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'''Steve Jensen''' (born [[April 14]], 1955 in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]) is a retired professional [[ice hockey]] player who played 438 games in the [[National Hockey League]] in 1976–82 after starring for the [[Michigan Tech]] men's ice hockey team in the early 1970s. He played for the [[Minnesota North Stars]] and [[Los Angeles Kings]] and also was a frequent member of the United States national team, appearing in the 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978 [[Ice Hockey World Championship]] (IHWC) tournaments as well as the [[1976 Winter Olympics]] and [[1976 Canada Cup]]. He was also on the preliminary roster of the 1979 [[Ice Hockey World Championship]] and [[1981 Canada Cup]] teams but declined invitation. His final international appearance was the 1983 IHWC "Pool B" qualifying tournmaent in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]].
{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = Candidiasis |
Image = Candida albicans PHIL 3192 lores.jpg |
Caption = [[Agar plate]] culture of ''Candida albicans'' |
DiseasesDB = 1929 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|37||b|35}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|112}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = 001511 |
eMedicineSubj = med |
eMedicineTopic = 264 |
eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|76}} {{eMedicine2|ped|312}} {{eMedicine2|derm|67}} |
MeshID = |
}}

'''Candidiasis''', commonly called '''yeast infection''' or '''thrush''', is a [[fungal infection]] of any of the ''[[Candida (genus)|Candida]]'' species, of which ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is the most common.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Walsh TJ, Dixon DM | title = Deep Mycoses ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.4006 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref>

=== Manifestation ===
In [[immunocompetent]] people, candidiasis can usually only be found in exposed and moist parts of the body<ref name=Baron/>, such as:
* the [[oral cavity]] ([[oral thrush]])
* the [[vagina]] and/or [[vulva]] (vaginal candidiasis or thrush)
* folds of skin in the [[diaper]] area ([[diaper rash]])
* the nipples while breastfeeding

Candidiasis is the second most common cause of [[vagina|vaginal]] irritation, or [[vaginitis]], and can also occur on the [[male genitals]], particularly in uncircumcised men. In [[immunocompromised]] patients, the ''Candida'' infection can involve the [[esophageal candidiasis|esophagus]] and can become systemic, causing a much more serious condition: [[fungemia]].

Children, mostly between the ages of 3 and 9 years, can be affected by chronic mouth yeast infections, normally seen around the mouth as white patches. However, this is not a common condition.

=== Causes ===
Yeast organisms are always present in all people, but are usually prevented from "overgrowth" (uncontrolled multiplication resulting in symptoms) by naturally occurring [[microorganism]]s.

At least three quarters of all women will experience candidiasis at some point in their lives. The ''Candida albicans'' organism is found in the vaginas of almost all women and normally causes no problems. However, when it gets out of balance with the other "normal flora," such as [[lactobacilli]] (which can also be harmed by using [[douche]]s), an overgrowth of yeast can result in noticeable symptoms. Pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, engaging in vaginal sex after anal sex in an unhygienic manner, and using lubricants containing glycerine have been found to be causally related to yeast infections. [[Diabetes mellitus]] and the use of [[antibiotics]] are also linked to an increased incidence of yeast infections. Candidiasis can be sexually transmitted between partners. Diet has been found to be the cause in some animals. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Infertility Treatment may be factors.

=== Symptoms ===
Symptoms include severe [[itching]], [[burning]], and soreness, irritation of the [[vagina]] and/or [[vulva]], and a whitish or whitish-gray discharge.

Many women mistake the symptoms of the more common [[bacterial vaginosis]] for a yeast infection. In a 2002 study published in the ''Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology'', only 33 percent of women who were self treating for a yeast infection actually had a yeast infection. Instead they had either bacterial vaginosis or a mixed-type infection.

In men, symptoms include red patchy sores near the head of the penis or on the foreskin. The sores may feel irritated and itchy, and sometimes they will burn as well.

=== Diagnosis ===
Medical professionals use two primary methods to diagnose yeast infections: microscopic examination, and culturing.

For the microscope method, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a microscope slide. A single drop of 10% [[potassium hydroxide]] (KOH) solution is then also placed on the slide. The KOH dissolves the skin cells but leaves the ''Candida'' untouched, so that when the slide is viewed under a microscope, the hyphae and pseudo spores of ''Candida'' are visible. Their presence in large numbers strongly suggests a yeast infection.

For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then rubbed across a culture medium. The medium is incubated for several days, during which time colonies of yeast and/or bacteria develop. The characteristics of the colonies provide a presumptive diagnosis of the organism causing symptoms.

=== Treatment ===
It is important to consider that ''Candida'' is part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora (although ''Candida'' is not a part of the normal flora of the skin) and an infection is more a "bloom" than the work of a parasite, as in the case of some bacterial infections. Despite this, Candidiasis is sometimes misdiagnosed by medical personnel as bacterial in nature, and treated with [[antibiotic]]s. This can lead to eliminating the yeast's natural competitors for resources, and increase the severity of the condition.

Candidiasis can allegedly be successfully treated either with [[home remedy|home remedies]] or, in the case of a more severe infection, with either [[over-the-counter substance]]s or [[Prescription drug|prescription]] [[antifungal medication]]s. Home remedies for candidiasis include the consumption or direct application of [[Yoghurt|yogurt]], which contains [[lactobacillus]], [[probiotics]], [[acidophilus]] tablets or salves, and even lightly crushed cloves of [[garlic]], which yield [[allicin]], an antifungal agent. [[Boric acid]] has also been used to treat yeast infections (by inserting gelcaps filled with boric acid powder into the vagina at bedtime for three to four consecutive nights). {{fact|date=February 2007}} Eating a diet consisting primarily of green, fresh, raw vegetables also may give relief.

While home remedies may offer relief in minor cases of infection (although a peer-reviewed study in Australia found yogurt ineffective as treatment for ''Candida albicans''), seeking medical attention may be necessary, because the extent of the infection at times cannot be judged accurately by the sufferer. For instance, oral thrush is visible only at the beginning of the digestive tract, but it may be that more of the digestive tract is compromised by Candidiasis.

[[Prescription medication]] is often the only solution to an infection; the [[antifungal drug]]s commonly used to treat candidiasis are topical [[clotrimazole]], topical [[nystatin]], [[fluconazole]], and topical [[ketoconazole]]. In severe infections (generally in hospitalized patients), [[amphotericin B]], [[caspofungin]], or [[voriconazole]] may be used. (These medications are not effective against the more common bacterial vaginosis.) Local treatment may include vaginal [[suppository|suppositories]] or medicated [[douche]]s. [[Gentian violet]] can be used for breastfeeding thrush, but only as a last resort, since it can also cause mouth and throat ulcerations in nursing babies, and has been linked to cancer.{{fact|date=February 2007}}

Treating Candidiasis solely with medication may not give desired results. If indicated, underlying causes should be considered. As an example, oral candidiasis is often linked to the use of inhaled [[corticosteroids]] in [[asthma medication]]. Patients on long-term inhaled corticosteroids should rinse their mouths after each dose of steroids to counterract this effect. Oral candidiasis can also be the first sign of a more serious condition, such as [[HIV]]. Following the health tips at [[vulvovaginal health]] can help prevent vaginal candidiasis. Babies with diaper rash should have their diaper areas kept clean, dry, and exposed to air as much as possible. [[Sugar]] assists the overgrowth of yeast; thus, the increased prevalence of yeast infections in patients with [[diabetes mellitus]], as noted above. In the case of frequent yeast infections, sugar should be avoided. [[Breast milk]] also feeds yeast, and both a nursing mother and baby need to be treated (even if both are not symptomatic) to prevent thrush from being passed between mother and child.

As ''Candida spp.'' originates in the gut, some control may be exerted during an infection (and prior to or between infections) to prevent outbreaks. The fungus requires processed starches such as [[gluten]], as well as sugars, to thrive. [[Dairy product]]s and fermented foods may also contribute to its growth. As such, avoiding glutens, sugars, dairy products, and fermented foods (termed an "avoidance diet" by some practitioners, and by others as the "Candida control diet") may help to prevent overgrowth of the organism. It is important to remember that sugars include sucrose (common sugar), fructose, lactose, maltose, dextrose, and others (almost any [[food additive]] that ends in the letters "ose"), including maltodextrin. All of these types of sugars may contribute to Candidiasis, and may give relief if avoided. Additionally, increased water consumption may reduce fermentation opportunities in the gut.

Better treatment of Candidiasis may impact miscarriage rates.{{fact|date=February 2007}}

==History and taxonomic classification==
B. Lagenbeck in 1839 in Germany was the first to demonstrate a yeastlike fungus in thrush. He also found that a fungus was able to cause thrush, a human oral infection.

The genera ''Candida'', species ''albicans'' was described by Christine Marie Berkhout. She described the fungus in her doctoral thesis, at the [[University of Utrecht]] in 1923. Over the years the classification of the genera and species has evolved. Obsolete names for this genus include ''Mycotorula'' and ''Torulopsis''. The species has also been known in the past as ''Monilia albicans'' and ''Oidium albicans''. The current classification is ''nomen conservandum'', which means the name is authorized for use by the [http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm International Botanical Congress (IBC)].

The full current classification is available at ''[[Candida albicans]]''.

The genus ''Candida'' includes about 150 different species. However, only about six are considered as causing human infections. ''C. albicans'' is the most significant species. Other species responsible for human disease include ''C. tropicalis'', ''C. glabrata'', ''C. krusei'', ''C. parapsilosis'', and ''C. lusitaniae''.

==Alternative views==
[[Alternative medicine]] proponents also frequently diagnose people with "systemic candidiasis" using methods not deemed valid by [[Conventional medicine|mainstream]], western [[medicine]]. This belief originated from a book published by Dr. William Crook which hypothesized that a variety of common symptoms such as fatigue, [[PMS]], [[sexual dysfunction]], [[asthma]], [[psoriasis]], digestive and urinary problems, [[multiple sclerosis]], and [[Myalgia|muscle pain]], could be caused by subclinical infections by ''Candida albicans''; see [http://www.candida-yeast.com/information.asp]. There are a variety of remedies available to treat these symptoms, Dr. Crook suggests, ranging from dietary modification to [[colonic irrigation]]. Mainstream western medicine has ignored these methods and they have not been tested using scientific analysis, and therefore are not considered valid by most in the mainstream western medical establishment; see also [http://www.drweil.com/u/QA/QA125503/], [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/candida.html] for criticisms of these treatments. However, [[nutritionist]]s have also proposed that these symptoms may be due to intestinal wall damage, known as [[leaky gut syndrome]], due to ''Candida'' overgrowth or other effects.

==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{hockeydb|2533}}
*{{legendsofhockey|13098}}
*[http://www.hockeydraftcentral.com/1975/75058.html Jensen @ hockeydraftcentral.com ]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jensen, Steve}}
* [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/result.cfm?Diagnosis=85 DermAtlas candidiasis images]
[[Category:1955 births]]
* [http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/31092.html#treat InteliHealth page on candidiasis] Presented by InteliHealth reviewed by [[Harvard Medical School]]
[[Category:American ice hockey players]]
* [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdvag.htm National Institute of Allergies and Infections fact sheet on vaginitis/vaginal infections]
[[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]]
* [http://www.msu.edu/user/eisthen/yeast/ The yeast infection homepage]
[[Category:Michigan Tech Huskies ice hockey players]]
* [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/yeastinfection.html Links to pictures of Yeast Infection (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)]
[[Category:Minnesota North Stars players]]

[[Category:Olympic ice hockey players of the United States|Jensen, Steve]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Living people]]


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Revision as of 07:45, 13 October 2008

Steve Jensen (born April 14, 1955 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 438 games in the National Hockey League in 1976–82 after starring for the Michigan Tech men's ice hockey team in the early 1970s. He played for the Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings and also was a frequent member of the United States national team, appearing in the 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978 Ice Hockey World Championship (IHWC) tournaments as well as the 1976 Winter Olympics and 1976 Canada Cup. He was also on the preliminary roster of the 1979 Ice Hockey World Championship and 1981 Canada Cup teams but declined invitation. His final international appearance was the 1983 IHWC "Pool B" qualifying tournmaent in Düsseldorf, Germany.

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