Baybars
al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari, also spelled Baybars (Arabic: Template:Ar; 1223 – July 1, 1277) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He was a Kipchak Turk[1][2] captured and sold in Kipchak steppe. It was said that he was captured by the Mongols and sold as a slave, ending up in Syria.
His first master, the emir (prince) of Hama, was suspicious of Baibars because of his unusual appearance (he was gigantically tall, with golden light blond hair, and an odd white spot in one of his dark blue eyes). Baibars was quickly sold to a Mamluk officer and sent to Egypt, where he became a bodyguard to the Ayyubid ruler As-Salih Ayyub.
Biography
He was a commander of the Mamluks in around 1250, when he defeated the Seventh Crusade of Louis IX of France. He was still a commander under Sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. After the battle he killed Qutuz because he thought Qutuz tricked him by promising the rule over a city but gave it to some one else(Qutuz did this because he was planning to give baibars the rule over Egypt).But baibars out of the hatred for Qutuz for killin his old master aqtay let anger defeat him.He regreted what he did after learning the truth.
He continued what was to become a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in Syria, starting with the Principality of Antioch, which had attempted to ally itself with the Mongols against Baibars at Ain Jalut.
In 1263 he attacked Acre, the capital of the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but was unable to take it. Nevertheless, he defeated the Crusaders in many other battles (Arsuf, Athlith, Haifa, Safad, Jaffa, Ashkalon, Caesarea); whenever possible he took prisoners who were members of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller, who were much hated in the Muslim world at the that time as they defended Christian castles and at the same time considered to be a great military threat.
In 1266 Baibars defeated the Armenians in Cilicia, the only powerful ally of Antioch. In 1268 he besieged Antioch, capturing the city on May 18. He razed the city and killed or enslaved the population, although Prince Bohemund was able to escape.
The fall of Antioch led to the brief Ninth Crusade in 1271 led by Edward I of England, who also attempted to ally with the Mongols, although they were unable to capture any territory from Baibars. Although Edward and Baibars settled on a truce, Baibars tried to have Edward killed by the Hashshashin, and Edward returned home in 1272.
Baibars then fought the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, who were by this time subjects of the Mongols. He died in Syria in 1277.
Legacy
Baibars was a popular ruler in the Muslim World who had defeated the crusaders in three crusades. In order to support his military campaigns, Baibars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. His military campaign also extended into Libya and Nubia. He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from Cairo to Damascus in four days. He also built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improved the harbours, and built mosques.
His memoirs were recorded in Sirat al-Sultan Baibars (Life of Sultan Baibars), a popular Arabic romance recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in both Egypt and Syria.
Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya is the school built adjacent to his Mausoleum in Damascus. The Az-Zahiriyah library, has a wealth of manuscripts in various branches of knowledge to this day.
Assessment
As the first great Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Baibars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society. He took final control by killing Sayf al Din Qutuz to avenge his friend, but before he became Sultan he was commander of the Mamluk forces in the most important battle of the Middle Periods, repelling a diminished Mongol force at the legendary battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.
His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He took Saladin's military success as his ideal. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in Syria and to unite Egypt and Syria into one powerful state that was able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols.
Although in the Muslim World he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in Egypt and Syria is still regarded as such, Sultan Baibars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his destruction of holy sites and massacres or expulsion of Christian populations.
In fiction
- Baybars figures prominently in the story "The Sowers of the Thunder" by Robert E. Howard. While liberties are taken with history for the sake of the tale, and many characters and events are purely imaginary, his character is fairly close to the folkloric depiction and the general flow of history is respected.
- Baybars is one of the main characters of Robyn Young's book, Brethren. Young plans two additional books about this period.
- According to Harold Lamb, Haroun of Baghdad in the Arabian Nights was really Baibars of Cairo.[3]