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{{Short description|King of Chinese state of Wu from 495 to 473 BC}}
'''Fuchai''' ({{zh|c=夫差}}; reigned 495–473 BC) was the last king of [[Wu (state)|Wu]], a [[Zhou dynasty]] kingdom in ancient China; he reigned towards the end of the [[Spring and Autumn period]].
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Fuchai
| image = Statue of Fuchai.jpg
| caption = Statue of Fuchai
| succession = [[Wu (state)|King of Wu]]
| reign = 495 – 473 BC
| predecessor = [[Helü of Wu|Helu]]
| successor = ''Monarchy abolished''
| death_date = {{circa}} 473 BC
| issue = {{plainlist|
*You
*Hong
*Hui
*Ziyu
*1 other son
}}
| father = [[Helü of Wu|Helu]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| c = {{linktext|夫|差}}
| p = Fuchāi<br>Fūchā
| w = Fu-ch‘ai<br>Fu-ch‘a
| l =
}}


'''Fuchai'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lii |first1=Wu-jong |last2=Chu |first2=Hung-hsuan |date=August 1986 |script-title=zh:實用中英百科手冊 |trans-title=Practical Chinese-English Encyclopedic Handbook |page=1005 |language=zh-Hant, en |location=Taipei |publisher=Eurasia Book Co. |quote={{lang|zh-hant|夫差[春秋吳]}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=Z00000037887 |script-title=zh:重編國語辭典 |trans-title=Revised Mandarin Dictionary |date=2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)]] |access-date=2018-04-01 |quote={{transl|zh|fú chāi}}}}</ref> (reigned 495–473{{nbsp}}BC), sometimes also written '''Fucha''',<ref>{{cite book |date=June 1988 |script-title=zh:國語日報辭典 |trans-title=Mandarin Daily News Dictionary |page=1014 | language = zh-hant |location=Taipei |publisher=[[Mandarin Daily News]] |quote={{lang|zh-hant|吳王夫差（ㄔㄚ）}}}}</ref> was the last [[king of Wu|king]] of the [[ancient Chinese state|state]] of [[Wu (state)|Wu]] during the [[Spring and Autumn Period]] of [[Chinese history]]. His armies constructed important [[history of canals in China|canals]] linking the [[Yellow River|Yellow]], [[Ji River|Ji]], and [[Huai River]] systems of the [[North China Plain]] with central China's [[Yangtze River]], but he is most remembered in Chinese culture for the role he played in the legends concerning [[Goujian]], the revenge-seeking king of [[state of Yue|Yue]].
==Biography==
⚫
[[File:Wuwangfuchaimao.JPG|thumb|[[Spear of Fuchai]] at the [[Hubei Provincial Museum]]]]


{{anchor|Biography|History}}
Fuchai was the brother of [[King Helü of Wu]]. He became king in 495 BC following the death of his brother. In 494 BC, he defeated the armies of [[Yue (state)|Yue]] in Fujiao (now [[Wu County]], [[Jiangsu]]) and captured the capital city of Yue. Instead of annexing Yue, as suggested by his advisor [[Bo Pi]], he made peace with the king of Yue, [[King Goujian of Yue|Goujian]].


==Life==
After this battle, he built the Han Canal (邗溝) and pushed his army northward. In Ailing, his army defeated the state of [[Qi (state)|Qi]]. In 482 BC Fuchai successfully challenged the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] for the status of [[hegemon]] in the regional lords' meeting in Huangchi.<ref name="hsu">[[Cho-Yun Hsu]], "The Spring and Autumn period" in ''The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilisation to 221 BC'', edited by [[Edward L. Shaughnessy]] and [[Michael Loewe]] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 564</ref>
Fuchai was the son of King [[Helü]]. He became king in 495 BC, following the death of his father from injuries sustained during an invasion of Yue.


{{anchor|Battle of Fujiao}}
However, during the latter part of his reign, his extravagance and obsession with a Yue beauty, [[Xi Shi]], led to the weakening of his state. [[King Goujian of Yue]] took advantage of this situation to invade Wu and was able to defeat the Wu armies. Following his victory, Wu was destroyed in 473 BC and King Fuchai was forced to commit suicide.<ref name="hsu"/>
In 494{{nbsp}}BC, [[Goujian]], the king of [[state of Yue|Yue]], heard rumours that Fuchai was planning to attack him in order to avenge the death of his father. Goujian's minister [[Fan Li]] advised caution, but Goujian decided on a pre-emptive strike. Fuchai in turn heard rumours of Goujian's plans and sent his army against Yue. The forces met at [[Battle of Fujiao|Fujiao]] where Wu won a complete victory, with only 5,000 Yue men surviving. These men fell back to [[Mount Kuaiji]], with the Wu army occupying [[Kuaiji]] (now [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]]) and then surrounding the mountain.


At Fan Li's suggestion, Goujian sent [[Wen Zhong (Spring and Autumn)|Wen Zhong]] to bribe the Wu [[chancellor (China)|chancellor]], [[Bo Pi]], in order to obtain more favourable terms. Bo accepted the gifts and promised to help Goujian's case. Because Fuchai had been more anxious to expand northward against [[state of Qi|Qi]], he accepted Bo's advice to make a favourable peace with Yue rather than engage in the lengthy pacification campaign that would have been necessary to annex the state of Yue to Wu. After Fuchai withdrew his men from Yue, Goujian took his wife and Fan Li to the Wu court to serve his opponent. His hard work on Fuchai's behalf earned him the king's trust and favour, and Goujian was permitted to return to his kingdom after three years.
⚫
Fuchai had at least four sons, three of whom were You, Hong and Hui. You was his heir but was killed in the battles leading to the defeat of Wu. So Hong became the new heir. After the abolition of the state, the other three sons of Fuchai were exiled. They and their descendants took Wu as their clan name. Wu Rui, Prince of Changsha created by [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]], was a descendant of the House of Wu. He was also said to be descended from Fuchai.


In 486{{nbsp}}BC, Fuchai's men built the [[Hangou Canal]] (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|邗|溝}}}},}} <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|邗|沟}}}},}} ''Hángōu'') to connect the [[Yangtze River]] with the [[Huai River|Huai]]<ref name="chow">{{harvp|Zhao|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5fmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 206]}}.</ref> and, via the existing [[Honggou Canal]] (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|鴻溝}}}},}} <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|鸿沟}}}},}} ''Hónggōu'', "Canal of the Wild Geese"),<ref name="needy">{{harvp|Needham & al.|1971|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&pg=PA269 269]}}.</ref> with the [[Yellow River]] beyond. This eased their supply lines during Fuchai's war with [[state of Qi|Qi]], which was concluded successfully at the [[Battle of Ailing]].
==The battle of Fujiao==


During 483 and 482{{nbsp}}BC, Fuchai's men built the [[Heshui Canal]] (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|荷水|運河}}}},}} <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|荷水|运河}}}},}} ''Héshuǐ Yùnhé'') connecting the [[Si River]], a tributary of the Huai, with the [[Ji River|Ji]],<ref name="chow" /> which ran parallel to the Yellow River through densely populated districts in what is now western Shandong.
In 494 BC, King Goujian of Yue heard that Fuchai was planning to attack Yue to avenge the death of his father. [[Fan Li]], a senior minister of Yue, advised Goujian to await developments but Goujian decided to strike first. Fuchai received information about Goujian's plans and sent his armies to attack Goujian's forces. The battle occurred in Fujiao and Yue’s army suffered a major defeat with only five thousand surviving.


In 482{{nbsp}}BC, Fuchai successfully challenged the duke of [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] for the status of [[Five Hegemons|hegemon]] in the regional lords' conference in Huangchi.<ref name="hsu">[[Cho-Yun Hsu]], "The Spring and Autumn period" in ''The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilisation to 221 BC'', edited by [[Edward L. Shaughnessy]] and [[Michael Loewe]] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 564.</ref> However, while Fuchai was away in the north with his army, Goujian advanced his army into what was now defenceless Wu. It was said that Goujian had been nursing his bitterness by sleeping on straw with a sword beside his head and by tasting gall each morning (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|臥薪嚐膽}}}},}} <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|卧薪尝胆}}}},}} ''wò xīn, cháng dǎn'').<ref name="nd">''The King of Yue's Revenge''.(n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2013, from shanghai guide, culture and legend website, [http://www.shme.com/culture/legend/yue.htm The King of Yue's Revenge]</ref> For ten years, he improved his realm's governance under [[Wen Zhong (Spring and Autumn)|Wen Zhong]] and its army under [[Fan Li]], while personally inspiring his people by working his own fields as his wife made thread and wove by hand. His men defeated the Wu garrisons and killed Fuchai's heir Prince You. Fuchai hurried with his army to return south and sent an emissary ahead to come to terms with Goujian, which were accepted.
Yue’s army fell back to Guiji mountain (in south [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]]). Fuchai occupied Guiji town (now Shaoxing) and surrounded the mountain. Goujian had to adopt [[Fan Li]]’s suggestion and sent [[Wen Zhong (Spring and Autumn)|Wen Zhong]] to bribe the Wu’s Prime Minister [[Bo Pi]] to make peace. Bo Pi accepted the gifts and promised to help Goujian. As Fuchai was anxious to send his armies north to challenge the state of [[Qi (state)|Qi]], with Bo Pi's encouragement Fuchai made peace with Goujian and his forces returned to Wu.


Goujian had decided that he would be unable to defeat Wu in a single campaign and returned home to further strengthen his army. He also took advantage of the further weakening of Wu, as Fuchai led an extravagant and dissipated life. Following [[Bo Pi]]'s advice, Fuchai executed his faithful minister [[Wu Zixu]]. King Fuchai also became completely distracted from state affairs by the Yue beauty [[Xi Shi]], who it was said had been sent to Wu specifically for this purpose by Goujian or his ministers.
==Later life==
⚫
[[File:Wuwangfuchaimao.JPG|thumb|The [[Spear of Fuchai]] at the [[Hubei Provincial Museum]]]]
The Chinese [[Chengyu|idiom]], ''wòxīn-chángdǎn'' ({{lang|zh|臥薪嚐膽}} "sleeping on sticks and tasting gall") is a famous idiom which can be interpreted to mean "enduring hardship and plotting revenge". The idiom came from the story of King Goujian of Yue after he was defeated by Fuchai in 494 BC.<ref>''The King of Yue's Revenge''.(n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2013, from shanghai guide, culture and legend website, [http://www.shme.com/culture/legend/yue.htm The King of Yue's Revenge]</ref>
In 473{{nbsp}}BC, Goujian's forces again attacked Wu and dealt repeated defeats on the Wu forces. Fuchai again sought terms, but [[Fan Li]]'s opposition steeled Goujian's resolve. In the end, Fuchai was forced to [[suicide in China|commit suicide]] and Wu was annexed by Yue.<ref>{{citation|url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46History1755.html |publisher=Culture China | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010183612/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46History1755.html|title=King of Wu-Fu Chai (n.d.) |archive-date=2012-10-10 | access-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status= usurped }}</ref><ref name="hsu" />


==Legacy==
After Fuchai withdrew his forces troops from Yue, Goujian took his wife and [[Fan Li]] to Wu to serve Fuchai. Goujian did his utmost to serve Fuchai and was able to gain Fuchai’s favour and trust. After three years, Goujian was permitted to return to Yue.
⚫
Fuchai had at least four sons, three of whom were named You, Hong and Hui. You was his heir but was killed in the battles leading to the defeat of Wu, and Hong became the new heir. After the collapse of the state, the other three sons of Fuchai were exiled. They and their descendants took Wu as their clan name. [[Wu Rui (King of Changsha)|Wu Rui]], King of Changsha created by [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]], was a descendant of the House of Wu. He was said to be descended from Fuchai. {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the two statements about Wu Rui as a descendant of Fuchai|date=January 2021}}


The story of Goujian's revenge became [[chengyu|proverbial]] in China,<ref name=nd/> as did [[Xi Shi]]'s [[Four Beauties|beauty]]. Fuchai's wronged minister [[Wu Zixu]] has been credited as the inspiration for many of the festivities around the [[Dragon Boat Festival]].
After returning home, Goujian determined to work hard and prepare for his revenge on Fuchai. To avoid immersing himself in the comforts of life and this reducing his aspiration for revenge, Goujian slept on straw with his head on his sword. He also hung a gall bladder in his house and tasted it every morning. He appointed [[Wen Zhong (Spring and Autumn)|Wen Zhong]] to administer government affairs and appointed [[Fan Li]] to manage his army. He worked with farmers in the field while his wife was weaving and doubling thread. Yue’s people were moved by Goujian’s action and Yue transformed from a weak to strong state after ten years.


==Family==
King Fuchai of Wu lived an extravagant and dissipated life after defeating Yue. He was full of conceit and started war with his neighbours frequently. He believed [[Bo Pi]]’s advice and executed [[Wu Zixu]], who was Fuchai's faithful minister. As a result, the state of Wu's power declined.
Concubines:
* [[Xi Shi]], of the Shi lineage of [[Yue (state)|Yue]] ({{lang|zh|西施 施氏}}), personal name Yiguang ({{lang|zh|夷光}})


Sons:
In 482 BC, Fuchai led his troops north to contest hegemony with the state of [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]]. Goujian heard the news and his army advanced into Wu. Wu’s army was defeated and Fuchai’s heir, named You, was killed. Fuchai hastily withdrew his army and sent an emissary to make peace with Goujian. Goujian determined that it was impossible to fully defeat Wu with a single expedition, so he agreed to Fuchai’s offer. In 473 BC, Goujian attacked Wu again and Wu’s armies suffered repeated defeats. Fuchai had to ask Goujian for peace again but failed thanks to [[Fan Li]]’s opposition. Fuchai finally committed suicide and Wu was subjugated.<ref>''King of Wu-Fu Cha''i.(n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2013, from culture China, Historical Figures website, [http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46History1755.html King of Wu-Fu Chai]</ref>
* Crown Prince You ({{lang|zh|太子友}}; d. 482 BC)
* Prince De ({{lang|zh|王子地}})

Daughters:
* A daughter whose personal name was Ziyu ({{lang|zh|紫玉}})

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel | align = center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = Fuchai of Wu (d. 473 BC)
| 2 = [[Helü]] (537–496 BC)
| 4 = Zhufan (d. 548 BC)
| 8 = [[Shoumeng]] (620–561 BC)
| 16 = Quqi (d. 586 BC)
}}


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Needham |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Needham |title=Science & Civilization in China, ''Vol. IV:'' Physics and Physical Technology, ''Pt. III:'' Civil Engineering and Nautics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC |author2=Wang Ling |author3=Lu Gwei-djen |display-authors=1 |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1971 |isbn=9780521070607 |ref={{harvid|Needham & al.|1971}} }}.
* {{citation |last=Zhao |first=Dingxin |author-mask=Zhao Dingxin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fmJCgAAQBAJ |title=The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |isbn=9780199351732 }}.


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{{Monarchs of Wu (state)}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:5th-century BC Chinese monarchs]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Chinese monarchs]]
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Wu (state)]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Wu (state)]]
[[Category:Suicides in China]]
[[Category:Ancient suicides]]
[[Category:Heads of state who died by suicide]]

Latest revision as of 04:19, 25 January 2024

Fuchai
Statue of Fuchai
King of Wu
Reign495 – 473 BC
PredecessorHelu
SuccessorMonarchy abolished
Diedc. 473 BC
Issue
  • You
  • Hong
  • Hui
  • Ziyu
  • 1 other son
FatherHelu
Fuchai of Wu
Chinese夫差

Fuchai[1][2] (reigned 495–473 BC), sometimes also written Fucha,[3] was the last king of the state of Wu during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. His armies constructed important canals linking the Yellow, Ji, and Huai River systems of the North China Plain with central China's Yangtze River, but he is most remembered in Chinese culture for the role he played in the legends concerning Goujian, the revenge-seeking king of Yue.

Life[edit]

Fuchai was the son of King Helü. He became king in 495 BC, following the death of his father from injuries sustained during an invasion of Yue.

In 494 BC, Goujian, the king of Yue, heard rumours that Fuchai was planning to attack him in order to avenge the death of his father. Goujian's minister Fan Li advised caution, but Goujian decided on a pre-emptive strike. Fuchai in turn heard rumours of Goujian's plans and sent his army against Yue. The forces met at Fujiao where Wu won a complete victory, with only 5,000 Yue men surviving. These men fell back to Mount Kuaiji, with the Wu army occupying Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and then surrounding the mountain.

At Fan Li's suggestion, Goujian sent Wen Zhong to bribe the Wu chancellor, Bo Pi, in order to obtain more favourable terms. Bo accepted the gifts and promised to help Goujian's case. Because Fuchai had been more anxious to expand northward against Qi, he accepted Bo's advice to make a favourable peace with Yue rather than engage in the lengthy pacification campaign that would have been necessary to annex the state of Yue to Wu. After Fuchai withdrew his men from Yue, Goujian took his wife and Fan Li to the Wu court to serve his opponent. His hard work on Fuchai's behalf earned him the king's trust and favour, and Goujian was permitted to return to his kingdom after three years.

In 486 BC, Fuchai's men built the Hangou Canal (t 邗溝, s 邗沟, Hángōu) to connect the Yangtze River with the Huai[4] and, via the existing Honggou Canal (t 鴻溝, s 鸿沟, Hónggōu, "Canal of the Wild Geese"),[5] with the Yellow River beyond. This eased their supply lines during Fuchai's war with Qi, which was concluded successfully at the Battle of Ailing.

During 483 and 482 BC, Fuchai's men built the Heshui Canal (t 荷水運河, s 荷水运河, Héshuǐ Yùnhé) connecting the Si River, a tributary of the Huai, with the Ji,[4] which ran parallel to the Yellow River through densely populated districts in what is now western Shandong.

In 482 BC, Fuchai successfully challenged the duke of Jin for the status of hegemon in the regional lords' conference in Huangchi.[6] However, while Fuchai was away in the north with his army, Goujian advanced his army into what was now defenceless Wu. It was said that Goujian had been nursing his bitterness by sleeping on straw with a sword beside his head and by tasting gall each morning (t 臥薪嚐膽, s 卧薪尝胆, wò xīn, cháng dǎn).[7] For ten years, he improved his realm's governance under Wen Zhong and its army under Fan Li, while personally inspiring his people by working his own fields as his wife made thread and wove by hand. His men defeated the Wu garrisons and killed Fuchai's heir Prince You. Fuchai hurried with his army to return south and sent an emissary ahead to come to terms with Goujian, which were accepted.

Goujian had decided that he would be unable to defeat Wu in a single campaign and returned home to further strengthen his army. He also took advantage of the further weakening of Wu, as Fuchai led an extravagant and dissipated life. Following Bo Pi's advice, Fuchai executed his faithful minister Wu Zixu. King Fuchai also became completely distracted from state affairs by the Yue beauty Xi Shi, who it was said had been sent to Wu specifically for this purpose by Goujian or his ministers.

The Spear of Fuchai at the Hubei Provincial Museum

In 473 BC, Goujian's forces again attacked Wu and dealt repeated defeats on the Wu forces. Fuchai again sought terms, but Fan Li's opposition steeled Goujian's resolve. In the end, Fuchai was forced to commit suicide and Wu was annexed by Yue.[8][6]

Legacy[edit]

Fuchai had at least four sons, three of whom were named You, Hong and Hui. You was his heir but was killed in the battles leading to the defeat of Wu, and Hong became the new heir. After the collapse of the state, the other three sons of Fuchai were exiled. They and their descendants took Wu as their clan name. Wu Rui, King of Changsha created by Emperor Gaozu of Han, was a descendant of the House of Wu. He was said to be descended from Fuchai. [citation needed]

The story of Goujian's revenge became proverbial in China,[7] as did Xi Shi's beauty. Fuchai's wronged minister Wu Zixu has been credited as the inspiration for many of the festivities around the Dragon Boat Festival.

Family[edit]

Concubines:

  • Xi Shi, of the Shi lineage of Yue (西施 施氏), personal name Yiguang (夷光)

Sons:

  • Crown Prince You (太子友; d. 482 BC)
  • Prince De (王子地)

Daughters:

  • A daughter whose personal name was Ziyu (紫玉)

Ancestry[edit]

Quqi (d. 586 BC)
Shoumeng (620–561 BC)
Zhufan (d. 548 BC)
Helü (537–496 BC)
Fuchai of Wu (d. 473 BC)

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Lii, Wu-jong; Chu, Hung-hsuan (August 1986). 實用中英百科手冊 [Practical Chinese-English Encyclopedic Handbook] (in Traditional Chinese and English). Taipei: Eurasia Book Co. p. 1005. 夫差[春秋吳]
  2. ^ 重編國語辭典 [Revised Mandarin Dictionary]. Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2015. Retrieved 2018-04-01. fú chāi
  3. ^ 國語日報辭典 [Mandarin Daily News Dictionary] (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: Mandarin Daily News. June 1988. p. 1014. 吳王夫差（ㄔㄚ）
  4. ^ a b Zhao (2015), p. 206.
  5. ^ Needham & al. (1971), p. 269.
  6. ^ a b Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Spring and Autumn period" in The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilisation to 221 BC, edited by Edward L. Shaughnessy and Michael Loewe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 564.
  7. ^ a b The King of Yue's Revenge.(n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2013, from shanghai guide, culture and legend website, The King of Yue's Revenge
  8. ^ King of Wu-Fu Chai (n.d.), Culture China, archived from the original on 2012-10-10, retrieved March 28, 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

Bibliography[edit]

Fuchai of Wu
 Died: 473 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Wu
495 BC – 473 BC 		Conquered by Yue
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuchai_of_Wu&oldid=1198820521"