Cyrtophora

Tent-web spider
	Green tent-web spider
	Cyrtophora moluccensis suspended beneath its web
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Araneidae
Subfamily:	Cyrtophorinae
Genus:	Cyrtophora; Simon, 1864
Type species
	C. citricola; (Forsskål, 1775)
Species
	53, see text
Synonyms
	Suzumia;

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Cyrtophora, the tent-web spiders, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1895.^[2] Although they are in the "orb weaver" family, they do not build orb webs. Their tent-like, highly complex non-sticky web is sometimes considered a precursor of the simplified orb web. These webs are aligned horizontally, with a network of supporting threads above them. These spiders often live in colonies. Females have a body length of mostly about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long. Some members, including Cyrtophora cicatrosa, exhibit the ability to change colour rapidly.^[3]

A kleptoparasitic spider (Argyrodes fissifrons) was found to live in a mutualistic relationships with Cyrtophora species.^[4]^[5] Some of the species are considered social spiders, building large structures where the territories of the offspring are built along the margin of the mothers web.^[6]

Species

As of April 2019^[update] it contains fifty-three species:^[1]

C. admiralia Strand, 1913 – Admiralty Is.
C. beccarii (Thorell, 1878) – Laos, Malaysia to Australia (Northern Territory)
C. bicauda (Saito, 1933) – Taiwan
C. bidenta Tikader, 1970 – India
C. bimaculata Han, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 – China
C. bituberculata Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017 – India
C. caudata Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895 – East Africa
C. cephalotes Simon, 1877 – Philippines
C. cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869) – Pakistan to Australia (Northern Territory)
C. citricola (Forsskål, 1775) – Southern Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan. Introduced to Dominican Rep., Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil^[7]
- Cyrtophora c. abessinensis Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
- Cyrtophora c. lurida Karsch, 1879 – West Africa
- Cyrtophora c. minahassae Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
C. cordiformis (L. Koch, 1871) – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland, Lord Howe Is.)
C. crassipes (Rainbow, 1897) – Australia (New South Wales)
C. cylindroides (Walckenaer, 1841) – China to Australia (Queensland)
- Cyrtophora c. scalaris Strand, 1915 – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
C. diazoma (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
C. doriae (Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch.)
C. eczematica (Thorell, 1892) – Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), New Guinea
C. exanthematica (Doleschall, 1859) – Myanmar to Philippines, Australia (New South Wales)
C. feae (Thorell, 1887) – India to Myanmar
C. forbesi (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
C. gazellae (Karsch, 1878) – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
C. gemmosa Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
C. guangxiensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
C. hainanensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
C. hirta L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
C. ikomosanensis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – Taiwan, Japan
C. jabalpurensis Gajbe & Gajbe, 1999 – India
C. koronadalensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
C. ksudra Sherriffs, 1928 – India
C. lacunaris Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
C. lahirii Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 – Bangladesh
C. larinioides Simon, 1895 – Cameroon
C. limbata (Thorell, 1898) – Myanmar
C. lineata Kulczyński, 1910 – Solomon Is., Bismarck Arch.
C. moluccensis (Doleschall, 1857) – India to Japan, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Fiji, Tonga, French Polynesia
- Cyrtophora m. albidinota Strand, 1911 – Caroline Is., Palau Is., Yap Is.
- Cyrtophora m. bukae Strand, 1911 – Solomon Is.
- Cyrtophora m. cupidinea (Thorell, 1875) – New Caledonia
- Cyrtophora m. margaritacea (Doleschall, 1859) – Indonesia (Java)
- Cyrtophora m. rubicundinota Strand, 1911 – Papua New Guinea (Keile Is.)
C. monulfi Chrysanthus, 1960 – New Guinea, Australia (Northern Territory)
C. nareshi Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 – Bangladesh
C. parangexanthematica Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
C. parnasia L. Koch, 1872 – Australia, Tasmania
C. petersi Karsch, 1878 – Mozambique
C. rainbowi (Roewer, 1955) – Australia (New South Wales)
C. sextuberculata Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2015 – Thailand
C. subacalypha (Simon, 1882) – Yemen
C. trigona (L. Koch, 1871) – Australia (Queensland), New Guinea
C. unicolor (Doleschall, 1857) – India, Sri Lanka to Japan, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia (Christmas Is.)

References

^ ^a ^b "Gen. Cyrtophora Simon, 1864". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Simon, E (1895). Histoire naturelle des araignées. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51973.
^ "Spider Ecology". Earth-Life Web Productions. 31 May 2020.
^ Tso, I.M.; Severinghaus, L.L. (2000). "Argyrodes fissifrons inhabiting webs of Cyrtophora hosts: Prey size distribution and population characteristics" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 39: 236–242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ Peng, P; Blamires, SJ; Agnarsson, I; Lin, HC; Tso, IM (2013). "A color-mediated mutualism between two arthropod predators". Curr. Biol. 23 (2): 172–176. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.057. PMID 23260470.
^ Downes, M.F. (1995). "Australasian sodal spiders: what is meant by 'soda!'?" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 52: 25–32. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
^ Álvares, É.S.S.; De Maria, M. (2004). "First record of Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål) in Brazil (Araneae, Araneidae)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 21 (1): 155–156. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752004000100026.

External links

Pictures of several Cyrtophora species
Russian Tent Spider C. hirta (illustrations of web construction)
Pictures of C. citricola
Beccari's Tent Spider (C. beccarii)
Photos and information about Cyrtophora exanthematica
Photos and information about Cyrtophora citricola

[NMBE-1] "Gen. Cyrtophora Simon, 1864". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.

[2] Simon, E (1895). Histoire naturelle des araignées. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51973.

[3] "Spider Ecology". Earth-Life Web Productions. 31 May 2020.

[4] Tso, I.M.; Severinghaus, L.L. (2000). "Argyrodes fissifrons inhabiting webs of Cyrtophora hosts: Prey size distribution and population characteristics" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 39: 236–242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2006-07-29.

[5] Peng, P; Blamires, SJ; Agnarsson, I; Lin, HC; Tso, IM (2013). "A color-mediated mutualism between two arthropod predators". Curr. Biol. 23 (2): 172–176. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.057. PMID 23260470.

[6] Downes, M.F. (1995). "Australasian sodal spiders: what is meant by 'soda!'?" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 52: 25–32. Retrieved 2017-09-21.

[7] Álvares, É.S.S.; De Maria, M. (2004). "First record of Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål) in Brazil (Araneae, Araneidae)" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 21 (1): 155–156. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752004000100026.

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