Cambio 90

Change 90 Cambio 90
Secretary	Renzo Reggiardo
Founder	Alberto Fujimori
Founded	5 October 1989
Dissolved	26 September 2013
Succeeded by	Peru Secure Homeland
Ideology	Fujimorism (historical) National conservatism Social conservatism Economic liberalism Right-wing populism Christian Humanism
Political position	Right-wing
National affiliation	Peru 2000 (1999-2005), Alliance for the Future (2005-2010)
International affiliation	None
Politics of Peru Political parties Elections

Change 90 (Spanish: Cambio 90), was a right-wing Peruvian political party which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and by June 1991 was the most powerful political force in Peru. Cambio 90 was the ruling party of Peru from 1990 to 2000.

History

Cambio's success hinged largely on the success of its candidate for the presidency, Alberto Fujimori, an agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) in Lima's La Molina District from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's appeal to a large extent was his standing as a political outsider.

At the same time, Cambio's success was also attributed largely to its eclectic political base and its active grassroots campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of SMEs, and the informal sector workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the Evangelical movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was Protestant, but the evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the pueblos jóvenes, and rural areas in the mountains. Although the party only began activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in its ranks.

However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. Cambio's two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to Mario Vargas Llosa. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his Cambio supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, Carlos García y García, and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the Fujishock program entailed.

In the 8 April 2001 legislative elections, the party won 4.8% of the popular vote and only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%	Result
		First Round		Second Round
1990	Alberto Fujimori	1,932,208	29.1%	4,478,897	62.4%	Elected Y
1995		4,645,279	64.3%			Elected Y
2000	Alberto Fujimori (as part of Peru 2000)	5,528,568	49.9%	6,041,685	74.3%	Elected Y
2006	Martha Chávez (as part of Alliance for the Future)	912,420	7.4%			Lost N
2011	Luis Castañeda (as part of National Solidarity Alliance)	1,440,143	9.8%			Lost N

Congressional elections

Election	Votes	%	Number of seats	+/–	Position
1990	819,527	16.5%	32 / 180	32	Minority
1995	2,193,724	51.1%	67 / 120	35	Majority
2000	4,189,018 (as part of Peru 2000)	42.2%	52 / 120	15	Minority
2001	452,696	4.8%	3 / 120	49	Minority
2006	1,408,055 (as part of Alliance for the Future)	13.1%	13 / 120	10	Minority
2011	1,311,766 (as part of National Solidarity Alliance)	10.2%	9 / 130	4	Minority

Senate elections

Election	Number of votes	Percentage of votes	Number of seats	+/–	Position
1990	1,240,132	21.7	14 / 62	14	Minority

See also

• Oscar Medelius
• Peru 2000
• Popular Force