Ukrainians in Russia
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| Languages | |
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| Ukrainianlanguage | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Eastern Orthodox. | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ukrainians, other Slavic peoples especially East Slavs |
| Part of a series on |
| Ukrainians |
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| Culture |
| Languages and dialects |
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| Closely-related peoples |
Ukrainians in Russia is the largest single Ukrainian diaspora of the Ukrainian people. In the Russian Federation they constitute 2% of the population, and make the third largest ethnic group after Russians and Tatars.
Ukrainian political borders with Russia and their formation
The first Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897, showed extensive usage (and in some cases dominance) of the Little Russian, a contemporary term of the Ukrainian language,[1] in the nine south-western Governorates and the Kuban. Thus, when the Central Rada officials were outlining the future borders of the new Ukrainian state they took the results of the census in regards to the language and religion as determining factors. The ethnographic borders of Ukraine thus turned out to be almost twice as large as the original Cossack Hetmanate incorporated into Russia in the 17th century.[2].
Certain mixed regions were intermixed, in particularly this included the territory of Sloboda and the Donbass industrial section. In this case the officials decided to evenly split them between Ukraine and Russia. After the Communist Victory in the Russian Civil War, the UNR borders were preserved by the newly formed Ukrainian SSR. This left a strong mixed community on the Russian side of the border.
In the course of the mid-1920s in the course of adminatrative division, resulted in the Ukrainian SSR ceding some territory to the Russian SFSR, such as the Taganrog and Shakhty cities in the eastern Donbass, and gaining several regions that presently make up the Sumy Oblast in Sloboda region.
According to V. Kubijovych and A. Zhukovsky the area of Ukrainian ethnic territory outside of the borders of the Ukrainian SSR (1970) where an ethnic Ukrainian majority lived was estimated to be 146,500 square kilometres and the area of nationally mixed territories take up approximately 747,600 square kilometres.
According to unpublished documents from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs under the category of nationality 86 million people noted down Ukrainian ethnicity in 1989. [3]
The Ukrainian diaspora today is divided into two major groups: Eastern and Western. The Eastern diaspora includes Ukrainian living in the former USSR and the Western diaspora includes all countries outside of the former USSR. The term Eastern Diaspora was first introduced in 1992. The estimated of the number of Ukrainians living in the Eastern diaspora are 6.8 million and the Western diaspora 5 million. Demographers however estimate up to 20 million Ukrainians living outside of Ukraine with 10 million living in the Eastern diaspora.{{fact}
According to the 2002 Russian census, there are 2,942,961 Ukrainian in Russia (2% of the total population).
Ukrainian life in the eastern diaspora
During the Soviet times. The cultural separation from Ukraine proper meant that many were to form the so called "multicultural soviet nation". In Siberia, 82% of Ukrainian entered mixed marriages, primarily with Russians. This meant that outside the parent national republic there was little or no provision for continuing a diaspora function. Thus only in large cities such as Moscow would Ukrainian press could be found. At the same time other Ukrainian cultural heritage such as clothing and national foods were preserved. According to Soviet sociologist, 27% of the Ukrainians in Siberia read Ukrainian printed material and 38% used the Ukrainian language. From time to time, Ukrainian groups would visit Siberia. Nonetheless most of the Ukrainians did assimilate.
Statistics and scholarship
Statistical information about Ukrainians in the Eastern diaspora from census materials of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union were collected in 1897, 1910, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 and 2002. Some allege that the statistics are inaccurate and claim that Ukrainian population has being understated. The results of the 1939 census is known to have been falsified.
In an attempt to unite the Ukrainians in the Eastern Diaspora in 1991 the journal "Zoloti Vorota" began to be published by the Society for relations with Ukrainians outside of Ukraine, as also the magazine "Ukrainan diaspora". A series entitled the Encyclopedia of the Ukrainian Diaspora has also been appearing.
14th -17th Century migration
17th to 18th century migration
Ukrainian in Russia in the 19th century
Beggining with the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from the traditional European lands of Belarus, Ukraine and Northern Russia to settle the distant areas of the Empire, which promised free fertile land, a crucial factor for peasents who were under extensive class pressure, and until 1861, lived under Serfdom.
In the colonization of the new lands, a significant contribution was made by people from Little Russia Initially Ukrainians were used to colonise border territories, especially in the Caucasus. Most of these settlers came from Left Bank Ukraine and Slobozhanshchyna and mainly settled in Kuban, Stavropol, and Terek areas. Some compact areas of the Don, Volga and Urals were also settled.
The Ukrainians created large settlements within Russia often becoming the majority population in certain centres. They continued fostering their traditions, their language and their architecture. Their village structure and administration differed somewhat from the Russian population that surrounded them.[citation needed] Where populations were mixed, russification often took place.{{fact}
The size and geographical settlement of the Ukrainian population was first seen in the course of the Russian Empire census 1897. Although the census only noted language, not ethnicity, and this affected mixed dialects. Nonetheless a total of 22,380,551 Ukrainian speakers were noted. On what is considered Ukrainian ethnic territory 20,160,000 (90.1%), 670,000 (3%) on mixed ethnic territory, and 1,560,000 (6.9%) in the Eastern diaspora. Within the European territories of Russia lived 1,020,000, in Asia (without the Caucases) 209,000. From 1897-1914 the intense migration of Ukrainians to the Urals and Asia continued and, was measured to be 1.5 million before coming to a standstill in 1915.
Ukrainian in Russia in the 20th century
Ukrainian cultural rennaissance in post-Soviet Russia
The Ukrainian cultural rennaissance in Russia began in the last years of the 1980's. In Moscow the formation of the Slavutych Society, in Leningrad the formation of the Ukrainian Cutural centre named after T. Shevchenko.
In 1991 the Ukraina Society organized a conference in Kyiv with delegates from the various new Ukrainian Community oraganizations from the Eastern Diaspora. By 1991 over 20 such organizations were in existence. By 1992 600 organizations were registered in Russia alone. The Congress helped to consolidate the efforts of these organizations. From 1992 regional congresses began to take place organized by the Ukrainian organizations of Prymoria, Tiumen oblast, Siberia and the Far East. In March 1992 the Union of Ukrainian organizations in Moscow was founded. In May of that year - The Union of Ukrainians in Russia.
The greatest problems with these community organizations is the lack of official financial sponsorship of their cultural endeavours.
Compact Ukrainian population centres in Russia
Kuban
Zeleny Klyn
Zeleny Klyn is often referred to as Zelena Ukraina. This is an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of the Far East Siberia located on the Amur river and the Pacific ocean. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1926 made up 41%-47% of the population.
Siry Klyn
Asia
Moscow
Moscow University was founded in 1755 and from its inception there were many students from Ukraine. Many had commenced their studies at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In the first years after the revolution of 1905 Moscow was one of the major centres of the Ukrainian movement for self awareness. The magazine Zoria was edited by A. Krymsky and from 1912-7 the Ukrainian cultural and literary magazine "Ukrainskaya zhyzn' was also published there edited by S. Petliura. Books in the Ukrainian language were published in Mosocw from 1912 and Ukrainian theatrical troups of M. Kropovnytsky and M. Sadovsky were constantly performing there.
Petersburg
Ukrainian contribution to Russian culture
List of notable Ukrainians in Russia
- Sergey Korolyov (Ukrainian mother Russian father)
- Ilia Lagutenko
- Sergei Bondarchuk
- Anatoly Fomenko
- Nikolai Fomenko
- Pyotr Zinchenko
- Anna Akhmatova
- Alexander Dovzhenko
- Larisa Shepitko
- Yuri Gidzenko
References
Footnotes
Sources
- Kubijovych, V, (ed) Entsykolpedia Ukrainoznavstva Vol 7
- Українське козацтво - Енциклопедія - Kyiv, 2006
- Заремба, С. З національно-культурного життя українців на Кубані (20-30-і роки ХХ ст.) Київська старовина – 1993 #1, с. 94-104
- Лановик Б та інш. Українська Еміграція - від минувшини до сьогодення - Тернопіль, 1999
- Петренко, Є. Українське козацтво Київська старовина – 1993 #1, с. 114-119
- Польовий Р. Кубанська Україна К. Дiокор 2003.
- Ратуьняк В. Н. Очерки истории Кубани с древнейших времен по 1920 г. – Краснодар, 1996
- Сергійчук В. Українізація Росії К. 2000