish Priest and his people take all the goods of the deceased, and no one goes to the bush towns or farms or the water places for water on the Sunday following the day of which that person so died.
[[Kpekpele|'''Kpokpei''']] is prepared from the millet that is grown by the seven priests during Nmaadumo. It is turned into dough and eventually steamed. Once it cooks, it is kneaded in a wooden bowl and mixed with [[Palm oil|palm-oil]] and [[Okra|okro]] soup. During the celebration on Saturday, people go around many Ga households in the [[Ga-Mashie|Gamashie]] area to share the festal food with them. On this day there is traffic and roads are blocked off to accommodate the festival.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":03"/> The ingredients for making Kpekpele are simple and few; ground corn/maize, palm-oil, onions, salt and in some Ga houses there’s the inclusion of okra which is optional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accramommy.com/ganyobinaa/the-recipe-for-kpokpoi-homowo-festival-food/8/21/2020?format=amp|title=The Ingredients For Preparing Kpekpele|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>


== Diaspora ==
Until that person’s place or house is purified on account of what the satellites get as their share from the booty in the dead person’s property; they afterwards started to commit acts not short of murder, till they got into conflict with the police and their Priest imprisoned with hard labour and the fetish removed to Ussher Town, Accra.
Ga people living in Portland, Oregon host the "Portland Homowo & Twins Festival" to celebrate alongside their native counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homowo & Twins Festival |url=https://homowotwins.org/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Homowo & Twins Festival}}</ref> In 2011, the Ga community in the UK took a laudable initiative to join in on the Homowo celebration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/amp/news/342862/uk-celebrates-its-first-joint-homowo-festival.html|title=UK CELEBRATES ITS FIRST JOINT HOMOWO FESTIVAL|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
The Fetish Karinana is the same as the Kalan, and the head of them all; any important meeting by the fetishes with their Priest are held at its place.
<gallery>
File:Homowo Festival in Ghana 3.jpg|The Ga people celebrate Homowo Festival in the remembrance of the famine that once happened in their history in precolonial Ghana
File:Homowo Festival in Ghana 4.jpg|Homowo Festival
File:Homowo Festival in Ghana 2.jpg|Homowo Festival
File:Homowo Festival in Ghana.jpg|Homowo Festival
File:Homowo Palm Nut Soup.jpg|Homowo Festival Palm nut Soup
File:Kpekple.jpg|kpekple
</gallery>


==See also==
The Obrafo is not one of the fetishes which the Ga people came with; it is located at Asere Quarter. They took it from the Akwamu refugees as hostages for their good faith and good behaviour whilst they lived among them.
* [[Culture of Ghana]]

As the Akwamu refugees, now the Otoo Street or Otublohum people, used it as a medicine fetish for war, the Asere took it from them and handed it to their fetish Qtu, which used to celebrate the yearly Custom which is now given the name of the Obrafo, known as the Obrafo or Yam Custom.

The Kotope Fetish, now a fetish of the Aseres, was formerly like the Obrafo War Fetish a Medicine Fetish for War; it came from the Salagah wilds, and it was this fetish that the Akwashong Mantse Kwatei Kojo took with him when he went to Crepee War, known as Neire, some time in 1828 or later.

The fetishes mentioned above are what one would call Town Fetishes or Seem-Town Fetishes, inasmuch as the celebration of their Corn Custom or Yam Custom has relationship to Yam Custom of the Stools, and precedes the Yarn Custom of a stool to which they are attached, and their customs are some of the yearly fixtures in the annals of the Ga people.

There are other fetishes and stools in the town of Accra which although they are not or cannot be considered Town Fetishes and Stools, yet they celebrate their yearly feast just as the other Stools and Fetishes, e.g.

Stool Fetish
The Ankrah Family Stool in the Otublohum Quarter of Accra The Dade Ban Fetish
The Damte Dsanwe Stool in Asere Quarter of Accra The Dantu Fetish
The Jas. Asafoatse Stool of the Amatsewe People in the Asere Quarter of Accra The Afieye Fetish
The Wamback (otherwise called Welbeck Family Stool, which is the Jase Asafoatse Stool in the Gbese Quarter of Accra The Odonfeh Fetish
The Sempe Mensah Stool in the Sempe Quarter of Accra
The Hansen Afeina Stool of the Sempe Quarter of Accra The Dade Fetish


Besides these two different ranks of Stools and Fetishes, there are other Stools and Fetishes, which are either Twi, Fante, Dangme or Awuna, celebrating their Yam Custom yearly.

Not withstanding the pomp and expense attaching to the Homowo Harvest Festival, the people also join in the celebration of Christian feasts, spending their money equally, if not more, in the Christmas and New Year season festivities. Some are even inclined to have a hand in the celebration of the Muhammedan (Muslim) Feast in their principal feast days, and these show clearly that although the civilised and uncivilised native of the Gold Coast, in appearance and way, seems to be conservative in many things, yet in matters of religion he or she is a cosmopolitan in the extreme, regarding one faith as good as another.

The Obutus, who are Gas and form part of the Ga nation, being really under the Ga Stool, spend their Homowo or Harvest Festival, which they call ohume, a week after the general Ga celebration - that is, on the fourth Saturday after the Damte Dsanwe Homowo Custom has been celebrated.

It is believed by some that the Obutu people are not Gas, because they use in their ordinary conversation and transaction a language called by them Afutu, which appears to be different from the language usually employed by their brothers, the Gas on the east side of the Sakumo River. There really is no difference between the Obutus and the Gas; to say the very least, nearly all the Obutus understand the language used by their brothers on this side of the Sakumo River.

The Afutu language is nothing more or less than the language used by the fetishes on both sides of the Sakumo River, and which the Fetish Priest mostly employs when addressing the fetishes on both sides of the Sakumo River.

The Qsu or Christiansborg people celebrate their Homowo or Harvest Festival on the second Tuesday after the Gas generally have celebrated theirs, and, on the fourth Tuesday after starting of the days of the year on the first Monday of the native year by the Dantu Priest.

The La or Labadi people and a few of the towns down to Addah celebrate their Homowo or festival season on the fourth week after the Ga people have celebrated their own-that is, on the third Saturday after the general Accra celebration.

The Nungua people celebrate their Homowo season on the fifth Saturday after that of the Accras. The Tema people celebrate theirs a week after the' Damte Dsanwe Homowo.


There are, roughly speaking, fifty-one weeks in the whole of the Ga native year.

The native week is not all made up of eight days, as is generally alleged; only the week starting from the first Monday, when the native year starts, to the following Monday, is made up of eight days; but all the following weeks are made up of seven days.

It will be seen from the days given in the Native Calendar later on that whilst there are 365 days generally in the English Calendar making 52 weeks, there are only 357 days in the Native Calendar, making a total of 51 weeks. Further, whilst there are 12 months in the English year, the 357 days in the Native year give 12 moons of 28 days and three weeks.




THE GA HOMOWO FESTIVAL: Part 2


The Native Year starts from Sunday, the day following the feast, which must be on a Saturday. The reckoning of the year is made either by days or weeks from the first day set down by the Dantu Priest as the first day of the Native Year.

Sometimes, either in the middle of the year or towards the end, the Dantu Priest will put the Calendar either forward or backward for a week or two. This will be done by order of the Ga Mantse or by the Dantu Priest himself for no assigned reason. Hence the Calendar is not stationary, and the times of the Homowo Festival vary.

The celebration usually takes place in August, rarely in July or September. It is believed that the whole of Accra celebrated the Homowo Festival in 1888 as late as the 27th or 29th of September.'

The following are some of the fixtures of the Native Year


1st Day, Monday: The first day of the Ga year is reckoned from the first Monday after the Saturday feast. The reason for the present two feast days has already been given.

The Dantu Priest reckons the days for the Native Year from the first Monday, since it is bad to start on the Saturday, which is unpropitious.

This day the Dantu Priest celebrates his Grand Custom by feasting and making certain concoctions of leaves in a native bowl, out of which all the adherents and the family of the Damte Dsanwe people take drops of water with the leaves and sprinkle themselves with the water. The Damte Dsanwe people will also visit each other throughout this day.


2nd Day, Tuesday: The whole of. Accra start to prepare for the general Homowo Harvest Festival, no fisherman goes fishing, and in some parts of the country no farmer works on this day.

This day is supposed to be most unpropitious, -and there fore many natives undertake nothing of importance on this day. Preparation for the general Harvest Festival continues, and general merriment by the Damte Dsanwe people.


3rd Day, Wednesday: -This day is supposed to be most unpropitious, and therefore nothing of importance is undertaken.


4th Day, Thursday: -No farmer works, and in some parts of the country no farmer is allowed by Native Law and Custom even to scratch the surface of the land. The preparation for the general Harvest Festival Custom and Harvest for the whole of the Akras.


5th Day, Friday: This is a general day for farmers to rest, and Native Law and Custom allow no farmer to do work of any kind.


6th Day, Saturday: -Nothing of much importance really takes place from this Saturday until Thursday, the 11th day.


11th Day, Thursday -All the people in the villages and towns outside come to Accra Town for the Homowo Festival. In the evening of this day a gong is beaten declaring that

No one is allowed to demand a debt till after the Homowo or Harvest Festival.

No summons will be taken against anyone before any Mantse, and no oath sworn will be entertained by any Stool holder till the Homowo season is over.

No one is to make or lay any claim against any person or persons till the celebration days of the Harvest Festival are over.

The penalties for the breach of any of these injunctions are then set forth.


It is stated that when some years ago a man brought about a Civil War on Sunday, 14th day of the Native Year, he was executed by the order of the Native Authorities of the whole town of Accra, being drowned in the sea; and that his act was considered punishable as a crime under the Native-Law and Custom, viz., the infringement of this proclamation or oath.

Rev. Carl Reindorf in his history of the Gold Coast and Ashanti gave the facts and history of this matter.

On this same night guns are let off either to drive away the ghosts which had occupied some of the houses during the absence of the bush people in their towns and villages, or to keep in order those ghosts which had come down from the bush towns and villages to observe the Harvest Festivals; possibly also to give notice to the ghosts that their people had come down to or from the bush. Presents of clothing, etc., to children and other relations and connections start to be given from this day.


12th day, Friday : This is the day before the Saturday on which all the Accra people celebrate the Homowo or Harvest Festival.

It is on this day that sons-in-law make presents of pieces of firewood to their father-in-law for the customary yearly gift, and daughters-in-law make presents of bundles of firewood to their mothers-in-law according to custom for yearly gift.

These presents are symbols of service annually performed for their fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law in days gone by. On this day also good and intimate friends make gifts of pieces of firewood to their friends. On this day alone people go to Akpade Gonno at Mkpono on the western slope of the hill, on which is situated Amankorobi, the burial place of the late Ga Mantse Tackie Tawia.

On this day every year the Korle Priest puts down palm leaves or "Gofi" at three points on the road leading into the Korle Lagoon, thereby closing the road and stopping people from going to fish in the waters. Nobody is allowed to pass by on that road until the "Gofi" is taken away.

Before putting "Gofi" down the-Korle Priest offers .prayers thus:

"Nmene soha ne aba tsi ona, ni aba tsi ona ne,
nu dsio yo dsio ni eba dse nwane ni eba ko ya ni efo ye ottili le,
lo eba wu ye omli le,
kedsi egbo le dsee moko hesaneko;
ble mole ledientse esumo egbele"

This translates into English as

" To-day Friday I come to stop people from fishing in you,
and if anyone contrary to this injunction were to come to fish privately,
or have his bath here,
he is to die: this will be nobody’s fault hut his own."

When the time of taking off the "Gofi" arrives a number of people accompany the Priest carrying fishing nets, and at the actual removal prayers are offered again. Some of the fish are distributed among the Mantsemei and other principal people in the town. This distribution of fish is known as " Didei Kome Ake Yeo Ko"

The Ga Mantsemei and other native chiefs and people now cook the fish with kpokpoi the festive food which they scatter little by little on the ground on the feast day for the old people who died long since to come and partake of; moreover those who died lately are supposed to enjoy what remains.

When the people and Korle Priest go down to the Lagoon to open it, the Priest commences by making the following libations and prayers to the fetish - that is, the spirit in the Korle Lagoon.

"Awo !Awo !Awo !
Nmene soha ne bodientse ogbi ona tsii nii le aba dsie ye ona,
ni bii ke hoi le aba mo onmon aha bo,
wo ye musun ekoo wo wo yitso gbawo. "

In English:

" May the Gods be praised and their blessing be upon us;
this Friday is your own day;
the things that were placed here as signs for closing fishing in you are going to be removed,
so that children and other people may come and fish in you,
and when we eat of the fish, may we have no headache or stomach troubles or other illness."

After this prayer the Priest will pour rum on the ground from his native cup and then say:

Tswa ! Tswa! Omanye Aba ("May the Gods bless what we are doing"; and those who stand will answer, " Hiao! ("May it be so!")

The Priest then casts a net into the Lagoon three times as a sign of fishing, but without fishing, so signifying that the restriction is removed. After the third time, the Priest hands the net to one of those standing by, who starts the fishing casting the net three times according to directions by the Fetish Priest; then all the people follow into the Lagoon for, fishing.

The man who performed the first fishing act after the Korle Priest in 1918 was a brother of Obili Kwaku, the ex-Ga Mantse called Ayi Kofi.

The Priest then pours rum upon the bank of the river at the three points where the palm leaves are placed before removing them. He informs all the chiefs and priests when going, and will give some of the fish which he gets from the Lagoon to the other priests and the Ga Mantsemei and the principal people to use for preparing their meals for the festival, and they each provide a flask of rum for their own compan

The Lagoon is closed and opened three times in the year. When the fishing is to be closed a long stick is first put on the ground and a palm-leaf fixed on it, and the Priest speaks thus to the spirit which is in the Korle Lagoon: -

"Nmene soha ne aba tsi ona,
aba tsi ona ne nu dsio, yo dsio,
ni aba dse nwane ni aba fo ya ni efio omli le,'
ke egbo le dsee moko gbe le."

This translates into English thus :

"On this Friday when fishing in you in being closed,
if any man or woman who in doubt or out of want of faith or belief,
in what is being done, shall come and fish in you,
if he or she dies, no-one is responsible but the, person trespassing alone"

The Priest then fixes the palm leaves on the stick in the ground and pours rum on it, first saying: " Awo, awo, awo." This is done in three places. The palm leaves for closing fishing are placed in the Korle Lagoon and also in that part of the mouth of the river where it passes into the sea.

The Korle Lagoon is closed for fishing on the eighth week after the Ga-general Homowo: this occurred on October 11 in 1918. - The Lagoon is opened again on the Friday immediately preceding New Year’s Eve.

Fishing is now resumed for a period of four, five or six weeks. It is then closed for the ceremony of clearing the ground for Guinea Corn. A week later it is opened, Priest and people going-round the town. The Priest now collects the tolls 0f fish from those who fish in the stream or lagoon. Three weeks later the Guinea Corn is planted and the fishing season ends until the corn is established, say four weeks later, when the fishing grounds are thrown open once more. There is a sort of quarry near which women who died of child-birth were taken and left on the ground exposed to the elements on the order of or according to the rule of the Oyeadu Fetish.

In this is found a sort of red swish, which the people used to bring to town both on this twelfth day and the preceding Thursday; water is put into it, and with this liquid the doors and gate fronts are plastered. This is the day when the Abam Custom comes to an end and all the family Yam Customs are performed for the last


13th day, Saturday: This is now the great day for Akras; on this day, the great feast takes place for which they prepare palm soup and kpokpoi


14th day, Sunday -Visits are paid on this day; this is the Sunday after the Harvest Festival day.

The people used to get up early in the morning and start crying for those who have died and gone, some of whom they do not know, even by name. This is the day for Ngowura, when people go from 'house to house to their friends and relatives wishing them good luck, prosperity and long life in the New Year. This is the day when all long-standing disputes are settled and put aside and the parties have a good drink over it all.


By;samuel nana kwame adjaye


== References ==
== References ==
Line 284: Line 103:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.homowo.org/ Promoting and celebrating Homowo with] [[Obo Addy]]
* [http://www.homowo.org/ Promoting and celebrating Homowo with] [[Obo Addy]]


[[Category:Ga people]]
[[Category:Culture of Ghana]]
[[Category:Festivals in Ghana]]

[[Category:May observances]]
{{Ghana-stub}}
[[Category:Spring festivals]]
[[Category:Ga-Adangbe people]]

Latest revision as of 16:38, 8 April 2024

A street in Accra. Many people from nearby neighborhoods and the surrounding area flock to the city center in order to attend the celebration of the Homowo Festival, the annual main festival of the Ga, around 1900.
Teshie Homowo Festival Ban on Singing & Drumming Ritual Ceremony.
Homowo festival rituals.
A woman wearing a white cloth carries a pot while clad in green vines walks alongside two men wearing white while also pooring libation
Nungua Homowo Festival Painting.

Homowo is a festival celebrated by the Ga people of Ghana in the Greater Accra Region.[1] The festival starts at the end of April into May with the planting of crops (mainly millet) before the rainy season starts. The Ga people celebrate Homowo in the remembrance of famine that once happened in their history in precolonial Ghana.[1] The Ga Homowo or Harvest Custom is an annual tradition among the Accra people, with its origin tied to the Native Calendar and the Damte Dsanwe people of the Asere Quarter. Asere is a sub-division of the Ga Division in the Accra District of the Gold Coast Colony.[2]

Etymology & Origin[edit]

The word Homowo (Homo - hunger, wo - hoot) can mean "to hoot (or jeer) at hunger" in the Ga language.[3] It is said that as the Ga people traveled to Ghana, they faced famine and other misfortunes along the way and upon settlement. The people attributed their mishaps and misfortunes to the displeasure of a god or deity. To restore balance in their society, the Ga people sacrificed livestock, prayed and poured libations to pacify the gods or deities.[4]

An intriguing aspect of the Ga Homowo tradition is the dual celebrations that occur within the Damte Dsanwe community. The tradition suggests that, in the Ga people's history, the Paramount Chief or Ga Mantse temporarily left Accra for eastern Ga territories. During his absence, the community, under the authority of the Priest of the Dantu Fetish, conducted the Homowo Harvest Custom, complete with the customary rituals. Upon the Ga Mantse's return, a second Homowo Harvest Festival was held, in which all Ga people were encouraged to participate. This second celebration, while commemorating the Ga Mantse's return, became an integral part of Ga cultural history.[5]

It is important to clarify that while two Ga Homowo celebrations appear to transpire within a single year, the original and authentic Ga Homowo is the first one, known as the Damte Dsanwe Homowo. This celebration marks the culmination of the native year and aligns with native law and custom.[1]

Pre-festival[edit]

Homowo is celebrated in all the cities in the Ga state with celebrations climaxing in Gamashie. Prior to the actual celebration of the festival, Nmaadumo, a sowing rite of wheat takes place to mark the beginning of the Ga Calendar and the celebrations that occur within it. Nmaa or millet is sown by the seven priests of the Gamashie people who perform Shibaa, the rite of digging.[6] The priests sow the wheat in a specific order with Dantu on Monday, Sakumo on Tuesday, Naa Korle and Naa Afieye on Friday, Gua on Saturday, Naa Dede on Sunday, and Nai on the following Tuesday. During wheat-sowing, a strict ban on noise called Koninfemo is set in place. This is to ensure that the crops grow without distractions. This lasts for four weeks and two days, and at the end of this period, specific drum beatings called Odadaa are played to announce the end of the noise-making ban.[6]

Timeline/Dates[edit]

The native calendar of the Ga people is provided yearly by the Damte Fetish Priest of the Damte Dsanwe people.[7] The Ga Native Year commences either on the last Monday of April or the first or second Monday of May.[8] This period is when the Nmaadumo takes place, and marks the beginning of the Homowo season which ends in September after the crops are harvested. The start of the year is determined by either counting days or weeks from the initial day designated by the Dantu Priest as the inaugural day of the Native Year. At times, often midway or near the end of the year, the Dantu Priest may shift the Calendar either forward or backward by a week or two. This adjustment can be made either by the directive of the Ga Mantse or at the discretion of the Dantu Priest, often without a specific reason. Consequently, the Calendar is not fixed, leading to variations in the timing of the Homowo Festival.

A week and five days after Odadaa is played, the Twins Yam Festival begins, and five weeks and four days later, the celebrations of Homowo begin. Different cities celebrate their Homowo at different dates, with Lante Dzanwe beginning, followed by Tema six days later. Nungua, however, begins celebrating Homowo soon after Odadaa is played on the first Sunday in July. The general Homowo celebration of the entire Gamashie (from Osu, Accra to Teshie) begins eight days after Tema, and ten days after, Nungo and Gboogbla begin their part of the festival. The last place to celebrate the festival is Awutu four days later.[6]

Soobii[edit]

Celebrators living and working in neighboring towns and villages are called Soobii (Thursday people) as they arrive on Thursday to join other Ga people in celebrating Homowo during the Homowo week at Gamashie. Once the Soobii people arrive at the city for the festival, they diverge into their localities to march together.

Twins Yam Festival[edit]

The Twins Yam Festival falls on the Friday following the Gamashie area Homowo celebration and before the main Homowo celebration on Saturday. On this day, twin Ga people wear white and celebrate with feastings, music, and dancing. This festival stems from the Ga belief that twins live different lives compared to their non-twins counterparts and behave differently. On this day, a pair of buffalo horns that are typically preserved in a shrine are brought out to be used for ritual ceremonies. The twins are expected to wear the same clothing, share their gifts, and react similarly in given situations.[9][8]

Typically, the Homowo Festival is observed in August, occasionally falling in July or September. It is noted that in 1888, the entire Accra community celebrated the Homowo Festival as late as September 27th or 29th.

The key milestones of the Native Year include:

  1. 1st Day (Monday): The Ga year begins on the first Monday after the Saturday feast. This practice is rooted in the belief that starting on Saturday is inauspicious. On this day, the Dantu Priest observes his Grand Custom by feasting and creating specific leaf mixtures in a traditional bowl. These mixtures are then taken by adherents and the Damte Dsanwe family, who sprinkle water with the leaves and share visits with one another.
  2. 2nd Day (Tuesday): This marks the preparation for the general Homowo Harvest Festival. Fishing is halted, and in certain regions, farming activities cease.
  3. 3rd Day (Wednesday): Considered inauspicious, no significant tasks are undertaken on this day.
  4. 4th Day (Thursday): Farmers refrain from working, and some areas prohibit any farming activities according to Native Law and Custom. Preparations continue for the general Harvest Festival.
  5. 5th Day (Friday): Farmers rest on this day as per Native Law and Custom.
  6. 6th Day (Saturday): Notably uneventful, this day lacks significant occurrences until the 11th day.
  7. 11th Day (Thursday): Villagers and townspeople gather in Accra Town for the Homowo Festival. An evening gong signals the prohibition of debt collection, legal actions, and claims until the conclusion of the Homowo Festival. Violations of these injunctions are met with penalties.

The climax of the festival arrives on the 13th day, Saturday, with a grand feast where palm soup and kpokpoi are prepared and enjoyed. On the 14th day, Sunday, visits are exchanged, and the people engage in various practices to commemorate the departed and express well-wishes for the New Year.

Overall, the Native Year and its associated customs are deeply interwoven with the Ga culture, reflecting both practical considerations and spiritual beliefs.[10]

Celebration[edit]

The Homowo Festival features several cultural elements, including rituals and traditions that hold historical significance. The closing and opening of the Korle Lagoon for fishing are central components. The Korle Priest performs ceremonies involving libations, prayers, and the removal of palm leaves to mark the cycles of opening and closing the lagoon.

Traditional celebration of Homowo includes marching across cities while drumming, singling, and dancing. This celebration is further multiplied during the Gamashie Homowo celebration as the Soobii people join in. They sing songs with lyrics such as "Nmaayi eye" (the harvest is white/plentiful) to celebrate fruitful harvests. The celebration continues into the early hours of Friday when preparation for cooking begins.[9]

Rites[edit]

Shaayo Laitso Kee[edit]

This rite involves housewives presenting logs to mother-in-laws. This act marks the cordial relationship between a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law. This rite is also exchanged between son-in-laws and father-in-laws. The logs are used to make bonfires for the souls of dead relatives that are said to have arrived during Soobii.[6]

Akpade Rite[edit]

This rite involves plastering two side doors with red clay (Akpade) on the Friday of the Twins Yam Festival. This act is carried out by the elderly women of families, however the elderly men of the families fire musket bullets to expel evil spirits on the same day.[6]

Libation[edit]

The head of the family traditionally sprinkles kpoikpoi (a process called "Nishwamo") and pours drinks to the ground to honor ancestors following the preparation of Homowo food on Saturday.[6][9]

Prayer During Libation[edit]

Noowala Noowala (Long life Long Life)

Afi naa akpe wo (May the new year bring us together)

Gbii kpaanyo anina wo (May we live to see the eighth day)

Woye Gbo ni woye Gboenaa (May we eat the fruits of Gbo and that of Gboenaa)

Wofee moomo (May we live long)

Alonte din ko aka-fo woten (May no black cat (ill omen) come between us)

Wosee afi bene wotrashi neke nonu noon (May sit like this the next year)

Tswa Tswa tswa Omanye aba (Hai! Hail! Hail! May peace be)[4]

Cuisine[edit]

Cooking for Homowo Saturday begins around 4am on Saturday in most Ga homes to ensure it is ready for sprinkling at 7am.[6]

Kpekpele[edit]

Kpokpei is prepared from the millet that is grown by the seven priests during Nmaadumo. It is turned into dough and eventually steamed. Once it cooks, it is kneaded in a wooden bowl and mixed with palm-oil and okro soup. During the celebration on Saturday, people go around many Ga households in the Gamashie area to share the festal food with them. On this day there is traffic and roads are blocked off to accommodate the festival.[1][6] The ingredients for making Kpekpele are simple and few; ground corn/maize, palm-oil, onions, salt and in some Ga houses there’s the inclusion of okra which is optional.[11]

Diaspora[edit]

Ga people living in Portland, Oregon host the "Portland Homowo & Twins Festival" to celebrate alongside their native counterparts.[12] In 2011, the Ga community in the UK took a laudable initiative to join in on the Homowo celebration.[13]

Gallery[edit]

  • The Ga people celebrate Homowo Festival in the remembrance of the famine that once happened in their history in precolonial Ghana
    The Ga people celebrate Homowo Festival in the remembrance of the famine that once happened in their history in precolonial Ghana
  • Homowo Festival
    Homowo Festival
  • Homowo Festival
    Homowo Festival
  • Homowo Festival
    Homowo Festival
  • Homowo Festival Palm nut Soup
    Homowo Festival Palm nut Soup
  • kpekple
    kpekple

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Homowo Festival". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  2. ^ "Asere Mantse Sets up Educational Fund". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  3. ^ The Library of Congress's article on Homowo. Retrieved 08 September 07
  4. ^ a b Lokko, Sophia D. (1981). "Hunger-Hooting Festival in Ghana". The Drama Review: TDR. 25 (4): 43–50. doi:10.2307/1145377. ISSN 0012-5962. JSTOR 1145377.
  5. ^ "History and significance of Homowo Festival". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Ammah, Charles (1968). Ga Homowo. Accra, Ghana: Advance Accra. pp. 11–13.
  7. ^ Quartey-Papafio, A. B. (1920). "The Gã Homowo Festival". Journal of the Royal African Society. 19 (74): 126–134. ISSN 0368-4016. JSTOR 716030.
  8. ^ a b Opoku, A.A. (1970). Festivals of Ghana. Ghana: Ghana Publishing Company. p. 52.
  9. ^ a b c Ammah, Charles Nii (1982). Ga Homowo and other Ga-Adangme Festivals. Accra, Ghana: Sedco Publishing Limited. p. 8.
  10. ^ "HOMOWO FESTIVAL: CELEBRATING HARVEST AND MIGRATION". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  11. ^ "The Ingredients For Preparing Kpekpele". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  12. ^ "Homowo & Twins Festival". Homowo & Twins Festival. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  13. ^ "UK CELEBRATES ITS FIRST JOINT HOMOWO FESTIVAL". Retrieved 2023-09-07.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homowo&oldid=1217914004"