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This page should bot be deleted - no reference has been made to biobank although they are similar. Biobank is actually incorrect - not just Human.
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{{Short description|Place in which biological materials are stored and preserved}}
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{{primary sources|date=March 2009}}
Biorepository


A '''biorepository''' is a facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material for laboratory research. Biorepositories collect and manage specimens from animals, plants, and other living organisms. Biorepositories store many different types of specimens, including samples of [[blood]], [[urine]], [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], [[Cell (biology)|cells]], [[DNA]], [[RNA]], and [[protein]]s. If the samples are from people, they may be stored with medical information along with written consent to use the samples in laboratory studies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-02|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/biorepository|title=NCI Dictionaries - biorepository|access-date=2021-09-23|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en}}</ref>
A '''Biorepository''' is a biological materials repository that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biospecimens to support investigation<ref>ISBER Newsletter Volume No.1, Issue No. 1</ref>--[[User:Lundsten|Lundsten]] ([[User talk:Lundsten|talk]]) 19:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)


==Purpose==
The purpose of a biorepository is to maintain biological specimens, and associated information, for future use in research. The biorepository maintains the quality of specimens in its collection and ensures that they are accessible for scientific research.


==Operations==
{{hangon}}
The four main operations of a biorepository are; (i) collection (ii) processing, (iii) storage or inventory, and (iv) distribution of biological specimens.

(i) Collection or accession occurs when a specimen arrives at the biorepository. Information about the specimen is entered into the [https://mocdoc.in/util/lab-management-system laboratory information management system] ("LIMS"), which tracks information about all of the specimens in the biorepository. Typical information linked to a specimen would be the specimen's origin and when it arrived at the biorepository.

(ii) Processing of specimens is standardized to minimize variation due to handling. Processing may prepare the specimen for long-term storage. For example, DNA samples are processed into a salt buffer (aqueous solution) of proper pH to stabilize the DNA for storage.

(iii) Storage and inventory are where all samples are held prior to being requested via a distribution request. The inventory system is composed of sample holding boxes and the boxes are stored in freezers of various types depending on the sample storage requirements.

(iv) Distribution is the process of retrieving one or more samples from the biorepository inventory system.

== Standard Operating Procedures ==
[[Standard operating procedure|Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)]] play a crucial role in the biorepository industry. There are a number of reasons why they are important:
* SOPs reduce variability within the samples and storage processes by providing standardized guidelines for proper storage and care.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/biobanking/genomic-medicine-biobanking-sops/|title=Genomic Medicine: Biobanking Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)|date=2015-12-08|work=Inside Biobanking|access-date=2017-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Biospecimen samples should closely resemble biospecimens in their natural state. SOPs help ensure that.
* SOPs provide a standardized framework of how to conduct operations within a biorepository. They ensure seamless and reliable processes be implemented throughout operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.geneticistinc.com/blog/the-importance-of-standard-operating-procedures-sops-in-biobanking|title=The Importance of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS) in Biobanking|work=Biorepository|access-date=2017-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biological Resource Centres==
The [[OECD]] has issued best practice guidelines for biorepositories, which are referred to as ''biological resource centres''.<ref>''[https://www.oecd.org/sti/emerging-tech/oecdbestpracticeguidelinesforbiologicalresourcecentres.htm OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres]''</ref>
They are defined by the OECD as follows:

"Biological Resource Centres are an essential part of the infrastructure underpinning biotechnology. They consist of service providers and repositories of the living cells, genomes of organisms, and information relating to heredity and the functions of biological systems. BRCs contain collections of culturable organisms (e.g. [[micro-organisms]], [[plant]], [[animal]] and [[human cells]]), replicable parts of these (e.g. [[genomes]], [[plasmids]], [[viruses]], [[cDNAs]]), viable but not yet culturable [[organisms]], [[Cell (biology)|cells]] and [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]], as well as databases containing [[molecular]], [[physiological]] and structural information relevant to these collections and related [[bioinformatics]]."<ref>''[http://www.oecd.org/sti/biotech/23547743.pdf OECD BRC Guidelines]''</ref>

== Examples of Biorepositories in the United States ==

=== Cell Line Repositories ===
* The [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)]] Human Cell and Data Repository maintains a collection of cell lines to advance the study of neurological disorders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Resource for Stem Cells including iPSCs and Fibroblasts {{!}} The NINDS Human Cell and Data Repository|url=https://nindsgenetics.org/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=nindsgenetics.org}}</ref>
* The [[Allen Institute for Cell Science]] Cell Collection is a collection of fluorescently tagged, human, induced [[Cell potency|pluripotent]] [[stem cell]]s (hiPSC) lines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allen Cell Collection|url=https://www.coriell.org/1/AllenCellCollection|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.coriell.org}}</ref>
* The [[California Institute for Regenerative Medicine|California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)]] induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) repository is an effort to create a collection of stem cells from thousands of different individuals<ref>{{Cite web|last=niccolox|date=2015-02-26|title=Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Repository|url=https://www.cirm.ca.gov/researchers/ipsc-repository/about|access-date=2021-10-20|website=California's Stem Cell Agency|language=en}}</ref>
* The National Institute on Aging (NIA) Aging Cell Repository facilitates research into the mechanisms of aging by providing cell lines collected from subjects of different ages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIA|url=https://www.coriell.org/1/NIA|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.coriell.org}}</ref>
* The United States Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) DNA and Cell Repository provides DNA and functional [[Lymphatic system|lymphoid]] cells from individuals with primary [[immunodeficiency]] diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mission and Organization|url=https://www.coriell.org/1/USIDNET/Mission-and-Organization|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.coriell.org}}</ref>
* The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Human Genetic Cell Repository is collection of well-characterized human cells for use in biomedical research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository|url=https://www.nigms.nih.gov/Research/specificareas/hgcr/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.nigms.nih.gov}}</ref>

=== Sample Repositories ===
* The [[Intermountain Healthcare]] Biorepository is a collection of over 4.5 million biological samples preserved in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Intermountain Biorepository|url=https://intermountainhealthcare.org/about/transforming-healthcare/innovation/intermountain-biorepository/about/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=intermountainhealthcare.org|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] Human Reference Genome makes available DNA samples from [[Craig Venter|J. Craig Venter]], whose genome has been sequenced and assembled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HuRef|url=https://www.coriell.org/1/HuRef|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.coriell.org}}</ref>
* The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]] Genetic Testing Reference Material Program (GeT-RM) maintains DNA samples for use in molecular genetic testing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=GeT-RM {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/labquality/get-rm/index.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> These samples are from diseases such as Huntington Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Fragile X Syndrome, Alpha-Thalassemia, and Muenke Syndrome.

== See also ==
* [[Biobank]]
* [[Biological database]]
* [[Gene bank]]
* [[Genetic fingerprinting]]
* [[Genomics]]
* [[Genotype]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://specimencentral.com/biobank-directory/ Specimen Central biorepository list], A worldwide listing of active biobanks and biorepositories
* [https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/home/ Clinical Specimens Database and Specimen Collections Repository]
* [https://cloudlims.com/industries/biobanking-lims-software.html Biorepository LIMS], A LIMS software solution for biobanking and biorepositories
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114917/http://www.specimencentral.com/biobank-directory.aspx Global Directory of Biobanks, Tissue Banks and Biorepositories]
* [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/resources/reposit/Pages/default.aspx National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases HIV/AIDS Specimen Repository]
* [http://www.isber.org International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories ("ISBER")]
* [http://www.promeddx.com/our-solutions/overview/ ProMedDx BioServices cGMP Biostorage & Biorepository - Biorepository Consulting Design]
* [http://www.cell-and-co.com/en Cell&Co Biorepository - The first French Eco-Biobank]

[[Category:Biological specimens]]
[[Category:Biorepositories| ]]

Latest revision as of 20:12, 12 April 2024

A biorepository is a facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material for laboratory research. Biorepositories collect and manage specimens from animals, plants, and other living organisms. Biorepositories store many different types of specimens, including samples of blood, urine, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins. If the samples are from people, they may be stored with medical information along with written consent to use the samples in laboratory studies.[1]

Purpose[edit]

The purpose of a biorepository is to maintain biological specimens, and associated information, for future use in research. The biorepository maintains the quality of specimens in its collection and ensures that they are accessible for scientific research.

Operations[edit]

The four main operations of a biorepository are; (i) collection (ii) processing, (iii) storage or inventory, and (iv) distribution of biological specimens.

(i) Collection or accession occurs when a specimen arrives at the biorepository. Information about the specimen is entered into the laboratory information management system ("LIMS"), which tracks information about all of the specimens in the biorepository. Typical information linked to a specimen would be the specimen's origin and when it arrived at the biorepository.

(ii) Processing of specimens is standardized to minimize variation due to handling. Processing may prepare the specimen for long-term storage. For example, DNA samples are processed into a salt buffer (aqueous solution) of proper pH to stabilize the DNA for storage.

(iii) Storage and inventory are where all samples are held prior to being requested via a distribution request. The inventory system is composed of sample holding boxes and the boxes are stored in freezers of various types depending on the sample storage requirements.

(iv) Distribution is the process of retrieving one or more samples from the biorepository inventory system.

Standard Operating Procedures[edit]

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) play a crucial role in the biorepository industry. There are a number of reasons why they are important:

  • SOPs reduce variability within the samples and storage processes by providing standardized guidelines for proper storage and care.[2]
  • Biospecimen samples should closely resemble biospecimens in their natural state. SOPs help ensure that.
  • SOPs provide a standardized framework of how to conduct operations within a biorepository. They ensure seamless and reliable processes be implemented throughout operations.[3]

Biological Resource Centres[edit]

The OECD has issued best practice guidelines for biorepositories, which are referred to as biological resource centres.[4] They are defined by the OECD as follows:

"Biological Resource Centres are an essential part of the infrastructure underpinning biotechnology. They consist of service providers and repositories of the living cells, genomes of organisms, and information relating to heredity and the functions of biological systems. BRCs contain collections of culturable organisms (e.g. micro-organisms, plant, animal and human cells), replicable parts of these (e.g. genomes, plasmids, viruses, cDNAs), viable but not yet culturable organisms, cells and tissues, as well as databases containing molecular, physiological and structural information relevant to these collections and related bioinformatics."[5]

Examples of Biorepositories in the United States[edit]

Cell Line Repositories[edit]

  • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Human Cell and Data Repository maintains a collection of cell lines to advance the study of neurological disorders.[6]
  • The Allen Institute for Cell Science Cell Collection is a collection of fluorescently tagged, human, induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) lines.[7]
  • The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) repository is an effort to create a collection of stem cells from thousands of different individuals[8]
  • The National Institute on Aging (NIA) Aging Cell Repository facilitates research into the mechanisms of aging by providing cell lines collected from subjects of different ages.[9]
  • The United States Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) DNA and Cell Repository provides DNA and functional lymphoid cells from individuals with primary immunodeficiency diseases.[10]
  • The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Human Genetic Cell Repository is collection of well-characterized human cells for use in biomedical research.[11]

Sample Repositories[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "NCI Dictionaries - biorepository". www.cancer.gov. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  2. ^ "Genomic Medicine: Biobanking Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)". Inside Biobanking. 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  3. ^ "The Importance of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS) in Biobanking". Biorepository. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  4. ^ OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres
  5. ^ OECD BRC Guidelines
  6. ^ "A Resource for Stem Cells including iPSCs and Fibroblasts | The NINDS Human Cell and Data Repository". nindsgenetics.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  7. ^ "Allen Cell Collection". www.coriell.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  8. ^ niccolox (2015-02-26). "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Repository". California's Stem Cell Agency. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  9. ^ "NIA". www.coriell.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  10. ^ "Mission and Organization". www.coriell.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  11. ^ "NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository". www.nigms.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  12. ^ "About the Intermountain Biorepository". intermountainhealthcare.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  13. ^ "HuRef". www.coriell.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  14. ^ "GeT-RM | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2021-10-20.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biorepository&oldid=1218622588"