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{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{For|brachiopod genus|Heimia (brachiopod)}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Heimia.jpg
|image = Heimia.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Heimia salicifolia]]''
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Heimia salicifolia]]''
|taxon = Heimia
⚫
|authority = [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5462 |title=''Heimia'' Link |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1994-09-07 |access-date=2010-03-21}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
⚫
|subdivision = ''[[Heimia montana]]''<br />
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Myrtales]]
| familia = [[Lythraceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Lythroideae]]
| genus = '''''Heimia'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5462 |title=''Heimia'' Link |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1994-09-07 |accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
⚫
''[[Heimia montana]]''<br />
''[[Heimia myrtifolia]]''<br />
''[[Heimia myrtifolia]]''<br />
''[[Heimia salicifolia]]''
''[[Heimia salicifolia]]''
}}
}}
[[File:Heimia salicifolia MHNT.BOT.2009.13.29.jpg|thumb|''Heimia salicifolia'' - [[MHNT]]]]


'''''Heimia''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Lythrum|loosestrife]] family, [[Lythraceae]]. It contains two or three species of closely related [[shrub]]s commonly known as '''sun opener''' or '''shrubby yellowcrest'''. They are native to the [[Americas]], from northern [[Argentina]] north to the southernmost [[United States]] (southern [[Texas]]). The [[leaf|leaves]] are 2&ndash;5&nbsp;cm long and 1&nbsp;cm broad, entire, and variably arranged alternate, opposite or whorled on the stems. All species produce five-petaled yellow flowers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} The plants have a history of [[Ethnopharmacology|medicinal use]] in a variety of [[Americas|American]] cultures. Several pharmacologically active alkaloids have been detected in the plants.<ref name="Malone"/> The generic names honours German physician [[Ernst Ludwig Heim]] (1747–1834).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=193}}</ref>
'''''Heimia''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Lythrum|loosestrife]] family, [[Lythraceae]]. It contains two or three species of closely related [[shrub]]s commonly known as '''sun opener''' or '''shrubby yellowcrest'''. They are native to the [[Americas]], from northern [[Argentina]] north to the southernmost [[United States]] (southern [[Texas]]). The [[leaf|leaves]] are 2&ndash;5&nbsp;cm long and 1&nbsp;cm broad, entire, and variably arranged alternate, opposite or whorled on the stems. All species produce five-petaled yellow flowers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} The plants have a history of [[Ethnopharmacology|medicinal use]] in a variety of [[Americas|American]] cultures. Several pharmacologically active alkaloids have been detected in the plants.<ref name="Malone"/> The generic names honours German physician [[Ernst Ludwig Heim]] (1747–1834).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=193}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==


The genus contains three species. They are similar to the extent that expert knowledge is required to differentiate between specimens of the different species.<ref name="Malone"/> The alkaloid contents of specimens of all three species has been studied, and although similar, they have been found to be chemically distinct.<ref name="Rother1990">{{cite journal |first=A |last=Rother|title=Alkaloids of ''Heimia montana''|journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)]]|year=1990 |volume=29|pages=1683&ndash;1686}}</ref>
The genus contains three species. They are similar to the extent that expert knowledge is required to differentiate between specimens of the different species.<ref name="Malone"/> The alkaloid contents of specimens of all three species has been studied, and although similar, they have been found to be chemically distinct.<ref name="Rother1990">{{cite journal |first=A |last=Rother|title=Alkaloids of ''Heimia montana''|journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]]|year=1990 |volume=29|issue=5|pages=1683&ndash;1686 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(90)80146-8}}</ref>


===''Heimia myrtifolia''===
===''Heimia myrtifolia''===
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=== Alkaloids ===
=== Alkaloids ===


* [[9-beta-Hydroxyvertine|9-''beta''-Hydroxyvertine]] <ref name="Rumalla">{{cite journal |first=CS |last=Rumalla |coauthors=Jadhav, AN; Smillie, T; Fronczek, FR; Khan IA |title=Alkaloids from ''Heimia salicifolia'' |journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]] |month=May |year=2008 |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=1756–1762 |pmid=18374955 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.028}}</ref>
* [[9-beta-Hydroxyvertine|9-''beta''-Hydroxyvertine]]<ref name="Rumalla">{{cite journal |first=CS |last=Rumalla |author2=Jadhav, AN |author3=Smillie, T |author4=Fronczek, FR |author5= Khan IA |title=Alkaloids from ''Heimia salicifolia'' |journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]] |date=May 2008 |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=1756–1762 |pmid=18374955 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.028}}</ref>
* [[4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-quinolizidin-2-acetate|(2''S'',4''S'',10''R'')-4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-quinolizidin-2-acetate]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-quinolizidin-2-acetate|(2''S'',4''S'',10''R'')-4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-quinolizidin-2-acetate]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lythrine]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lythrine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Dehydrodecodine]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Dehydrodecodine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lythridine]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lythridine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Cryogenine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Cryogenine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Heimidine]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Heimidine]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lyfoline]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Lyfoline]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[epi-Lyfoline]] <ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[epi-Lyfoline]]<ref name="Rumalla"/>
* [[Sinicuichine]] <ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Sinicuichine]]<ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Nesodine]] <ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Nesodine]]<ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Abresoline]] <ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Abresoline]]<ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Anelisine]] <ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Anelisine]]<ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Lythridine]] (sinine) <ref name="Malone"/>
* [[Lythridine]] (sinine) <ref name="Malone"/>


== History ==
== History ==


''[[Heimia myrtifolia]]'' and ''[[Heimia salicifolia]]'' are often reported to have [[hallucinogen]]ic effects. This controversial attribution of effects appears to be traceable back to a publication by J. B. Calderón in 1896 who wrote that it was said to possess a "curious and unique physiological action ... people drinking either a [[decoction]] or the juice of the plant have a pleasant drunkenness ... all objects appear yellow and the sounds of bells, human voices or any other reach their ears as if coming from a long distance."<ref name="Malone">Heimia salicifolia: A phytochemical and phytopharmacologic review. M. H. Malone , A. Rother, ''[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]'' '''42'''(3):135-159 (1994) PMID 7934084 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90080-9 doi 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90080-9][http://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6470 Erowid references]</ref><ref name="Calderon">Estudio sobre el arbusto llamado sinieuichi. ''[[Anales del Instituto Médico Nacional]]'' '''2''', 36&ndash;42</ref>
''[[Heimia myrtifolia]]'' and ''[[Heimia salicifolia]]'' are often reported to have [[hallucinogen]]ic effects. This controversial attribution of effects appears to be traceable back to a publication by J. B. Calderón in 1896 who wrote that it was said to possess a "curious and unique physiological action ... people drinking either a [[decoction]] or the juice of the plant have a pleasant drunkenness ... all objects appear yellow and the sounds of bells, human voices or any other reach their ears as if coming from a long distance."<ref name="Malone">{{cite journal | pmid = 7934084|doi=10.1016/0378-8741(94)90080-9 | volume=42 | title=Heimia salicifolia: a phytochemical and phytopharmacologic review | date=May 1994 | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | pages=135–59 | last1 = Malone | first1 = MH | last2 = Rother | first2 = A|issue=3 }}[http://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6470 Erowid references]</ref><ref name="Calderon">Estudio sobre el arbusto llamado sinieuichi. ''[[Anales del Instituto Médico Nacional]]'' '''2''', 36&ndash;42</ref>


Calderón actually tested the plant and did not experience any noticeable effects. Through a series of exaggerating and dramatizing citations, especially by [[Victor A. Reko]] in the first half of the last century, the plant became known as a hallucinogen despite that psychoactive properties of the plant have never been demonstrated. The mildly psychoactive effects described in the original publication have therefore been attributed to a sedative principle or unknown other contents of the brew or, simply, to its [[ethanol|alcohol]] content.<ref name="Malone"/>
Calderón actually tested the plant and did not experience any noticeable effects. Through a series of exaggerating and dramatizing citations, especially by [[Victor A. Reko]] in the first half of the last century, the plant became known as a hallucinogen despite that psychoactive properties of the plant have never been demonstrated. The mildly psychoactive effects described in the original publication have therefore been attributed to a sedative principle or unknown other contents of the brew or, simply, to its [[ethanol|alcohol]] content.<ref name="Malone"/>
Line 62: Line 55:


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==

[[Image:Heimia Salicifolia Seeds.jpg|right|thumb|Seeds of ''H. salicifolia'']]
[[Image:Heimia Salicifolia Seeds.jpg|right|thumb|Seeds of ''H. salicifolia'']]
{{Howto|date=March 2010}}
The species make attractive [[ornamental plant]]s, flowering in late summer. Although only growing as a [[shrub]] in subtropical climates, it can also be grown as a [[Perennial plant|herbaceous perennial]] in colder areas where the above-ground growth is killed by winter cold. The plants produce very many tiny seeds which are easily cultivated. The seeds should be sown thinly across the top of fine, packed soil.


Both species prefer well-drained soil with a good supply of water. The seedlings should be watered by a fine mist or with bottom watering to avoid washing them off to the side of the pot. They should be kept out of intense sunlight until they form the first real leaves. It may be necessary to spread the seedlings out in their initial pots to avoid over-crowding. The seedlings should be moved to at least an inch apart once they are large enough to handle. Be aware that small seedlings of this species often have relatively large root structures. A plant less than a quarter-inch tall may have roots up to two inches deep.<ref name="Grubber">{{citation|last=Grubber|first=Hudson|title= Growing the Hallucinogens|url=http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/cultivation/cultivation_growing-the-hallucinogens.shtml#SINICUICHI|year=1976|publisher=}}</ref>
The species make attractive [[ornamental plant]]s, flowering in late summer. Although only growing as a [[shrub]] in subtropical climates, it can also be grown as a [[Perennial plant|herbaceous perennial]] in colder areas where the above-ground growth is killed by winter cold. The plants produce very many tiny seeds which are easily cultivated. Both species prefer well-drained soil with a good supply of water.<ref name="Grubber">{{citation|last=Grubber|first=Hudson|title= Growing the Hallucinogens|url=http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/cultivation/cultivation_growing-the-hallucinogens.shtml#SINICUICHI|year=1976}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 73: Line 63:


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikispecies-inline}}
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{commonscat-inline|Heimia|''Heimia''}}
{{commons category-inline|Heimia|''Heimia''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13533379}}


[[Category:Heimia| ]]
[[Category:Heimia| ]]
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[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Lythraceae genera]]

[[de:Sinicuichi]]
[[es:Heimia]]
[[fr:Heimia]]
[[pt:Heimia]]
[[ru:Хеймия]]

Revision as of 05:10, 29 June 2021

Heimia
Heimia salicifolia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Subfamily: Lythroideae
Genus: Heimia
Link[1]
Species

Heimia montana
Heimia myrtifolia
Heimia salicifolia

Heimia salicifolia - MHNT

Heimia is a genus of flowering plants in the loosestrife family, Lythraceae. It contains two or three species of closely related shrubs commonly known as sun opener or shrubby yellowcrest. They are native to the Americas, from northern Argentina north to the southernmost United States (southern Texas). The leaves are 2–5 cm long and 1 cm broad, entire, and variably arranged alternate, opposite or whorled on the stems. All species produce five-petaled yellow flowers.[citation needed] The plants have a history of medicinal use in a variety of American cultures. Several pharmacologically active alkaloids have been detected in the plants.[2] The generic names honours German physician Ernst Ludwig Heim (1747–1834).[3]

Species

The genus contains three species. They are similar to the extent that expert knowledge is required to differentiate between specimens of the different species.[2] The alkaloid contents of specimens of all three species has been studied, and although similar, they have been found to be chemically distinct.[4]

Heimia myrtifolia

Heimia myrtifolia is a shrub growing to 1 m tall. The yellow flowers are 5 petaled and 1 cm in diameter. The leaves are approximately 5 mm wide by 2–3 cm long.[citation needed]

Heimia salicifolia

Heimia salicifolia, commonly known as Sinicuichi, is a shrub growing to 3 m tall. The yellow flowers are 5 petaled and 2–3 cm in diameter. The leaves are approximately 1 cm wide and 3–5 cm long.[citation needed]

Heimia montana

Secondary metabolites

The alkaloid content is similar between the species in the genus.[2] The following substances have been detected in Heimia salicifolia:

Alkaloids

History

Heimia myrtifolia and Heimia salicifolia are often reported to have hallucinogenic effects. This controversial attribution of effects appears to be traceable back to a publication by J. B. Calderón in 1896 who wrote that it was said to possess a "curious and unique physiological action ... people drinking either a decoction or the juice of the plant have a pleasant drunkenness ... all objects appear yellow and the sounds of bells, human voices or any other reach their ears as if coming from a long distance."[2][6]

Calderón actually tested the plant and did not experience any noticeable effects. Through a series of exaggerating and dramatizing citations, especially by Victor A. Reko in the first half of the last century, the plant became known as a hallucinogen despite that psychoactive properties of the plant have never been demonstrated. The mildly psychoactive effects described in the original publication have therefore been attributed to a sedative principle or unknown other contents of the brew or, simply, to its alcohol content.[2]

In 1926, Reko observed that the native people of Mexico also called the stem and bark of Erythrina coralloides, the bark of Piscidia erythrina, and the seeds of Rhynochosia praecatoria by the name of sinicuichi,[7] which may have contributed to the scientific confusion.[2]

Cultivation

Seeds of H. salicifolia

The species make attractive ornamental plants, flowering in late summer. Although only growing as a shrub in subtropical climates, it can also be grown as a herbaceous perennial in colder areas where the above-ground growth is killed by winter cold. The plants produce very many tiny seeds which are easily cultivated. Both species prefer well-drained soil with a good supply of water.[8]

References

  1. ^ "Heimia Link". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1994-09-07. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Malone, MH; Rother, A (May 1994). "Heimia salicifolia: a phytochemical and phytopharmacologic review". J Ethnopharmacol. 42 (3): 135–59. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90080-9. PMID 7934084.Erowid references
  3. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  4. ^ Rother, A (1990). "Alkaloids of Heimia montana". Phytochemistry. 29 (5): 1683–1686. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80146-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rumalla, CS; Jadhav, AN; Smillie, T; Fronczek, FR; Khan IA (May 2008). "Alkaloids from Heimia salicifolia". Phytochemistry. 69 (8). Elsevier: 1756–1762. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.028. PMID 18374955.
  6. ^ Estudio sobre el arbusto llamado sinieuichi. Anales del Instituto Médico Nacional 2, 36–42
  7. ^ Reko, Victor A (1926). "Sinicuichi". La Revista Médica de Yucatan. 14: 22–27.
  8. ^ Grubber, Hudson (1976), Growing the Hallucinogens

External links

Data related to Heimia at Wikispecies Media related to Heimia at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimia&oldid=1030992532"