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{{Short description|Moribund language of Bolivia}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Itonama
| name = Itonama
| nativename = ''sihni pandara''
|region=[[Bolivia]]
| states = [[Bolivia]]
⚫
|ethnicity={{sigfig|2,940|2}} (2006)<ref name=e18/>
| region = [[Beni Department]]
⚫
|speakers=5
⚫
| ethnicity = {{sigfig|2,940|2}} (2006)<ref name=e25/>
⚫
|date=2007
⚫
| speakers = 1
⚫
|ref=e18
⚫
| date = 2012
⚫
|familycolor=American
⚫
| ref = e25
⚫
|family=[[Language isolate]]
⚫
| familycolor = American
⚫
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]
⚫
| family = [[Language isolate]]
⚫
|iso3=ito
⚫
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
⚫
|glotto=iton1250
| nation = {{flag|Bolivia}}
⚫
|glottorefname=Itonama
⚫
| iso3 = ito
⚫
|notice=IPA
⚫
| glotto = iton1250
⚫
| glottorefname = Itonama
| map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Itonama is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
⚫
| notice = IPA
}}
}}


'''Itonama''' is a [[moribund language|moribund]] [[language isolate]] spoken by the [[Itonama people]] in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern [[Bolivia]]. Greenberg’s (1987) classification of Itonama as Paezan, a sub-branch of Macro-Chibchan, remains unsupported and Itonama continues to be considered an isolate or unclassified language.
'''Itonama''' is a [[moribund language|moribund]] or extinct [[language isolate]] once spoken by the [[Itonama people]] in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern [[Bolivia]]. It was spoken on the [[Itonomas River]] and Lake<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> in [[Beni Department]].


In [[Magdalena, Beni|Magdalena]] town on the western bank of the Itonama River (a tributary of the [[Iténez River]]), located in [[Iténez Province]], only a few elderly people remember a few words and phrases.<ref name="Amazonian isolates 1">{{cite book |editor-last=Epps |editor-first=Patience |editor-last2=Michael |editor-first2=Lev |title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-041940-5}}</ref>{{rp|483}}
It was spoken on the [[Itonomas River]] and Lake.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

==Language contact==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the [[Nambikwaran languages]] due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>

An automated computational analysis ([[Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013)<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> found lexical similarities between Itonama and [[Movima language|Movima]], likely due to contact.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPAlink|i}}
| {{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPAlink|e}}
|
|
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPAlink|a}}
|
|
|}
|}
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! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
⚫
| {{IPAlink|m}}
! Plain
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
⚫
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
⚫
| {{IPA|tʲ}}
⚫
| {{IPA|k}}
⚫
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]
|
|
⚫
| {{IPA|tʼ}}
|
|
|
⚫
| {{IPA|kʼ}}
|
|
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
⚫
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| {{IPA|b}}
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
⚫
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|
⚫
| {{IPAlink|tʲ}}
|
⚫
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
⚫
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
! Plain
|
|colspan="2"| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|
|
⚫
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}}
|
|
⚫
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]
! {{small|[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]}}
⚫
| {{IPAlink|b}}
⚫
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
|
|colspan="2"| {{IPA|tʃʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!colspan="2"| [[Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!rowspan="2"| [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
⚫
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
⚫
| {{IPA|m}}
⚫
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
⚫
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
! {{small|[[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Semivowel]]
!colspan="2"| [[Semivowel]]
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|
|
Line 137: Line 134:
The postalveolar affricates {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʼ/}} have alveolar allophones {{IPA|[ts tsʼ]}}. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.
The postalveolar affricates {{IPA|/tʃ tʃʼ/}} have alveolar allophones {{IPA|[ts tsʼ]}}. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.


The semivowel {{IPA|/w/}} is realized as a [[voiced bilabial fricative|bilabial fricative]] {{IPA|[β]}} when preceded and followed by identical vowels.
The semivowel {{IPA|/w/}} is realized as a [[voiced bilabial fricative|bilabial fricative]] {{IPAblink|β}} when preceded and followed by identical vowels.


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
Itonama is a [[polysynthetic]], head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.
Itonama is a [[polysynthetic]], head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.


Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).<ref>{{cite book |title= Who did what to whom in Magdalena |last= Crevels |first= M |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 3 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).<ref>{{cite book |title= Who did what to whom in Magdalena |last= Crevels |first= M |pages= 3 }}</ref>


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itonama.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itonama.<ref name="Loukotka"/>


:{| class="wikitable sortable"
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 178: Line 175:
*[[Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)]]
*[[Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)]]
*[[Macro-Paesan languages]]
*[[Macro-Paesan languages]]

==Further reading==
*Camp, E. L.; Liccardi, M. R. (1967). Itonama, castellano e inglés. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 6.) Riberalta: Summer Institute of Linguistics.


==References==
==References==
Line 191: Line 191:
{{language families}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}
{{South American languages}}
{{Jesuit Missions of Moxos}}


[[Category:Critically endangered languages]]
[[Category:Language isolates of South America]]
[[Category:Language isolates of South America]]
[[Category:Macro-Paesan languages]]
[[Category:Macro-Paesan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area]]

Latest revision as of 19:58, 25 May 2023

Itonama
sihni pandara
Native toBolivia
RegionBeni Department
Ethnicity2,900 (2006)[1]
Native speakers
1 (2012)[1]
Latin
Official status
Official language in
 Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639-3ito
Glottologiton1250
ELPItonama
Itonama is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Itonama is a moribund or extinct language isolate once spoken by the Itonama people in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. It was spoken on the Itonomas River and Lake[2] in Beni Department.

In Magdalena town on the western bank of the Itonama River (a tributary of the Iténez River), located in Iténez Province, only a few elderly people remember a few words and phrases.[3]: 483 

Language contact[edit]

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Nambikwaran languages due to contact.[4]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[5] found lexical similarities between Itonama and Movima, likely due to contact.

Phonology[edit]

Vowels[edit]

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e o
Low a

Diphthongs: /ai au/.

Consonants[edit]

Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t tʃ tʲ k ʔ
ejective tʼ tʃʼ kʼ
voiced b d
Fricative s h
Liquid lateral l
rhotic ɾ
Semivowel w j

The postalveolar affricates /tʃ tʃʼ/ have alveolar allophones [ts tsʼ]. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.

The semivowel /w/ is realized as a bilabial fricative [β] when preceded and followed by identical vowels.

Morphology[edit]

Itonama is a polysynthetic, head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.

Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).[6]

Vocabulary[edit]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itonama.[2]

gloss Itonama
one chash-káni
two chash-chupa
tooth huomóte
tongue páchosníla
hand mapára
woman ubíka
water huanúhue
fire ubári
moon chakakáshka
maize udáme
jaguar ótgu
house úku

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Camp, E. L.; Liccardi, M. R. (1967). Itonama, castellano e inglés. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 6.) Riberalta: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Itonama at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. ^ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
  4. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  5. ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
  6. ^ Crevels, M. Who did what to whom in Magdalena. p. 3.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itonama_language&oldid=1157017960"