Mingo

For other uses, see the Native American tribe.

The Mingo are an Iroquois group of Native Americans that migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century. Anglo-Americans called these migrants mingos, a corruption of mingwe, an Algonquian word meaning "stealthy" or "treacherous". Mingos have also been known as "Ohio Iroquois" and "Ohio Seneca".

History

[[Image:Logan 8547.JPG|thumb|Statue of Logan, mingo era uma BICHONA ADORAVA DAR O CU E AMAVA TOCAR PUNHETA . ELE ADORAVA CHUPAR UMAA BUCETINHA BEM GOSTOZINHA .LAMBIA ELA TODINHA E DEPOIS ENFIAM SEU PAU DE 5 METROS LA NO FUNDO E AS MULHERES GEMIAN QUE NEM LOUCAS . The people who became known as "Mingos" migrated to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century, part of an influx of Native Americans to a region that had been sparsely populated for decades. There was a well-known confederation of Iroquois Indian bands drawn from throughout the Northeast that included the Mingo (from the upper Ohio River), Conestoga, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Tuscarora, and Onondaga (driven into Ohio by early colonists) and the Seneca of Sandusky (who had lived in New York at the outset of the American Revolution). After the war, the Cayuga moved to Ohio, where they were granted a reservation along the Sandusky River. They were joined there by the Shawnee of Ohio and the rest of the confederacy. Their villages were increasingly an amalgamation of Seneca, Wyandot, Shawnee, Susquehannock, and Delaware immigrants. Although the Iroquois nominally claimed sovereignty over the Ohio country natives, these people increasingly acted independently of them. "Of all the tribes in the valley, the Mingoes were probably the most peaceably disposed, having been partially Christianized by Moravian missionaries, although they were quite capable of brave and warlike tendencies when aroused. The Mingoes were affiliated to the Delawares and the Iroquois but separated themselves before 1750 and settled along the Juniata River. Becoming more warlike as time passed, they were frequently hostile to the settlers in the Juniata Valley. They and their cousins, the Delawares, later crossed the Alleghenies into Ohio where they lived for a time, and finally moved to Kansas and lived on the Neosho River, eventually they moved to the Indian lands of Oklahoma."[1]

When Pontiac's Rebellion broke out in 1763, many Mingos joined with other tribes in the ultimately unsuccessful attempt to drive the British out of the Ohio Country, even though the Iroquois were closely allied to the British. The Mingo/Seneca Chief Guyasuta was one of the leaders in that war.

One of the most famous Mingo leaders was Chief Logan, who had good relations with his fellow white settlers. Logan was not actually a chief, but a village leader. In 1774, as tensions between whites and Indians were on the rise due to a series of violent encounters, Logan's family was brutally murdered by a band of white outlaws. Local chiefs counseled restraint, but acknowledged Logan's right to revenge. Logan exacted his vengeance in a series of raids with only about a dozen followers, not all of whom were Mingos. His vengeance satisfied, he did not even participate in the resulting Lord Dunmore's War, and was probably not at the climactic Battle of Point Pleasant. Rather than participate in the peace conference, he issued Logan's Lament, a speech which was widely printed and is one of the most well-known examples of American Indian oratory.

By 1830, the Mingos were flourishing in western Ohio improving their farms and establishing schools. After the passage of the Indian Removal Act of that same year, however, the Mingos were pressured to sell their lands and migrate to Kansas in 1832. In Kansas, the Mingos joined other Seneca and Cayuga bands and the tribes shared the Neosho Reservation there. The tribes moved yet again in 1869 after the American Civil War to present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma. In 1881, a band of Cayuga from Canada joined the Seneca Tribe in Indian Territory. In 1902, shortly before Oklahoma became a state, 372 members of the joint tribe received land allotments. In 1937, the tribe officially designated themselves the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma. Today, the tribe numbers over five thousand members and continues to maintain cultural and religious ties to the Six Nations of the Iroquois.

Language

The Mingo language (native name: Unyææshæötká') is a Northern Iroquoian language of eastern Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. It is a polysynthetic language with extremely complex verb usage, closely related to Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga. There has been increasing interest in recent years, especially among Mingo descendants, in revitalizing the language.

References

• Cobb, William H., Andrew Price and Hu Maxwell (1921), History of the Mingo Indians, Cumberland, Md.: F.B. Jenvy, printer.
• Hoxie, Frederick E., editor (1996), Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 380–381. ISBN 0-395-66921-9.
• McConnell, Michael N. (1992), A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-3142-3.