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{{Short description|Multilateral export control regime}}
[[Image:Nuclear Suppliers Group Membership Map.GIF|thumb|400px|Map of the NSG Members]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}


{{Infobox organization
'''Nuclear Suppliers Group''' (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing [[nuclear proliferation]] by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to [[nuclear weapon]] development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials.
| name = Nuclear Suppliers Group
| image = NSG Members.svg
| image_size = 350 px
| alt =
| caption = NSG Members
| logo = Nuclear Suppliers Group Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = Logo of the NSG
| logo_caption = Logo of the NSG
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = NSG
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|1974}}
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| merger =
| type = [[International organization]]
| tax_id = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) -->
| registration_id = <!-- for non-profit org -->
| status =
| purpose = Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; Controlling transfer of nuclear energy
| headquarters =
| location =
| coords = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline, title}} -->
| region =
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =

| membership = [[Nuclear Suppliers Group#Participating governments|See list]]
| languages = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]

| owner = <!-- or | owners = -->
| sec_gen = <!-- or | gen_sec for General Secretary -->
| leader_title = Chair
| leader_name = Claudia Santos (Brazil)
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
| budget =
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| endowment =
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| website = {{URL|nuclearsuppliersgroup.org}}
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Nuclear Suppliers Group''' ('''NSG''') is a [[multilateral export control regime]] and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent [[nuclear proliferation]] by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref name=":1" />


== History ==
== History ==
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
It was founded in 1974 in response to the [[India]]n [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear test]] earlier in that year. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-[[Zangger Committee]] nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.
The NSG was founded in response to the [[India]]n [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear test]] in May 1974<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/history1|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group - History|website=www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626142538/http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/history1|url-status=dead}}</ref> and first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)]] saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-[[Zangger Committee]] nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.


A series of meetings in [[London]] from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export, these were published as INFCIRC/254 (essentially the Zangger "[[Trigger List]]") by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.
A series of meetings in [[London]] from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export; these were published as INFCIRC/254 (essentially the Zangger "[[Trigger List]]") by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.


The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London Suppliers Group.
The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London Suppliers Group.


The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated. The revelations about the [[Iraq]]i weapons program following the first [[Gulf War]] led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six members agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list. A regular series of plenary meetings was also arranged as was the regular updating of the two key lists.
The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated. The revelations about the [[Iraq]]i weapons program following the first [[Gulf War]] led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list.


== Participating governments ==
== Members ==
Initially the NSG had seven members, [[Canada]], [[West Germany]], [[France]], [[Japan]], the [[USSR]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. In 1976-77, membership was expanded to fifteen with the admittance of [[Belgium]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], and [[Switzerland]]. [[Germany]] was reunited in 1990 while Czechoslovakia broke up into the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] a number of former republics have been given observer status as a stage towards future membership. The [[People's Republic of China]] joined in 2004. [[India]] joined the group in 2008 {{citeneeded}}.
Initially the NSG had seven participating governments: Canada, [[West Germany]], France, Japan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1976-77, participation was expanded to fifteen with the admittance of Belgium, [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. [[Germany]] was [[German reunification|reunited in 1990]] while Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union a number of former republics were given observer status as a stage towards future membership. China became a participating government in 2004. The [[European Commission]] and the [[Zangger Committee]] Chair participate as observers. The NSG Chair for 2023 - 2024 is Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/chair-s-corner/133-a-few-words-from-the-chair|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group - Chair's Corner}}</ref>


{{As of|2022}}, the NSG has 48 participating governments:<ref>[http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/participants1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608115124/http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/participants1 |date=8 June 2019 }} Nuclear Suppliers Group.</ref>
[[As of 2008]] the NSG has 45 (?) members:
{{Div col |colwidth=18em}}
*[[Argentina]],
*{{ARG}}
*[[Australia]],
*{{AUS}}
*[[Austria]],
*{{AUT}}
*[[Belarus]],
*{{BLR}}
*[[Belgium]],
*{{BEL}}
*[[Brazil]],
*{{BRA}}
*[[Bulgaria]],
*{{BGR}}
*[[Canada]],
*{{CAN}}
*[[People's Republic of China|China]],
*{{PRC}}
*[[Croatia]],
*{{HRV}}
*[[Cyprus]],
*{{CYP}}
*[[Czech Republic]],
*{{CZE}}
*[[Denmark]],
*{{DNK}}
*[[Estonia]],
*{{EST}}
*[[Finland]],
*{{FIN}}
*[[France]],
*{{FRA}}
*[[Germany]],
*{{DEU}}
*[[Greece]],
*{{GRC}}
*[[Hungary]],
*{{HUN}}
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]],
*{{ISL}}
*[[India]] {{citeneeded}},
*{{IRL}}
*[[Italy]],
*{{ITA}}
*[[Japan]],
*{{JPN}}
*[[Kazakhstan]],
*{{KAZ}}
*[[Latvia]],
*{{LVA}}
*[[Lithuania]],
*{{LTU}}
*[[Luxembourg]],
*{{LUX}}
*[[Malta]],
*{{MLT}}
*[[Netherlands]],
*{{MEX}}
*[[New Zealand]],
*{{NLD}}
*[[Norway]],
*{{NZL}}
*[[Poland]],
*{{NOR}}
*[[Portugal]],
*{{POL}}
*[[Romania]],
*{{PRT}}
*[[Russia]],
*{{ROM}}
*[[Slovakia]],
*{{RUS}}
*[[Slovenia]],
*{{SRB}}
*[[South Africa]],
*{{SVK}}
*[[South Korea]],
*{{SVN}}
*[[Spain]],
*{{ZAF}}
*[[Sweden]],
*{{KOR}}
*[[Switzerland]],
*{{ESP}}
*[[Turkey]],
*{{SWE}}
*[[Ukraine]],
*{{CHE}}
*[[United Kingdom]] and,
*{{TUR}}
*[[United States|The United States]].
*{{UKR}}
*{{GBR}}
*{{USA}}
{{div col end}}


== Candidate Participants ==
== Role in India-US nuclear agreement ==
In July 2006, the [[United States Congress]] allowed [[US]] laws to be amended to accommodate civilian nuclear trade with [[India]]. ([[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act]]). With the approval of the India-specific safeguards agreement by the [[IAEA]] Board of Governors on August 1, 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group is expected to consider a proposal to ease restrictions on exports to [[India]]. The meeting on 21-22 August 2008 on an [[India]]-specific exemption to the Guidelines<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=20388&prog=zgp&proj=znpp Text of U.S. NSG Proposal on India</ref> was inconclusive. Several member countries, including [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ireland]], and [[New Zealand]], expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the proposed exemption.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLL61579520080821 Nuclear suppliers propose terms for U.S.-India deal]</ref>


===India===
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) on September 06, 2008 agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_gets_NSG_waiver_at_Vienna/articleshow/3452272.cms India gets NSG waiver at Vienna]</ref>
{{See also|Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India}}
[[File:countrie's supporting India's NSG membership.png|thumb|Countries supporting India's NSG membership]]
During a state visit to India in November 2010, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced U.S. support for India's participation in the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], the [[Australia Group]] and the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]], "in a phased manner," and to encourage the evolution of regime participation criteria to that end, "consistent with maintaining the core principles of these regimes."<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html|title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade|date=6 November 2010|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html|title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future|date=6 November 2010|work=[[Voice of America]]|access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/india-factsheets/India-US_Agreement_on_Export_Controls.pdf Fact Sheet: U.S.-India Partnership on Export Controls and Non-Proliferation], The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 8 November 2010.</ref>


During a visit to India in December 2010, French President [[Sarkozy]] also expressed his country's backing for India's inclusion in Nuclear Suppliers Group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11924016|title=India and France hold key nuclear talks|work=BBC News|date=6 December 2010}}</ref> The United Kingdom has for a long time been a supporter of India's inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130701/text/130701w0005.htm#130701w0005.htm_wqn26 |title=Written Answers - India |publisher=Hansard |date=1 July 2013 |id=1 July 2013 : Column 504w |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> During Republic Day visit of India in January 2015, Obama said that India was ready for NSG membership.<ref name="As Modi hugs Obama, China sends a quick flying kiss">{{cite news|title=As Modi hugs Obama, China sends a quick flying kiss|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-china-ties-xi-jinping-modi-obama-meet-india-us-relations-pranab-mukherjee-mtcr-nsg/1/415446.html/|access-date=23 June 2016|agency=ANI|publisher=India Today|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] has also offered unconditional support to India's entry into NSG.<ref name="After India, Pak now wants US to support its NSG bid">{{cite news|title=After India, Pak now wants US to support its NSG bid|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/india-us-pakistan-nsg-bid-2843097/|access-date=10 June 2016|agency=ANI|publisher=The Indian Express|date=9 June 2016}}</ref>
The NSG's decision came after three days of intense diplomacy by the US in the nuclear cartel that controls the global flow of nuclear fuel and technologies.

Switzerland also announced its backing on India's participation in 48 member group on 6 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Geneva,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-us-visit-switzerland-president-schneider-ammann-2837438/|title=Swiss support for NSG secured, PM Modi lands in US|date=7 June 2016|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> President Obama reiterated U.S. support for India's NSG membership on 8 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Washington DC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36476504|title=President Obama backs Indian entry to nuclear technology - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Japan has expressed support for India's bid for accession to the NSG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Will-work-together-to-ensure-India-is-in-NSG-Japan/articleshow/52644783.cms|title=Will work together to ensure India is in NSG: Japan|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

However, China is opposing India's accession citing Pakistan's non-admission in the exclusive group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1263770/china-leads-resistance-to-india-joining-nuclear-suppliers-group-diplomats|title=China leads resistance to India joining Nuclear Suppliers Group: diplomats|agency=Reuters|date=9 June 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Other countries opposing Indian membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) on the basis of [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] non-signatory status of India included New Zealand, Ireland and Austria.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2016, India got crucial support from Mexico in its bid to become a participant of the NSG ahead of a plenary meeting of the 48-nation bloc whose members are allowed to trade in and export nuclear technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/mexico-backs-indias-nuclear-suppliers-group-nsg-bid-president-enrique-pena-nieto-announced-his-support-after-holding-meeting-with-narendra-modi-358885|title=Mexico backs India's Nuclear Suppliers Group bid|date=9 June 2016}}</ref> On 17 June, British Prime Minister David Cameron had assured Prime Minister Narendra Modi of the UK's "firm support" for India's NSG membership bid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/uk-backs-indias-nsg-bid/article8742083.ece|title=UK backs India's NSG bid|date=17 June 2016}}</ref> In an interview on 18 June, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that he was 'positive' about India's entry into NSG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/world-exclusive-vladimir-putin-india-nsg-china/1/695321.html|title=Exclusive: Positive about Indias entry into NSG: Vladimir Putin to India Today}}</ref> On 20 June, Canada stated that NSG will be strengthened with India's presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NSG-will-be-strengthened-if-India-joins-Canada/articleshow/52840946.cms|title=NSG will be strengthened if India joins: Canada|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 22 June France reiterated its support to India, and urged all the other 48 members of the NSG to allow entry for India into the atomic control body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/france-backs-indias-nsg-bid-urges-members-to-take-positive-decision/articleshow/52870449.cms|title=France calls for other members of NSG to support India's entry.|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> China remains opposed to Indian membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/27062016-chinas-ban-on-indias-entry-into-nsg-highlights-necessity-for-closer-indo-us-ties-oped/|title=China's Ban On India's Entry Into NSG Highlights Necessity For Closer Indo-US Ties – OpEd|date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

In July 2016, South Africa agreed to back India's entry into the NSG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-china-switzerlands-no-south-africa-agrees-to-back-indias-nsg-bid/310713/|title=After China, Switzerland's no, South Africa agrees to back India's NSG bid|date=8 July 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, Turkey confirmed support for India's NSG membership bid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/turkey-confirms-support-for-indias-membership-in-nsg/articleshow/53776270.cms|title=Turkey confirms support for India's membership in NSG - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Chaudhury|first1=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref> On 4 September 2016, Australia reiterated its commitment to India's bid for membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group just ahead of the [[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit|G20 summit]] in Hangzhou, China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/australia-backs-indias-nuclear-club-membership-bid-ahead-of-g20-meeting-1454308|title=Australia Backs India's Nuclear Club Membership Bid Ahead of G20 Meeting}}</ref> On 5 September 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi thanked Argentina for backing India's bid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-thanks-argentina-for-backing-indias-nsg-bid/|title=PM Modi thanks Argentina for backing India's NSG bid|date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

On 17 October 2016, following the [[8th BRICS summit|BRICS summit]] in Benaulim, Goa, Brazil officially backed India's bid for NSG membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-thanks-Brazil-for-support-to-Indias-NSG-bid/articleshow/54895058.cms|title=PM Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/oct/17/brazil-supports-indias-nsg-bid-1528885.html?pm=331|title=Brazil supports India's NSG bid}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/modi-thanks-brazil-for-support-to-india-s-nsg-bid-116101700420_1.html|title=Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=17 October 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref> On 26 October 2016, Prime Minister Key of New Zealand stated that "New Zealand would continue to contribute constructively to the process currently underway in the NSG to consider India’s membership."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-zealand-backs-indias-nsg-bid/articleshow/55072461.cms|title=New Zealand backs India's NSG bid - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Chaudhury|first1=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref> Poland and Cyprus backed India's NSG bid in April 2017. Germany reaffirmed India's NSG membership bid in May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-thanks-germany-for-backing-its-nsg-membership-bid/articleshow/58911660.cms|title=Narendra Modi: India thanks Germany for backing its NSG membership bid &#124; India News|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Switzerland also showed support for India's NSG bid. The Swiss Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pierre-Alain Eltschinger said that “We support India’s application for participation in the NSG and acknowledge India’s support to global non-proliferation efforts.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swiss-support-indias-nsg-bid/article18951787.ece|title=Swiss support India's NSG bid|first=Suhasini|last=Haidar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 June 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> During the 15th RIC (Russia, India, China) foreign ministerial meeting Russia has said it continues to support India’s entry into the exclusive Nuclear Suppliers’ Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/russia-to-support-indias-entry-into-nuclear-suppliers-group/article9984802.ece |title=Russia to support India's entry into Nuclear Suppliers' Group |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Describing India as a leading power in the Indo-Pacific region, Washington's envoy to New Delhi, [[Kenneth Juster]] reaffirmed support for India’s NSG bid in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/us-reaffirms-support-to-indias-nsg-bid-5020552/ |title=US reaffirms support to India's NSG bid |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2018}}</ref> In the joint press statement of India-Nordic countries summit, The Nordic countries welcomed India’s application for membership of the Nuclear Suppliers’ Group and reaffirmed their commitment to work constructively within the Group with the aim of reaching a positive outcome at the earliest opportunity in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://um.dk/da/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=83d8d0d9-3113-4057-a2d3-4d15ed1f6d8d|title=$name|website=Udenrigsministeriet|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028004916/https://um.dk/da/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=83d8d0d9-3113-4057-a2d3-4d15ed1f6d8d|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 April 2018 Germany supported India's bid for NSG membership saying that India's inclusion into the NSG will boost the global export control system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-inclusion-in-nsg-will-boost-global-export-control-system-germany/articleshow/63784002.cms|title=Germany: India's inclusion into NSG will boost global export control system|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Reaffirming their commitment to global non-proliferation efforts, PM Conte reiterated Italy's support to India's intensified engagement for admission into the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG) in Oct 2018 during the 24th edition of the India-Italy Technology Summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/nation/india-italy-push-for-enhanced-trade-investment/676123.html|title=Italy support India's bid for Nuclear Suppliers Group - The Tribune}}</ref>

As of 2019, China has thwarted every attempt of India's inclusion into NSG and has made it clear that status quo will remain citing "lack of consensus" among NSG members.<ref>{{Cite news|title = China rules out India's entry into NSG without 'consensus' on allowing non-NPT countries|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-rules-out-indias-entry-into-nsg-without-consensus-on-allowing-non-npt-countries/articleshow/69893448.cms|date = June 21, 2019|access-date = November 8, 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

[[Pakistan]] applied for participation on 19 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1266036|title=NSG to take up Pakistan, India's membership requests this week|publisher=Dawn|others=retrieved on 23 June 2016|date=20 June 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has stressed the need for NSG to adopt a non-discriminatory criteria-based approach for NSG membership of the countries, which have never been party to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/pr-details.php?mm=MzczOA,,|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Islamabad, Pakistan|website=www.mofa.gov.pk|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

Pakistan is supported by Turkey and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiwis-soft-on-Indias-NSG-bid-Turkey-backs-Pak/articleshow/52771233.cms|title=Kiwis soft on India's NSG bid, Turkey backs Pak|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has launched a major lobbying campaign to get additional support on its NSG membership.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pakistan-intensifies-lobbying-against-india-s-nsg-bid-116060801211_1.html|title=Pakistan intensifies lobbying against India's NSG bid|last=IANS|date=2016-06-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1280639|title=Fresh campaign launched for NSG membership|last=Iqbal|first=Anwar|date=2016-08-29|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref> The US has not publicly opposed Pakistan, the US State Department's Spokesperson [[Mark Toner]] commented in May 2016: “They have made public their interest, and certainly any country can submit its application for membership. And we’ll consider [it] based on a consensus decision.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1261318|title=Pakistan's application for NSG to be decided by consensus: US|last=Iqbal|first=Anwar|date=2016-05-29|work=dawn.com|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, NSG initiated discussions on the ‘Technical, Legal, and Political aspects of participation of non-NPT states in the NSG’ in the Seoul Plenary in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/nsg-documents|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group - Documents|website=www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> China has also tied Indian bid to Pakistani bid, blocking the former's entry repeatedly based on the argument that If India can be let in without signing NPT, then Pakistan should be granted membership as well.<ref>{{cite news|title=China says it will again block India's entry in Nuclear Suppliers Group|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/china-says-it-will-again-block-indias-entry-in-nuclear-suppliers-group/|access-date=9 May 2018|work=Daily Pakistan Global}}</ref>

In 2004, the illicit procurement network run by Pakistani scientist [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|AQ Khan]], who led Pakistan's uranium enrichment program, was exposed. This network trafficked in nuclear and dual-use goods and supported nuclear weapons programs in Iran, Libya and North Korea as well as Pakistan itself, and included individuals and entities from over 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3704816.stm|title=Still time for diplomacy?|date=2004-09-30|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2004, Pakistan also promulgated an Export Control Act on Goods, Technologies, Materials and Equipment related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems and published Export Control Lists in 2005, which have been frequently updated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/secdiv/content.php?pageID=secdivint|title=Secdiv|website=www.mofa.gov.pk|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> The United States on 26 March 2018 sanctioned seven Pakistani firms for nuclear proliferation, potentially hurting its ambitions of NSG membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1H20IO|title=U.S. sanctions Pakistani companies over nuclear trade|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

===Namibia<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/huge-blow-to-islamabads-nsg-ambitions-as-us-sanctions-7-pakistani-firms-for-nuclear-proliferation/articleshow/63461660.cms|title=Huge blow to Islamabad's NSG ambitions, as US sanctions 7 Pakistani firms for nuclear proliferation|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref>===

[[Namibia]] applied for NSG membership in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/after-india-and-pakistan-now-namibia-throws-its-hat-in-the-ring-for-nsg-entry/articleshow/52720213.cms|title=After India and Pakistan, now Namibia throws its hat in the ring for NSG entry - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Chaudhury|first1=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref>

== Role in India-US nuclear agreement ==
{{Main|Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement#NSG waiver}}
In July 2006, the [[United States Congress]] amended [[U.S. law]] to accommodate [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|civilian nuclear trade]] with India. A meeting of NSG participating governments on 21–22 August 2008 on an India-specific exemption to the Guidelines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2008/08/13/text-of-u.s.-nsg-proposal-on-india/nqn|title=Text of U.S. NSG Proposal on India}}</ref> was inconclusive. Several participating governments, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, and New Zealand, expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the proposed exemption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLL61579520080821|title=UPDATE 3-Nuclear suppliers propose terms for U.S.-India deal|newspaper=Reuters|date=21 August 2008}}</ref> In another meeting on 6 September 2008, the NSG participating governments agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT). The NSG's decision came after three days of intense U.S. diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2008/09/dateline-vienna-nsg-waiver-enables.html|title=Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: NSG waiver enables member states to provide India full civil nuclear cooperation|first=Siddharth|last=Varadarajan|date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The approval was based on a formal pledge by India stating that it would not share sensitive nuclear technology or material with others and would uphold its voluntary moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. The pledge was contained in a crucial statement issued during the NSG meeting by India outlining the country's disarmament and nonproliferation policies.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2008/09/dateline-vienna-thirty-words-that-saved.html|title=Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: Thirty words that saved the day|first=Siddharth|last=Varadarajan|date=8 September 2008}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/ NSG - Official Website]
* [http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/ NSG - Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UKX9Hm8F40 - What is the NSG? The NSG explained in 5 minutes]
* [http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2007/infcirc254r9p1.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 1 - Trigger List]
* [http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2006/infcirc254r7p2.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 2 - Dual Use]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1997/infcirc539r7.pdf The Nuclear Suppliers Group: Its Guidelines, Origins, Structure, and Role]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1978/infcirc254r14p1.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 1 - Trigger List]
* [http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2008/08/nsg-draft-waiver-for-india-covers-all.html NSG draft waiver for India]
* [https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/1978/infcirc254r11p2.pdf Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines Part 2 - Dual Use]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons]]


{{Authority control}}
[[de:Nuclear Suppliers Group]]

[[es:Grupo de abastecedores nucleares]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons]]
[[fr:Groupe des fournisseurs nucléaires]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[ja:原子力供給国グループ]]
[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]
[[zh:核供應國集團]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1974]]

Latest revision as of 22:14, 24 April 2024

Nuclear Suppliers Group
AbbreviationNSG
Formation1974; 50 years ago (1974)
TypeInternational organization
PurposeNon-proliferation of nuclear weapons; Controlling transfer of nuclear energy
Membership
See list
Official languages
English, French, German, Spanish
Chair
Claudia Santos (Brazil)
AffiliationsInternational Atomic Energy Agency
Websitenuclearsuppliersgroup.org

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.[1]

History[edit]

The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974[2] and first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-Zangger Committee nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.

A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export; these were published as INFCIRC/254 (essentially the Zangger "Trigger List") by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.

The name of the "London Club" was due to the series of meetings in London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London Suppliers Group.

The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated. The revelations about the Iraqi weapons program following the first Gulf War led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list.

Participating governments[edit]

Initially the NSG had seven participating governments: Canada, West Germany, France, Japan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1976-77, participation was expanded to fifteen with the admittance of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. Germany was reunited in 1990 while Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union a number of former republics were given observer status as a stage towards future membership. China became a participating government in 2004. The European Commission and the Zangger Committee Chair participate as observers. The NSG Chair for 2023 - 2024 is Brazil.[3]

As of 2022, the NSG has 48 participating governments:[4]

Candidate Participants[edit]

India[edit]

See also: Reform of the United Nations Security Council § India
Countries supporting India's NSG membership

During a state visit to India in November 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama announced U.S. support for India's participation in the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group and the Missile Technology Control Regime, "in a phased manner," and to encourage the evolution of regime participation criteria to that end, "consistent with maintaining the core principles of these regimes."[5][6][7]

During a visit to India in December 2010, French President Sarkozy also expressed his country's backing for India's inclusion in Nuclear Suppliers Group.[8] The United Kingdom has for a long time been a supporter of India's inclusion in the Nuclear Suppliers Group.[9] During Republic Day visit of India in January 2015, Obama said that India was ready for NSG membership.[10] Russian president Vladimir Putin has also offered unconditional support to India's entry into NSG.[11]

Switzerland also announced its backing on India's participation in 48 member group on 6 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Geneva,[12] President Obama reiterated U.S. support for India's NSG membership on 8 June 2016 during PM Modi's visit to Washington DC.[13] Japan has expressed support for India's bid for accession to the NSG.[14]

However, China is opposing India's accession citing Pakistan's non-admission in the exclusive group.[15] Other countries opposing Indian membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) on the basis of NPT non-signatory status of India included New Zealand, Ireland and Austria.[15]

In June 2016, India got crucial support from Mexico in its bid to become a participant of the NSG ahead of a plenary meeting of the 48-nation bloc whose members are allowed to trade in and export nuclear technology.[16] On 17 June, British Prime Minister David Cameron had assured Prime Minister Narendra Modi of the UK's "firm support" for India's NSG membership bid.[17] In an interview on 18 June, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that he was 'positive' about India's entry into NSG.[18] On 20 June, Canada stated that NSG will be strengthened with India's presence.[19] On 22 June France reiterated its support to India, and urged all the other 48 members of the NSG to allow entry for India into the atomic control body.[20] China remains opposed to Indian membership.[21]

In July 2016, South Africa agreed to back India's entry into the NSG.[22] In August 2016, Turkey confirmed support for India's NSG membership bid.[23] On 4 September 2016, Australia reiterated its commitment to India's bid for membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group just ahead of the G20 summit in Hangzhou, China.[24] On 5 September 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi thanked Argentina for backing India's bid.[25]

On 17 October 2016, following the BRICS summit in Benaulim, Goa, Brazil officially backed India's bid for NSG membership.[26][27][28] On 26 October 2016, Prime Minister Key of New Zealand stated that "New Zealand would continue to contribute constructively to the process currently underway in the NSG to consider India’s membership."[29] Poland and Cyprus backed India's NSG bid in April 2017. Germany reaffirmed India's NSG membership bid in May 2017.[30] Switzerland also showed support for India's NSG bid. The Swiss Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pierre-Alain Eltschinger said that “We support India’s application for participation in the NSG and acknowledge India’s support to global non-proliferation efforts.”[31] During the 15th RIC (Russia, India, China) foreign ministerial meeting Russia has said it continues to support India’s entry into the exclusive Nuclear Suppliers’ Group.[32] Describing India as a leading power in the Indo-Pacific region, Washington's envoy to New Delhi, Kenneth Juster reaffirmed support for India’s NSG bid in January 2018.[33] In the joint press statement of India-Nordic countries summit, The Nordic countries welcomed India’s application for membership of the Nuclear Suppliers’ Group and reaffirmed their commitment to work constructively within the Group with the aim of reaching a positive outcome at the earliest opportunity in April 2018.[34] On 16 April 2018 Germany supported India's bid for NSG membership saying that India's inclusion into the NSG will boost the global export control system.[35] Reaffirming their commitment to global non-proliferation efforts, PM Conte reiterated Italy's support to India's intensified engagement for admission into the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG) in Oct 2018 during the 24th edition of the India-Italy Technology Summit.[36]

As of 2019, China has thwarted every attempt of India's inclusion into NSG and has made it clear that status quo will remain citing "lack of consensus" among NSG members.[37]

Pakistan[edit]

Pakistan applied for participation on 19 May 2016.[38] Pakistan has stressed the need for NSG to adopt a non-discriminatory criteria-based approach for NSG membership of the countries, which have never been party to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).[39]

Pakistan is supported by Turkey and China.[40] Pakistan has launched a major lobbying campaign to get additional support on its NSG membership.[41][42] The US has not publicly opposed Pakistan, the US State Department's Spokesperson Mark Toner commented in May 2016: “They have made public their interest, and certainly any country can submit its application for membership. And we’ll consider [it] based on a consensus decision.”[43] Subsequently, NSG initiated discussions on the ‘Technical, Legal, and Political aspects of participation of non-NPT states in the NSG’ in the Seoul Plenary in June 2017.[44] China has also tied Indian bid to Pakistani bid, blocking the former's entry repeatedly based on the argument that If India can be let in without signing NPT, then Pakistan should be granted membership as well.[45]

In 2004, the illicit procurement network run by Pakistani scientist AQ Khan, who led Pakistan's uranium enrichment program, was exposed. This network trafficked in nuclear and dual-use goods and supported nuclear weapons programs in Iran, Libya and North Korea as well as Pakistan itself, and included individuals and entities from over 30 countries.[46] In 2004, Pakistan also promulgated an Export Control Act on Goods, Technologies, Materials and Equipment related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems and published Export Control Lists in 2005, which have been frequently updated.[47] The United States on 26 March 2018 sanctioned seven Pakistani firms for nuclear proliferation, potentially hurting its ambitions of NSG membership.[48]

Namibia[49][edit]

Namibia applied for NSG membership in 2016.[50]

Role in India-US nuclear agreement[edit]

Main article: Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement § NSG waiver

In July 2006, the United States Congress amended U.S. law to accommodate civilian nuclear trade with India. A meeting of NSG participating governments on 21–22 August 2008 on an India-specific exemption to the Guidelines[51] was inconclusive. Several participating governments, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, and New Zealand, expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the proposed exemption.[52] In another meeting on 6 September 2008, the NSG participating governments agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The NSG's decision came after three days of intense U.S. diplomacy.[53] The approval was based on a formal pledge by India stating that it would not share sensitive nuclear technology or material with others and would uphold its voluntary moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. The pledge was contained in a crucial statement issued during the NSG meeting by India outlining the country's disarmament and nonproliferation policies.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Varadarajan, Siddharth (8 September 2008). "Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: Thirty words that saved the day".
  2. ^ "Nuclear Suppliers Group - History". www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  3. ^ "Nuclear Suppliers Group - Chair's Corner".
  4. ^ [1] Archived 8 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Nuclear Suppliers Group.
  5. ^ "Obama seeks expanded India-US trade". Al Jazeera English. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  6. ^ "Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future". Voice of America. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  7. ^ Fact Sheet: U.S.-India Partnership on Export Controls and Non-Proliferation, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 8 November 2010.
  8. ^ "India and France hold key nuclear talks". BBC News. 6 December 2010.
  9. ^ "Written Answers - India". Hansard. 1 July 2013. 1 July 2013 : Column 504w. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  10. ^ "As Modi hugs Obama, China sends a quick flying kiss". India Today. ANI. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  11. ^ "After India, Pak now wants US to support its NSG bid". The Indian Express. ANI. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Swiss support for NSG secured, PM Modi lands in US". The Indian Express. 7 June 2016.
  13. ^ "President Obama backs Indian entry to nuclear technology - BBC News". BBC News. 8 June 2016.
  14. ^ "Will work together to ensure India is in NSG: Japan". The Times of India.
  15. ^ a b "China leads resistance to India joining Nuclear Suppliers Group: diplomats". www.dawn.com. Reuters. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  16. ^ "Mexico backs India's Nuclear Suppliers Group bid". 9 June 2016.
  17. ^ "UK backs India's NSG bid". 17 June 2016.
  18. ^ "Exclusive: Positive about Indias entry into NSG: Vladimir Putin to India Today".
  19. ^ "NSG will be strengthened if India joins: Canada". The Times of India.
  20. ^ "France calls for other members of NSG to support India's entry". The Times of India.
  21. ^ "China's Ban On India's Entry Into NSG Highlights Necessity For Closer Indo-US Ties – OpEd". 27 June 2016.
  22. ^ "After China, Switzerland's no, South Africa agrees to back India's NSG bid". 8 July 2016.
  23. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "Turkey confirms support for India's membership in NSG - The Economic Times". The Economic Times.
  24. ^ "Australia Backs India's Nuclear Club Membership Bid Ahead of G20 Meeting".
  25. ^ "PM Modi thanks Argentina for backing India's NSG bid". 5 September 2016.
  26. ^ "PM Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid". The Times of India.
  27. ^ "Brazil supports India's NSG bid".
  28. ^ IANS (17 October 2016). "Modi thanks Brazil for support to India's NSG bid". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  29. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "New Zealand backs India's NSG bid - The Economic Times". The Economic Times.
  30. ^ "Narendra Modi: India thanks Germany for backing its NSG membership bid | India News". The Times of India.
  31. ^ Haidar, Suhasini (9 June 2017). "Swiss support India's NSG bid". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  32. ^ "Russia to support India's entry into Nuclear Suppliers' Group". The Hindu.
  33. ^ "US reaffirms support to India's NSG bid". The Indian Express. 11 January 2018.
  34. ^ "$name". Udenrigsministeriet. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  35. ^ "Germany: India's inclusion into NSG will boost global export control system". The Times of India.
  36. ^ "Italy support India's bid for Nuclear Suppliers Group - The Tribune".
  37. ^ "China rules out India's entry into NSG without 'consensus' on allowing non-NPT countries". Economic Times. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  38. ^ "NSG to take up Pakistan, India's membership requests this week". retrieved on 23 June 2016. Dawn. 20 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Islamabad, Pakistan". www.mofa.gov.pk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  40. ^ "Kiwis soft on India's NSG bid, Turkey backs Pak". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  41. ^ IANS (8 June 2016). "Pakistan intensifies lobbying against India's NSG bid". Business Standard India. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  42. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (29 August 2016). "Fresh campaign launched for NSG membership". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  43. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (29 May 2016). "Pakistan's application for NSG to be decided by consensus: US". dawn.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  44. ^ "Nuclear Suppliers Group - Documents". www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  45. ^ "China says it will again block India's entry in Nuclear Suppliers Group". Daily Pakistan Global. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  46. ^ "Still time for diplomacy?". 30 September 2004. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  47. ^ "Secdiv". www.mofa.gov.pk. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  48. ^ "U.S. sanctions Pakistani companies over nuclear trade". Reuters. 26 March 2018.
  49. ^ "Huge blow to Islamabad's NSG ambitions, as US sanctions 7 Pakistani firms for nuclear proliferation". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  50. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "After India and Pakistan, now Namibia throws its hat in the ring for NSG entry - The Economic Times". The Economic Times.
  51. ^ "Text of U.S. NSG Proposal on India".
  52. ^ "UPDATE 3-Nuclear suppliers propose terms for U.S.-India deal". Reuters. 21 August 2008.
  53. ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth (7 September 2008). "Reality, one bite at a time: Dateline Vienna: NSG waiver enables member states to provide India full civil nuclear cooperation".

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Suppliers_Group&oldid=1220619718"