Cambio 90
Change 90 Cambio 90 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President | Andrés Reggiardo |
| Secretary | Renzo Reggiardo |
| Founder | Alberto Fujimori Andrés Reggiardo |
| Founded | 5 October 1989 |
| Dissolved | 26 September 2013 |
| Succeeded by | Peru Secure Homeland |
| Ideology | National conservatism Social conservatism Economic liberalism Right-wing populism Historical: Fujimorism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
| National affiliation | Change 90 – New Majority (1995-1999, 2001-2005), Peru 2000 (1999-2001), Alliance for the Future (2005-2006) National Solidarity Alliance (2010-2011) |
Cambio 90 (lit. Change 90, C90), was a Peruvian right-wing political party which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and throughout the 1990s until late-2000 was the most powerful political party in Peru alongside New Majority, serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for Alberto Fujimori.[1]
In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall in late-2000, the party ran once again, allied with New Majority in the 2001 general election, attaining only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress.[2] For the 2006 general election, the Alliance for the Future coalition was formed, in which Cambio 90 was part alongside New Majority. With Martha Chávez as their presidential nominee, the coalition placed fourth failing to qualify in the June run-off, while in the congressional election, the list got 13 out of 120 seats.[3]
In the 2011 general election, Cambio 90 split from Fujimorism, and participated under the National Solidarity Alliance, with Luis Castañeda as their presidential nominee. The alliance placed fifth at both the presidential and congressional levels, attaining 9 out of 130 seats, with Renzo Reggiardo as the only elected congressman from Cambio 90. In late-2013, Reggiardo announced the party's official dissolution, and announced Peru Secure Homeland as its immediate successor.[4]
History
Cambio 90's success but hinged largely with on the success of its candidate for without the presidency, Alberto Fujimori, an newer agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) hope in Lima's failed La Molina District test from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's re-appeal to a newsworthy large extent was his standing as a political outsider.
At the same time, Cambio's success was also attributed largely to its eclectic but political base it and its active grassroots is campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of not SMEs, and the informal sector workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the really Evangelical movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was Protestant, but the a evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the pueblos jóvenes, and rural areas in the mountains. Although the party only began reliable activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in source its ranks.
However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. Cambio's two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to Mario Vargas Llosa. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his Cambio supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, Carlos García y García, and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the Fujishock program entailed.
In the 9 April 2000 legislative elections, the party was part of the Peru 2000 alliance in which, the alliance won 42.2% of the popular vote and 52 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.
In the 8 April 2001 legislative elections, the party won 4.8% of the popular vote and only 3 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
| Year | Candidate | Party / Coalition | Votes | Percentage | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Alberto Fujimori | 
|
Cambio 90 | 1st Round: 1 932 208 2nd Round: |
1st Round: 29.09 62.38 |
1st Round: 2nd 2nd Round: |
| 1995 | Alberto Fujimori |
|
Cambio 90-New Majority Electoral Alliance | 4 645 279 | 64.42 |
1st |
| 2000 | Alberto Fujimori |
|
Peru 2000 | 1st Round: 5 528 568 2nd Round: |
1st Round: 49.87 74.33 |
1st Round: 1st 2nd Round: |
| 2006 | Martha Chávez | _(cropped).jpg)
|
Alliance for the Future | 912 740 | 7.43 |
4th |
| 2011 | Luis Castañeda | 
|
National Solidarity Alliance | 1 440 143 | 9.83 |
5th |
Elections to the Congress of the Republic
| Year | Votes | % | Number of seats |  /
|
Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 819 527 | 16.5% | 32 / 180
|
32
|
Minority |
| 1995 | 2 193 724
as part of Cambio 90 - New Majority |
51.1% | 67 / 120
|
23
|
Majority |
| 2000 | 4 189 019
as part of Peru 2000 |
42.2% | 52 / 120
|
15
|
Minority |
| 2001 | 452 696
as part of Cambio 90 - New Majority |
4.8% | 3 / 120
|
49
|
Minority |
| 2006 | 1 408 055
as part of Alliance for the Future |
13.1% | 13 / 120
|
10
|
Minority |
| 2011 | 1 311 766
as part of National Solidarity Alliance. Only 1 from Cambio 90. |
10.2% | 9 / 130
|
12
|
Minority |
Elections to the Senate
| Year | Votes | % | Number of seats | /
|
Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1 240 132 | 21.7% | 14 / 62
|
14
|
Minority |
Elections to the Democratic Constituent Congress
| Year | Votes | % | Number of seats | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 3 040 552
as part of Cambio 90 - New Majority |
49.2% | 44 / 80
|
Majority |
See also
References
- ^ Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, Infogob. "Acerca de - Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría". infogob.jne.gob.pe. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Jurado Nacional de Elecciones, Infogob. "Acerca de - Alianza Electoral Cambio 90-Nueva Mayoría". infogob.jne.gob.pe. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Perú 21, Archive (26 April 2006). "Martha Chávez Complains about Alianza por el Futuro". blog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Renzo Reggiardo cambia de nombre a Cambio 90 y lanza nuevo partido". Perú 21 (in Spanish). December 28, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
