Great seahorse: Difference between revisions

Great seahorse
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Syngnathiformes
Family:	Syngnathidae
Genus:	Hippocampus
Species:	H. kelloggi
Binomial name
	Hippocampus kelloggi; D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901

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The great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi), also known as Kellogg's seahorse is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is one of the largest of the 54 species of seahorse.

Habitat[edit]

It is found in the Indo-pacific region, specifically documented from the coast of East Africa to Japan. It was also recently identified around both northern and southern Australia. They frequent areas with an abundance of coral so they can latch on to something. Though often found in shallow waters, they have been recorded in depths of over 100 meters, with the deepest recorded seahorse at 152 meters below the surface. .

Description[edit]

The head of the seahorse resembles a crown. Its spine is very prevalent, but has a rounded shape, especially above its eye. It is often confused for other species, and some great seahorses have even been thought to be an entirely new species, but gene sequencing has disproved this. They can be identified through their abnormally high tail rings on their comparatively slightly longer tails, which account for about 57% of their bodies. It is pale in color and smooth to the touch. They live for two to four years in the wild.

Reproduction[edit]

Males breed the eggs in sacks. Gestation lasts a few weeks, then males will release the eggs without caring for them. Generally, males are ready to breed again almost immediately after giving birth. Though little is known about the great seahorse's specific breeding habits, many related seahorses have been studied and were found to occasionally be monogamous. Their mating ritual involves twisting their tails and head nods, until they find a partner. Though the males carry the unborn young, they are also the main competitors for mates, which may have to do with an uneven ratio of males to females in a population.

Population structure and size[edit]

Because the occurrence of the seahorse spans such a wide area, there is little data available regarding the size of the population, but it has been observed less in recent years, leading scientists to believe that the population is declining. There was a 50-60% decline in population size around Asia. It is generally found alone or in very sparse groups. It is considered vulnerable, which is one classification away from endangerment.

Captivity and use[edit]

Like many other species of seahorse, the great seahorse is used both medicinally and for aquariums. It's one of the harder types to purchase and care for, as it is large and does not compete well with others for food, often resulting in early death. One of the major reasons the great seahorse is removed from captivity is due to its medicinal effects in China and other east Asian countries. It is said to help with problems such as impotence, and its prevalence on the market has increased in recent years. Aside from personal aquariums and medicine, the great seahorse is also used as a souvenir, often available dried for people to take home. The combination of these three has led the great seahorse to be labeled as vulnerable.^[1]

Naming[edit]

The specific name honours the American entomologist and evolutionary biologist Vernon Lyman Kellogg 1867-1937.^[3]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Pollom, R. (2017). "Hippocampus kelloggi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41010A54908593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41010A54908593.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ "Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. H". Hans G. Hansson. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

Harasti, D. (2017). Southwards range extension of the great seahorse ( Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901) in Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Ichthyology., 33(5), 1018-1020
Pritchard, JC, Casey, SP, Truong, SK, Hall, HJ, Lourie, Sara A, Pritchard, Janet C, . . . Vincent, Amanda C J. (1999). The taxonomy of Vietnam's exploited seahorses (family Syngnathidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.,66(2), 231-256.
Chris M. C. Woods. (2005) Reproductive output of male seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand: Implications for conservation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39:4, pages 881-888.
Thangaraj, M. (2011) Morphological characterization of four selected seahorse species(Genus: Hippocampus) from India. Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4):159-167

[iucn_status_15_November_2021-1] Pollom, R. (2017). "Hippocampus kelloggi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41010A54908593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41010A54908593.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[2] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

[Bemon-3] "Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. H". Hans G. Hansson. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of fish}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | name = Great seahorse
 | image = Hippocampus kelloggi by OpenCage.jpg
 | status = VU
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_system = <ref name - IUCN>{{cite journal | author = Pollom, R. | year = 2017 | title = ''Hippocampus kelloggi'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2017 | page = e.T41010A54908593 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41010A54908593.en | accessdate = 19 May 2018}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pollom, R. |date=2017 |title=''Hippocampus kelloggi'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T41010A54908593 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41010A54908593.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status2 = CITES_A2
+| status2_system = CITES
+| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
 | taxon = Hippocampus kelloggi
-| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1902
+| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1901
 | synonyms =
 }}
-The '''great seahorse''' (''Hippocampus kelloggi''), also known as '''Kellogg’s seahorse''', is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is one of the largest of the 54 species of seahorse.
+The '''great seahorse''' (''Hippocampus kelloggi''), also known as Kellogg's seahorse is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is one of the largest of the 54 species of seahorse.
-== Habitat==
+==Habitat==
-It is found in the Indo-Pacific region, specifically documented from the coast of East Africa to Japan. It was also recently identified around both northern and southern Australia. They frequent areas with an abundance of coral so they can latch on to something. Though often found in shallow waters, they have been recorded in depths of over 100 meters, with the deepest recorded seahorse at 152 meters below the surface.
+It is found in the Indo-pacific region, specifically documented from the coast of [[East Africa]] to Japan. It was also recently identified around both northern and southern Australia. They frequent areas with an abundance of coral so they can latch on to something. Though often found in shallow waters, they have been recorded in depths of over 100 meters, with the deepest recorded seahorse at 152 meters below the surface.
+.
-== Diet==
+==Description==
+The head of the seahorse resembles a crown. Its spine is very prevalent, but has a rounded shape, especially above its eye. It is often confused for other species, and some great seahorses have even been thought to be an entirely new species, but gene sequencing has disproved this. They can be identified through their abnormally high tail rings on their comparatively slightly longer tails, which account for about 57% of their bodies. It is pale in color and smooth to the touch. They live for two to four years in the wild.
-They like to eat small shellfish in the wild, like crustaceans and shrimp. They eat very slowly, and often they eat things that float by them while they remain stationary. Little else is known about the diet of the Great Seahorse. In studies about the related Hippocampus abdominalis, however, seahorses were found to rely heavily on stealth to get food. The Hippocampus abdominalis, which is also a large seahorse species, was also observed with copepods and isopods in its stomach contents, though it was in much smaller frequencies than crustaceans. To eat, seahorses use a suction system to pull their food into their mouths, then they swallow their prey whole. They don’t have teeth to break their prey down.
-== Description==
+==Reproduction==
+Males breed the eggs in sacks. Gestation lasts a few weeks, then males will release the eggs without caring for them. Generally, males are ready to breed again almost immediately after giving birth. Though little is known about the great seahorse's specific breeding habits, many related seahorses have been studied and were found to occasionally be monogamous. Their mating ritual involves twisting their tails and head nods, until they find a partner. Though the males carry the unborn young, they are also the main competitors for mates, which may have to do with an uneven ratio of males to females in a population.
-The head of the seahorse resembles a crown. Its spine is very prevalent, but has a rounded shape, especially above its eye. It is often confused for other species, and some Great Seahorses have even been thought to be an entirely new species, but gene sequencing has disproved this. They can be identified through their abnormally high tail rings on their comparatively slightly longer tails, which account for about 57% of their bodies. It is pale in color and smooth to the touch.  They live for two to four years in the wild.
-== Reproduction==
-Males breed the eggs in sacks. Gestation lasts a few weeks, then males will release the eggs without caring for them. Generally, males are ready to breed again almost immediately after giving birth. Though little is known about the Great Seahorse’s specific breeding habits, many related seahorses have been studied and were found to occasionally be monogamous. Their mating ritual involves twisting their tails and head nods, until they find a partner. Though the males carry the unborn young, they are also the main competitors for mates, which may have to do with a uneven ratio of males to females in a population.
 ==Population structure and size==
 Because the occurrence of the seahorse spans such a wide area, there is little data available regarding the size of the population, but it has been observed less in recent years, leading scientists to believe that the population is declining. There was a 50-60% decline in population size around Asia. It is generally found alone or in very sparse groups. It is considered vulnerable, which is one classification away from endangerment.
-== Captivity and Use==
+==Captivity and use==
-Like many other species of seahorse, the Great Seahorse is used both medicinally and for aquariums. It’s one of the harder types to purchase and care for, as it is large and does not compete well with others for food, often resulting in early death. One of the major reasons the Great Seahorse is removed from captivity is due to its medicinal effects in China and other east Asian countries. It is said to help with problems such as impotence, and its prevalence on the market has increased in recent years. Aside from personal aquariums and medicine, the Great Seahorse is also used as a souvenir, often available dried for people to take home. The combination of these three has led the Great Seahorse to be labeled as vulnerable.
+Like many other species of seahorse, the great seahorse is used both medicinally and for aquariums. It's one of the harder types to purchase and care for, as it is large and does not compete well with others for food, often resulting in early death. One of the major reasons the great seahorse is removed from captivity is due to its medicinal effects in China and other east Asian countries. It is said to help with problems such as impotence, and its prevalence on the market has increased in recent years. Aside from personal aquariums and medicine, the great seahorse is also used as a souvenir, often available dried for people to take home. The combination of these three has led the great seahorse to be labeled as vulnerable.<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" />
 ==Naming==
-The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours the [[United States of America|American]] [[Entomology|entomologist]] and [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] [[Vernon Lyman Kellogg]] 1867-1937.<ref name = Bemon>{{cite web | url = http://www.bemon.loven.gu.se/petymol.b.html | title = Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. B | accessdate = 18 May 2018 | publisher = Hans G. Hansson}}</ref>
+The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours the [[United States of America|American]] [[Entomology|entomologist]] and [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary biologist]] [[Vernon Lyman Kellogg]] 1867-1937.<ref name = Bemon>{{cite web | url = http://www.bemon.loven.gu.se/petymol.h.html | title = Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. H | accessdate = 19 May 2018 | publisher = Hans G. Hansson}}</ref>
+==References==
+{{Commons category|Hippocampus kelloggi}}
-==Sources==
+{{Wikispecies|Hippocampus kelloggi}}
 {{Reflist}}
-* Project Seahorse 2002.  [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/41010/all Hippocampus kelloggi].   [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ]  Downloaded on 4 August 2007.
 *Harasti, D. (2017). Southwards range extension of the great seahorse ( Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901) in Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Ichthyology., 33(5), 1018-1020
 * Pritchard, JC, Casey, SP, Truong, SK, Hall, HJ, Lourie, Sara A, Pritchard, Janet C, . . . Vincent, Amanda C J. (1999). The taxonomy of Vietnam's exploited seahorses (family Syngnathidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.,66(2), 231-256.
 *Chris M. C. Woods. (2005) Reproductive output of male seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand: Implications for conservation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39:4, pages 881-888.
 *Thangaraj, M. (2011) Morphological characterization of four selected seahorse species(Genus: Hippocampus) from India. Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4):159-167
-{{Commons category|Hippocampus kelloggi}}
-{{Wikispecies|Hippocampus kelloggi}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q2633511}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:seahorse, great}}
-[[Category:Hippocampus|great seahorse]]
+[[Category:Hippocampus (genus)|great seahorse]]
-[[Category:Indo-Pacific fauna]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by John Otterbein Snyder]]
 [[Category:Fish described in 1902|great seahorse]]
 [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]