Methanotroph: Difference between revisions
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Under aerobic conditions, methanotrophs combine [[oxygen]] and [[methane]] to form [[formaldehyde]], which is then incorporated into organic compounds via the serine pathway or the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, and [Carbon dioxide], which is released. Type I and type X methanotrophs are part of the [[Gammaproteobacteria]] and they use the RuMP pathway to assimilate carbon. Type II methanotrophs are part of the [[Alphaproteobacteria]] and utilize the serine pathway of carbon assimilation. They also characteristically have a system of internal membranes within which methane [[redox|oxidation]] occurs. Methanotrophs in [[Gammaproteobacteria]] are known from family ''[[Methylococcaceae]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Stein|first=Lisa Y|title=Aerobic Methanotrophy and Nitrification: Processes and Connections|date=2012-04-16|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470015902.a0022213|work=eLS|pages=a0022213|editor-last=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0022213|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6|access-date=2021-01-17|last2=Roy|first2=Réal|last3=Dunfield|first3=Peter F}}</ref> Methanotrophs from [[Alphaproteobacteria]] are found in families ''[[Methylocystaceae]]'' and ''[[Beijerinckiaceae]]''. |
Under aerobic conditions, methanotrophs combine [[oxygen]] and [[methane]] to form [[formaldehyde]], which is then incorporated into organic compounds via the serine pathway or the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, and [Carbon dioxide], which is released. Type I and type X methanotrophs are part of the [[Gammaproteobacteria]] and they use the RuMP pathway to assimilate carbon. Type II methanotrophs are part of the [[Alphaproteobacteria]] and utilize the serine pathway of carbon assimilation. They also characteristically have a system of internal membranes within which methane [[redox|oxidation]] occurs. Methanotrophs in [[Gammaproteobacteria]] are known from family ''[[Methylococcaceae]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Stein|first=Lisa Y|title=Aerobic Methanotrophy and Nitrification: Processes and Connections|date=2012-04-16|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470015902.a0022213|work=eLS|pages=a0022213|editor-last=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0022213|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6|access-date=2021-01-17|last2=Roy|first2=Réal|last3=Dunfield|first3=Peter F}}</ref> Methanotrophs from [[Alphaproteobacteria]] are found in families ''[[Methylocystaceae]]'' and ''[[Beijerinckiaceae]]''. |
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Aerobic methanotrophs are also known from the [[Methylacidiphilaceae]] (phylum [[Verrucomicrobia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Op den Camp|first=Huub J. M.|last2=Islam|first2=Tajul|last3=Stott|first3=Matthew B.|last4=Harhangi|first4=Harry R.|last5=Hynes|first5=Alexander|last6=Schouten|first6=Stefan|last7=Jetten|first7=Mike S. M.|last8=Birkeland|first8=Nils-Kåre|last9=Pol|first9=Arjan|last10=Dunfield|first10=Peter F.|date=2009-10|title=Environmental, genomic and taxonomic perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia: Perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00022.x|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|language=en|volume=1|issue=5|pages=293–306|doi=10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00022.x}}</ref> In contrast to [[Gammaproteobacteria]] and [[Alphaproteobacteria]], methanotrophs in the phylum [[Verrucomicrobia]] are [[mixotroph]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carere|first=Carlo R|last2=Hards|first2=Kiel|last3=Houghton|first3=Karen M|last4=Power|first4=Jean F|last5=McDonald|first5=Ben|last6=Collet|first6=Christophe|last7=Gapes|first7=Daniel J|last8=Sparling|first8=Richard|last9=Boyd|first9=Eric S|last10=Cook|first10=Gregory M|last11=Greening|first11=Chris|date=November 2017|title=Mixotrophy drives niche expansion of verrucomicrobial methanotrophs|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2017112|journal=The ISME Journal|language=en|volume=11|issue=11|pages=2599–2610|doi=10.1038/ismej.2017.112|issn=1751-7362|pmc=5649168|pmid=28777381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharp|first=Christine E.|last2=Stott|first2=Matthew B.|last3=Dunfield|first3=Peter F.|date=2012|title=Detection of autotrophic verrucomicrobial methanotrophs in a geothermal environment using stable isotope probing|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00303/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=3|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2012.00303|issn=1664-302X|pmc=3421453|pmid=22912630}}</ref> |
Aerobic methanotrophs are also known from the [[Methylacidiphilaceae]] (phylum [[Verrucomicrobia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Op den Camp|first=Huub J. M.|last2=Islam|first2=Tajul|last3=Stott|first3=Matthew B.|last4=Harhangi|first4=Harry R.|last5=Hynes|first5=Alexander|last6=Schouten|first6=Stefan|last7=Jetten|first7=Mike S. M.|last8=Birkeland|first8=Nils-Kåre|last9=Pol|first9=Arjan|last10=Dunfield|first10=Peter F.|date=2009-10|title=Environmental, genomic and taxonomic perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia: Perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00022.x|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|language=en|volume=1|issue=5|pages=293–306|doi=10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00022.x}}</ref> In contrast to [[Gammaproteobacteria]] and [[Alphaproteobacteria]], methanotrophs in the phylum [[Verrucomicrobia]] are [[mixotroph]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carere|first=Carlo R|last2=Hards|first2=Kiel|last3=Houghton|first3=Karen M|last4=Power|first4=Jean F|last5=McDonald|first5=Ben|last6=Collet|first6=Christophe|last7=Gapes|first7=Daniel J|last8=Sparling|first8=Richard|last9=Boyd|first9=Eric S|last10=Cook|first10=Gregory M|last11=Greening|first11=Chris|date=November 2017|title=Mixotrophy drives niche expansion of verrucomicrobial methanotrophs|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2017112|journal=The ISME Journal|language=en|volume=11|issue=11|pages=2599–2610|doi=10.1038/ismej.2017.112|issn=1751-7362|pmc=5649168|pmid=28777381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharp|first=Christine E.|last2=Stott|first2=Matthew B.|last3=Dunfield|first3=Peter F.|date=2012|title=Detection of autotrophic verrucomicrobial methanotrophs in a geothermal environment using stable isotope probing|url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00303/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=3|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2012.00303|issn=1664-302X|pmc=3421453|pmid=22912630}}</ref> In 2021 bacterial [[Binning (metagenomics)|bin]] from the phylum [[Gemmatimonadetes]] called ''Candidatus'' Methylotropicum kingii showing aerobic methanotrophy was discovered thus suggesting methanotrophy to be present in the four bacterial phyla.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bay|first=Sean K.|last2=Dong|first2=Xiyang|last3=Bradley|first3=James A.|last4=Leung|first4=Pok Man|last5=Grinter|first5=Rhys|last6=Jirapanjawat|first6=Thanavit|last7=Arndt|first7=Stefan K.|last8=Cook|first8=Perran L. M.|last9=LaRowe|first9=Douglas E.|last10=Nauer|first10=Philipp A.|last11=Chiri|first11=Eleonora|date=2021-01-04|title=Trace gas oxidizers are widespread and active members of soil microbial communities|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-00811-w|journal=Nature Microbiology|language=en|pages=1–11|doi=10.1038/s41564-020-00811-w|issn=2058-5276}}</ref> |
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No aerobic methanotrophic [[archaea]] are known. |
No aerobic methanotrophic [[archaea]] are known. |
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Metal-oxides, such as manganese and iron, can also be used as terminal electron acceptors by ANME. For this, no consortium is needed. ANME shuttle electrons directly to the [[abiotic]] particles, which get reduced chemically.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Silvan |last1=Scheller |first2=Hang |last2=Yu |first3=Grayson L. |last3=Chadwick |first4=Shawn E. |last4=McGlynn |first5=Victoria J. |last5=Orphan |year=2016 |title=Artificial electron acceptors decouple archaeal methane oxidation from sulfate reduction |journal=Science |volume=351 |issue=6274 |pages=703–707 |doi=10.1126/science.aad7154 |pmid=26912857 |s2cid=41009096 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/64490/2/aad7154-Scheller-SM.pdf }}</ref> |
Metal-oxides, such as manganese and iron, can also be used as terminal electron acceptors by ANME. For this, no consortium is needed. ANME shuttle electrons directly to the [[abiotic]] particles, which get reduced chemically.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Silvan |last1=Scheller |first2=Hang |last2=Yu |first3=Grayson L. |last3=Chadwick |first4=Shawn E. |last4=McGlynn |first5=Victoria J. |last5=Orphan |year=2016 |title=Artificial electron acceptors decouple archaeal methane oxidation from sulfate reduction |journal=Science |volume=351 |issue=6274 |pages=703–707 |doi=10.1126/science.aad7154 |pmid=26912857 |s2cid=41009096 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/64490/2/aad7154-Scheller-SM.pdf }}</ref> |
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In some cases, [[Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration|aerobic]] methane oxidation can take place in anoxic (no oxygen) environments. ''Candidatus'' Methylomirabilis oxyfera belongs to the phylum NC10 bacteria, and can catalyze nitrite reduction through an "intra-aerobic" pathway, in which internally produced oxygen is used to oxidise methane. In clear water lakes, methanotrophs can live in the anoxic water column, but receive oxygen from [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms, that they then directly consume to oxidise methane aerobically.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Methane oxidation coupled to oxygenic photosynthesis in anoxic waters |first1=Jana |last1=Milucka |first2=Mathias |last2=Kirf |first3=Lu |last3=Lu |first4=Andreas |last4=Krupke |first5=Phyllis |last5=Lam |first6=Sten |last6=Littmann |first7=Marcel M.M. |last7=Kuypers |first8=Carsten J. |last8=Schubert |date=Sep 2015 |journal=ISME Journal |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=1991–2002 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2015.12 |pmid=25679533|pmc = 4542029}}</ref> |
In some cases, [[Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration|aerobic]] methane oxidation can take place in anoxic (no oxygen) environments. ''Candidatus'' Methylomirabilis oxyfera belongs to the [[NC10 phylum|phylum NC10]] bacteria, and can catalyze nitrite reduction through an "intra-aerobic" pathway, in which internally produced oxygen is used to oxidise methane.<ref name="Ettwig2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Baoli|last2=van Dijk|first2=Gijs|last3=Fritz|first3=Christian|last4=Smolders|first4=Alfons J. P.|last5=Pol|first5=Arjan|last6=Jetten|first6=Mike S. M.|last7=Ettwig|first7=Katharina F.|date=2012-12-15|title=Anaerobic Oxidization of Methane in a Minerotrophic Peatland: Enrichment of Nitrite-Dependent Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria|url=http://aem.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/AEM.02102-12|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=78|issue=24|pages=8657–8665|doi=10.1128/AEM.02102-12|issn=0099-2240|pmc=PMC3502929|pmid=23042166}}</ref> In clear water lakes, methanotrophs can live in the anoxic water column, but receive oxygen from [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms, that they then directly consume to oxidise methane aerobically.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Methane oxidation coupled to oxygenic photosynthesis in anoxic waters |first1=Jana |last1=Milucka |first2=Mathias |last2=Kirf |first3=Lu |last3=Lu |first4=Andreas |last4=Krupke |first5=Phyllis |last5=Lam |first6=Sten |last6=Littmann |first7=Marcel M.M. |last7=Kuypers |first8=Carsten J. |last8=Schubert |date=Sep 2015 |journal=ISME Journal |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=1991–2002 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2015.12 |pmid=25679533|pmc = 4542029}}</ref> |
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===Special methanotroph species=== |
===Special methanotroph species=== |
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''[[Methylococcus capsulatus]]'' is utilised to produce animal feed from natural gas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/|title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us|last=Le Page|first=Michael|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> |
''[[Methylococcus capsulatus]]'' is utilised to produce animal feed from natural gas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/|title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us|last=Le Page|first=Michael|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> |
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In 2010 a new bacterium ''Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera |
In 2010 a new bacterium ''Candidatus'' Methylomirabilis oxyfera from the [[NC10 phylum|phylum NC10]] was identified that can couple the [[anaerobic oxidation of methane]] to nitrite reduction without the need for a [[syntrophy|syntrophic]] partner.<ref name=Ettwig2010>{{cite journal |
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|last1= Ettwig |first1= K. F. |
|last1= Ettwig |first1= K. F. |
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|last2= Butler |first2= M. K. |
|last2= Butler |first2= M. K. |
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Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and energy. They can be either bacteria or archaea and can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to survive.
General
Methanotrophs are especially common in or near environments where methane is produced, although some methanotrophs can oxidize atmospheric methane. Their habitats include wetlands, soils, marshes, rice paddies, landfills, aquatic systems (lakes, oceans, streams) and more. They are of special interest to researchers studying global warming, as they play a significant role in the global methane budget, by reducing the amount of methane emitted to the atmosphere.[1][2]
Methanotrophy is a special case of methylotrophy, using single-carbon compounds that are more reduced than carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs, however, can also make use of multi-carbon compounds which differentiates them from methanotrophs that are usually fastidious methane and methanol oxidizers. The only facultative methanotrophs isolated to date are members of the genus Methylocella silvestris[3][4], Methylocapsa aurea[5] and several Methylocystis strains[6].
In functional terms, methanotrophs are referred to as methane-oxidizing bacteria, however, methane-oxidizing bacteria encompass other organisms that are not regarded as sole methanotrophs. For this reason methane-oxidizing bacteria have been separated into subgroups: methane-assimilating bacteria (MAB) groups, the methanotrophs, and autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AAOB) which cooxidize methane.[2]
Methanotroph classification
Methantrophs can be either bacteria or archaea. Which methanotroph species is present, is mainly determined by the availability of electron acceptors. Many types of methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are known. Differences in the method of formaldehyde fixation and membrane structure divide these bacterial methanotrophs into several groups. Among the methanotrophic archaea, several subgroups are determined.
Aerobic methanotrophs
Under aerobic conditions, methanotrophs combine oxygen and methane to form formaldehyde, which is then incorporated into organic compounds via the serine pathway or the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, and [Carbon dioxide], which is released. Type I and type X methanotrophs are part of the Gammaproteobacteria and they use the RuMP pathway to assimilate carbon. Type II methanotrophs are part of the Alphaproteobacteria and utilize the serine pathway of carbon assimilation. They also characteristically have a system of internal membranes within which methane oxidation occurs. Methanotrophs in Gammaproteobacteria are known from family Methylococcaceae.[7] Methanotrophs from Alphaproteobacteria are found in families Methylocystaceae and Beijerinckiaceae.
Aerobic methanotrophs are also known from the Methylacidiphilaceae (phylum Verrucomicrobia).[8] In contrast to Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, methanotrophs in the phylum Verrucomicrobia are mixotrophs.[9][10] In 2021 bacterial bin from the phylum Gemmatimonadetes called Candidatus Methylotropicum kingii showing aerobic methanotrophy was discovered thus suggesting methanotrophy to be present in the four bacterial phyla.[11]
No aerobic methanotrophic archaea are known.
Anaerobic methanotrophs
Under anoxic conditions, methanotrophs use different electron acceptors for methane oxidation. This can happen in anoxic habitats such as marine or lake sediments, oxygen minimum zones, anoxic water columns, rice paddies and soils. Some specific methanotrophs can reduce nitrate or nitrite, and couple that to methane oxidation. Investigations in marine environments revealed that methane can be oxidized anaerobically by consortia of methane oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. This type of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) mainly occurs in anoxic marine sediments. The exact mechanism behind this is still a topic of debate but the most widely accepted theory is that the archaea use the reversed methanogenesis pathway to produce carbon dioxide and another, unknown substance. This unknown intermediate is then used by the sulfate-reducing bacteria to gain energy from the reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. The anaerobic methanotrophs are not related to the known aerobic methanotrophs; the closest cultured relative to the anaerobic methanotrophs are the methanogens in the order Methanosarcinales.[12] Metal-oxides, such as manganese and iron, can also be used as terminal electron acceptors by ANME. For this, no consortium is needed. ANME shuttle electrons directly to the abiotic particles, which get reduced chemically.[13]
In some cases, aerobic methane oxidation can take place in anoxic (no oxygen) environments. Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera belongs to the phylum NC10 bacteria, and can catalyze nitrite reduction through an "intra-aerobic" pathway, in which internally produced oxygen is used to oxidise methane.[14][15] In clear water lakes, methanotrophs can live in the anoxic water column, but receive oxygen from photosynthetic organisms, that they then directly consume to oxidise methane aerobically.[16]
Special methanotroph species
Methylococcus capsulatus is utilised to produce animal feed from natural gas.[17]
In 2010 a new bacterium Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera from the phylum NC10 was identified that can couple the anaerobic oxidation of methane to nitrite reduction without the need for a syntrophic partner.[14] Based on the studies of Ettwig et al.,[14] it is believed that M. oxyfera oxidizes methane anaerobically by utilizing the oxygen produced internally from the dismutation of nitric oxide into nitrogen and oxygen gas.
Methanotroph Taxonomy
Many methanotrophic cultures have been isolated and formally characterized over the past 4 decades, starting with the classical study of Whittenbury (Whittenbury et al., 1970). Currently,18 genera of cultivated aerobic methanotrophic Gammaproteobacteria and 5 genera of Alphaproteobacteria are known, represented by approx. 60 different species.[18]
Methane Oxidation by Methanotrophs
Methanotrophs oxidize methane by first initiating reduction of an oxygen atom to H2O2 and transformation of methane to CH3OH using methane monooxygenases (MMOs).[19] Furthermore, two types of MMO have been isolated from methanotrophs: soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) and particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO).
Cells containing pMMO have demonstrated higher growth capabilities and higher affinity for methane than sMMO containing cells.[19] It is suspected that copper ions may play a key role in both pMMO regulation and the enzyme catalysis, thus limiting pMMO cells to more copper-rich environments than sMMO producing cells.[20]
References
- ^ Oremland, R. S.; Culbertson, C. W. (1992). "Importance of methane-oxidizing bacteria in the methane budget as revealed by the use of a specific inhibitor". Nature. 356 (6368): 421–423. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..421O. doi:10.1038/356421a0. S2CID 4234351.
- ^ a b Holmes, AJ; Roslev, P; McDonald, IR; Iversen, N; Henriksen, K; Murrell, JC (1999). "Characterization of methanotrophic bacterial populations in soils showing atmospheric methane uptake". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (8): 3312–8. doi:10.1128/AEM.65.8.3312-3318.1999. PMC 91497. PMID 10427012.
- ^ Dedysh, Svetlana N.; Knief, Claudia; Dunfield, Peter F. (2005-07-01). "Methylocella Species Are Facultatively Methanotrophic". Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (13): 4665–4670. doi:10.1128/JB.187.13.4665-4670.2005. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1151763. PMID 15968078.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Chen, Yin; Crombie, Andrew; Rahman, M. Tanvir; Dedysh, Svetlana N.; Liesack, Werner; Stott, Matthew B.; Alam, Maqsudul; Theisen, Andreas R.; Murrell, J. Colin; Dunfield, Peter F. (2010-07-15). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Aerobic Facultative Methanotroph Methylocella silvestris BL2". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (14): 3840–3841. doi:10.1128/JB.00506-10. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 2897342. PMID 20472789.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Dunfield, Peter F.; Belova, Svetlana E.; Vorob'ev, Alexey V.; Cornish, Sabrina L.; Dedysh, Svetlana N. (2010-11-01). "Methylocapsa aurea sp. nov., a facultative methanotroph possessing a particulate methane monooxygenase, and emended description of the genus Methylocapsa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (11): 2659–2664. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.020149-0. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ^ Belova, Svetlana E.; Baani, Mohamed; Suzina, Natalia E.; Bodelier, Paul L. E.; Liesack, Werner; Dedysh, Svetlana N. (2011-02). "Acetate utilization as a survival strategy of peat-inhabiting Methylocystis spp.: Acetate utilization by Methylocystis spp". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 3 (1): 36–46. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00180.x.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Stein, Lisa Y; Roy, Réal; Dunfield, Peter F (2012-04-16), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.), "Aerobic Methanotrophy and Nitrification: Processes and Connections", eLS, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. a0022213, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0022213, ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6, retrieved 2021-01-17
- ^ Op den Camp, Huub J. M.; Islam, Tajul; Stott, Matthew B.; Harhangi, Harry R.; Hynes, Alexander; Schouten, Stefan; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Birkeland, Nils-Kåre; Pol, Arjan; Dunfield, Peter F. (2009-10). "Environmental, genomic and taxonomic perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia: Perspectives on methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 1 (5): 293–306. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00022.x.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Carere, Carlo R; Hards, Kiel; Houghton, Karen M; Power, Jean F; McDonald, Ben; Collet, Christophe; Gapes, Daniel J; Sparling, Richard; Boyd, Eric S; Cook, Gregory M; Greening, Chris (November 2017). "Mixotrophy drives niche expansion of verrucomicrobial methanotrophs". The ISME Journal. 11 (11): 2599–2610. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.112. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 5649168. PMID 28777381.
- ^ Sharp, Christine E.; Stott, Matthew B.; Dunfield, Peter F. (2012). "Detection of autotrophic verrucomicrobial methanotrophs in a geothermal environment using stable isotope probing". Frontiers in Microbiology. 3. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00303. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3421453. PMID 22912630.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bay, Sean K.; Dong, Xiyang; Bradley, James A.; Leung, Pok Man; Grinter, Rhys; Jirapanjawat, Thanavit; Arndt, Stefan K.; Cook, Perran L. M.; LaRowe, Douglas E.; Nauer, Philipp A.; Chiri, Eleonora (2021-01-04). "Trace gas oxidizers are widespread and active members of soil microbial communities". Nature Microbiology: 1–11. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00811-w. ISSN 2058-5276.
- ^ Boetius, Antje; Ravenschlag, Katrin; Schubert, Carsten J.; Rickert, Dirk; Widdel, Friedrich; Gieseke, Armin; Amann, Rudolf; Jørgensen, Bo Barker; Witte, Ursula; Pfannkuche, Olaf (2000). "A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane". Nature. 407 (6804): 623–626. doi:10.1038/35036572. PMID 11034209. S2CID 205009562 – via Research Gate.
- ^ Scheller, Silvan; Yu, Hang; Chadwick, Grayson L.; McGlynn, Shawn E.; Orphan, Victoria J. (2016). "Artificial electron acceptors decouple archaeal methane oxidation from sulfate reduction" (PDF). Science. 351 (6274): 703–707. doi:10.1126/science.aad7154. PMID 26912857. S2CID 41009096.
- ^ a b c Ettwig, K. F.; Butler, M. K.; Le Paslier, D.; Pelletier, E.; Mangenot, S.; Kuypers, M. M. M.; Schreiber, F.; Dutilh, B. E.; Zedelius, J.; De Beer, D.; Gloerich, J.; Wessels, H. J. C. T.; Van Alen, T.; Luesken, F.; Wu, M. L.; Van De Pas-Schoonen, K. T.; Op Den Camp, H. J. M.; Janssen-Megens, E. M.; Francoijs, K. J.; Stunnenberg, H.; Weissenbach, J.; Jetten, M. S. M.; Strous, M. (2010). "Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria" (PDF). Nature. 464 (7288): 543–548. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..543E. doi:10.1038/nature08883. PMID 20336137. S2CID 205220000.
- ^ Zhu, Baoli; van Dijk, Gijs; Fritz, Christian; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Pol, Arjan; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Ettwig, Katharina F. (2012-12-15). "Anaerobic Oxidization of Methane in a Minerotrophic Peatland: Enrichment of Nitrite-Dependent Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (24): 8657–8665. doi:10.1128/AEM.02102-12. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3502929. PMID 23042166.
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External links
- Anaerobic oxidation of methane
- Methane-Eating Bug Holds Promise For Cutting Greenhouse Gas. Media Release, GNS Science, New Zealand