Cambio 90

Change 90 Cambio 90
President	Andrés Reggiardo
General Secretary	Renzo Reggiardo
Founder	Andrés Reggiardo
Founded	5 October 1989
Dissolved	26 September 2013
Succeeded by	Peru Secure Homeland
Ideology	Fujimorism (historical) National conservatism Social conservatism Economic liberalism Right-wing populism
Political position	Right-wing
National affiliation	Change 90 - New Majority (1995-1999, 2001-2005), Peru 2000 (1999-2001), Alliance for the Future (2005-2006)
Politics of Peru Political parties Elections

Change 90 (Spanish: Cambio 90), was a right-wing Peruvian political party which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and throughout the 1990s it was the most powerful political force in Peru alongside New Majority, serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for Alberto Fujimori.

In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall in late 2000, the party ran allied once again with New Majority only for the 2001 Peruvian general election, attaining only 3 out of 120 seats in the Peruvian Congress. For the 2006 general election, the Alliance for the Future coalition was formed, convening Change 90, New Majority, and Sí Cumple. With Martha Chávez as their presidential nominee, the coalition placed fourth, and successfully garnered 13 out of 120 at parliamentary level.

For the 2011 general election, Change 90 split from Fujimorism, and participated under the National Solidarity Alliance, with Luis Castañeda as their presidential nominee. The coalition placed fifth at both presidential and parliamentary levels, attaining 9 out of 130 seats, with Renzo Reggiardo the only elected congressman from Change 90. In 2013, Reggiardo announced the party's official dissolution, and announced Peru Secure Homeland as its immediate successor.

History

Change 90's success hinged largely on the success of its candidate for the presidency, Alberto Fujimori, an agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) in Lima's La Molina District from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's appeal to a large extent was his standing as a political outsider.

At the same time, Cambio's success was also attributed largely to its eclectic political base and its active grassroots campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of SMEs, and the informal sector workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the Evangelical movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was Protestant, but the evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the pueblos jóvenes, and rural areas in the mountains. Although the party only began activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in its ranks.

However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. Cambio's two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to Mario Vargas Llosa. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his Cambio supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, Carlos García y García, and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the Fujishock program entailed.

In the 8 April 2001 legislative elections, the party won 4.8% of the popular vote and only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%	Result
		First Round		Second Round
1990	Alberto Fujimori	1,932,208	29.1%	4,478,897	62.4%	Elected Y
1995	Alberto Fujimori (as part of Change 90 - New Majority)	4,645,279	64.3%			Re-elected Y
2000	Alberto Fujimori (as part of Peru 2000)	5,528,568	49.9%	6,041,685	74.3%	Re-elected Y
2006	Martha Chávez (as part of Alliance for the Future)	912,420	7.4%			Lost N
2011	Luis Castañeda (as part of National Solidarity Alliance)	1,440,143	9.8%			Lost N

Congressional elections

Election	Votes	%	Number of seats	+/–	Position
1990	819,527	16.5%	32 / 180	32	Minority
1992	3,040,552 (as part of Change 90 - New Majority)	49.2%	44 / 80	12	Majority
1995	2,193,724 (as part of Change 90 - New Majority)	51.1%	67 / 120	23	Majority
2000	4,189,018 (as part of Peru 2000)	42.2%	52 / 120	15	Minority
2001	452,696 (as part of Change 90 - New Majority)	4.8%	3 / 120	49	Minority
2006	1,408,055 (as part of Alliance for the Future)	13.1%	13 / 120	10	Minority
2011	1,311,766 (as part of National Solidarity Alliance)	10.2%	9 / 130	4	Minority

Senate elections

Election	Votes	%	Number of seats	+/–	Position
1990	1,240,132	21.7	14 / 62	14	Minority

See also

• New Majority (Peru)
• Sí Cumple
• Peru 2000
• Popular Force