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{{Short description|Azerbaijani architect and statesman}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mammad Hasan Hajinski<br><small>Məmməd Həsən Hacınski</small>
|image = M.H.Hajinski.jpg
| name = Mammad Hasan Hajinski
|order =
| image = M.H.Hajinski.jpg
|title = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR)
| order =
| title = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR)
|term_start = May 28, 1918
| term_start = May 28, 1918
|term_end = October 6, 1918
| term_end = October 6, 1918
|predecessor = ''office created''
| predecessor = ''office created''
|successor = [[Alimardan Topchubashov]]
| successor = [[Alimardan Topchubashov]]
|president = [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] (Chairman of [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]])
| president = [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] (Chairman of [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]])
|office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Finance of ADR]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Finance of ADR]]
| term_start2 = October 6, 1918
|president2 =
|term_start2 = October 6, 1918
| term_end2 = December, 1918
| predecessor2 = [[Abdulali bey Amirjanov]]
|term_end2 = December, 1918
| successor2 = Ivan Protasov<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/index_en.jsp |title=Ministry of Finance of Republic of Azerbaijan. History of the ministry |access-date=2010-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124004954/http://www.maliyye.gov.az/index_en.jsp |archive-date=2010-11-24 }}</ref>
|predecessor2 = [[Abdulali bey Amirjanov]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Internal Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Internal Affairs of ADR]]
|successor2 = I. Protasov<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/index_en.jsp |title= Ministry of Finance of Republic of Azerbaijan. History of the ministry |accessdate= 2010-11-08}}</ref>
| term_start3 = December 22, 1919
|president2 =
| term_end3 = February 15, 1920
|office3 = [[Minister of Internal Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Internal Affairs of ADR]]
| predecessor3 = [[Nasib bey Yusifbeyli]] (Chairman of [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]])
|president3 =
| successor3 = [[Mustafa Vakilov]]
|term_start3 = December 22, 1919
|term_end3 = February 15, 1920
| president3 = [[Nasib bey Yusifbeyli]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|3|3}}
|predecessor3 = [[Nasib Yusifbeyli]] (Chairman of [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]])
| birth_place = [[Baku]], [[Baku Governorate]], [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801-1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]], [[Russian Empire]]
|successor3 = [[Mustafa Vekilov]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1931|2|9|1875|3|3}}
|president3 = [[Nasib Yusifbeyli]]
| death_place = [[Tiflis]], [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|3|3}}
|birth_place = [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| occupation = [[Architect]], [[politician]]
| awards =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1931|2|9|1875|3|3}}
| nationality = [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]
|death_place = [[Tiflis]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| native_name_lang = az
|religion = [[Islam]]
| native_name = {{Nobold|Məmməd Həsən Hacınski}}
|occupation = [[Architect]], [[politician]]
|awards =
|nationality = [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]
}}
}}


'''Mammad Hasan Jafargulu oglu Hajinski''' ({{lang-az|Məmməd Həsən Cəfərqulu oğlu Hacınski}}; March 3, 1875 – February 9, 1931) was an [[Azerbaijan]]i architect and statesman. He also served as a [[List of Foreign Ministers of Azerbaijan|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR) and the last Prime Minister of ADR.
'''Mammad Hasan Jafargulu oglu Hajinski''' ({{lang-az|Məmməd Həsən Cəfərqulu oğlu Hacınski}}; March 3, 1875 – February 9, 1931) was an [[Azerbaijan]]i architect and statesman. He also served as a [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR) and the last Prime Minister of ADR.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Hajinski was born on March 3, 1875. He graduated from ''Baku Realny School'' and then ''[[Saint Petersburg|Peterburg]] Technical School'' in 1902 with an engineering degree. He worked at construction of a Russian oil refinery being built by Azerbaijani businessman Shamsi Asadullayev before he moved back to Azerbaijan and was appointed the director of construction department of Baku municipality. During the time he held this position, he made significant contributions to architectural improvements of [[Baku]]. Under his management, construction of [[Baku Boulevard|Baku Seaside Boulevard]] gained a new impetus in 1910, when at his insistence, the Municipal Parliament passed a bill allocating 60,000 rubles for improvements. One of notable designers employed by Hajinski was Adolph Eykler, the German architect who designed [[Church of the Saviour, Baku|Baku's German Lutheran Church]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/82_folder/82_articles/82_boulevard.html| title= Seaside Boulevard. A Glimpse Back Through History | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Fuad Akhundov | date= Summer 2000 | pages=36–39 | accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> The project was successfully completed in 1911. In 1913, he headed the municipality for a brief period of time.<ref name=mfa>{{cite web | url= http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=29| title= Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Mammad Hasan Hajinski|accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref>
Hajinski was born on March 3, 1875, in [[Baku, Azerbaijan|Baku]]. He graduated from ''Baku Realny School'' and then ''[[Saint Petersburg|Peterburg]] Technical School'' in 1902 with an engineering degree. He worked at the construction of a Russian oil refinery being built by Azerbaijani businessman Shamsi Asadullayev before he moved back to Azerbaijan and was appointed the director of the construction department of Baku municipality. During the time he held this position, he made significant contributions to architectural improvements of [[Baku]]. Under his management, construction of [[Baku Boulevard|Baku Seaside Boulevard]] gained a new impetus in 1910, when at his insistence, the Municipal Parliament passed a bill allocating 60,000 rubles for improvements. One of the notable designers employed by Hajinski was Adolph Eykler, the German architect who designed [[Church of the Saviour, Baku|Baku's German Lutheran Church]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/82_folder/82_articles/82_boulevard.html| title= Seaside Boulevard. A Glimpse Back Through History | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Fuad Akhundov | date= Summer 2000 | pages=36–39 | access-date=2010-07-12}}</ref> The project was successfully completed in 1911. In 1913, he headed the municipality for a brief period of time.<ref name=mfa>{{cite web | url= http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=29| title= Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Mammad Hasan Hajinski|access-date=2010-07-12}}</ref>


==Political career==
==Political career==
Having secretly joined [[Musavat]] party in 1911, Hajinski started his open political activities after Russia's [[February Revolution]] of 1917. He also actively participated in establishment and operations of the ''Hummet'' newspaper.<ref name=president>{{cite web | url= http://www.elibrary.az/docs/azerbaijan/rus/gl8.pdf| title= Presidential Library. Mammad Hasan Hajinski| page=68 | accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> On March 22, 1917 Interim Executive Committee of Muslim Council was established and Hajinski was appointed its chairman. He participated in Baku summit of [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] Muslims and later in Moscow summit of Russian Muslims in May of the same year. He was subsequently elected a deputy to Russian parliament from Azerbaijan. On November 15, 1917, he was appointed deputy [[Commissar]] of Industry and Trade ([[Mammad Yusif Jafarov]]) of [[Transcaucasian Commissariat]] and from April 22, 1918 he served as the Minister of Industry and Trade of [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]].<ref name=mfa/>
Having secretly joined [[Musavat]] party in 1911, Hajinski started his open political activities after Russia's [[February Revolution]] of 1917. He also actively participated in establishment and operations of the ''Hummet'' newspaper.<ref name=president>{{cite web| url= http://www.elibrary.az/docs/azerbaijan/rus/gl8.pdf| title= Presidential Library. Mammad Hasan Hajinski| page= 68| access-date= 2010-07-12}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On March 22, 1917 Interim Executive Committee of Muslim Council was established and Hajinski was appointed its chairman. He participated in the Baku summit of [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] Muslims and later in Moscow summit of Russian Muslims in May of the same year. He was subsequently elected a deputy to the Russian parliament from Azerbaijan. On November 15, 1917, he was appointed deputy [[Commissar]] of Industry and Trade ([[Mammad Yusif Jafarov]]) of [[Transcaucasian Commissariat]] and from April 22, 1918, he served as the Minister of Industry and Trade of [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]].<ref name=mfa/>
[[File:Mammad Hasan Hajinski.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mammad Hasan Hajinski]]


===Azerbaijan Democratic Republic===
===Azerbaijan Democratic Republic===
On May 28, 1918, when [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR) was proclaimed, Hajinski was appointed the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] within the new [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan]] established by Prime Minister [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] and held the office until October 6, 1918. When the second government of ADR was formed, he was appointed the [[Minister of Internal Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan]] and worked in the position until February 15, 1920.<ref name=mfa/> As the Foreign Minister, on June 4, 1918 Hajinski along with [[Mammed Amin Rasulzade]] signed a contract with the Turkish government on provision of military assistance to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai134_folder/134_articles/134_narimanov_wrong.html| title= Perspective - Nariman Narimanov. Early Years of Bolsheviks - Wrong Direction | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Atakhan Pashayev | date= Winter 2005 | pages=36–39 | accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref>
On May 28, 1918, when [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] (ADR) was proclaimed, Hajinski was appointed the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] within the new [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan]] established by Prime Minister [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] and held the office until October 6, 1918. When the second government of ADR was formed, he was appointed the [[Minister of Internal Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan]] and worked in the position until February 15, 1920.<ref name=mfa/> As the Foreign Minister, on June 4, 1918, Hajinski along with [[Mammed Amin Rasulzade]] signed a contract with the Turkish government on the provision of military assistance to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai134_folder/134_articles/134_narimanov_wrong.html| title= Perspective - Nariman Narimanov. Early Years of Bolsheviks - Wrong Direction | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Atakhan Pashayev | date= Winter 2005 | pages=36–39 | access-date=2010-07-12}}</ref>
On April 1, 1920 Hajinski was put in charge of forming the new [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan|cabinet of ADR]]. Intending to establish a coalition government he held negotiations with all fractions in the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]] including the [[Bolsheviks]]. By inviting the Bolsheviks to the new government, Hajinski hoped to slow down the advance of [[11th Red Army]] which was already near the [[Samur, Azerbaijan|Samur bridge]], on the Azerbaijani-Russian border and have the detachments of [[Azerbaijani Army]] relocate to Baku. Most of the Azerbaijani army units were on the frontline in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Mountainous Karabakh]] fighting the [[Dashnak]] uprising.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, Volume 2003 |last1= |first1= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher= Europa Publications|location= United Kingdom |isbn= 1-85743-137-5 |page=105 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=mammad+hasan+hajinski&source=bl&ots=pqnNmdOzUX&sig=FwQBYbt6eNumj3EbOLTvRKpOlts&hl=en&ei=Pa06TPXfFozanAe_4Lz2Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=mammad%20hasan%20hajinski&f=false |accessdate= July 12, 2010}}</ref> On April 22, Bolsheviks rejected Hajinski's offer and he notified the acting speaker of the National Assembly, Mammad Yusif Jafarov that the government was in no position to be formed. At the same time, Hajinski left the ranks of Musavat party and officially joined the [[Bolshevik Party]]. With the invasion of the Red Army on April 28, 1920 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ceased to exist.<ref name=mfa/>
On April 1, 1920, Hajinski was put in charge of forming the new [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan|cabinet of ADR]]. Intending to establish a coalition government he held negotiations with all fractions in the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]] including the [[Bolsheviks]]. By inviting the Bolsheviks to the new government, Hajinski hoped to slow down the advance of [[11th Red Army]] which was already near the [[Samur, Azerbaijan|Samur bridge]], on the Azerbaijani-Russian border and have the detachments of [[Azerbaijani Army]] relocate to Baku. Most of the Azerbaijani army units were on the frontline in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Mountainous Karabakh]] fighting the [[Dashnak]] uprising.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, Volume 2003 |year=2002 |publisher= Europa Publications|location= United Kingdom |isbn= 1-85743-137-5 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&q=mammad+hasan+hajinski&pg=PA105 |access-date= July 12, 2010}}</ref> On April 22, Bolsheviks rejected Hajinski's offer and he notified the acting speaker of the National Assembly, Mammad Yusif Jafarov that the government was in no position to be formed. At the same time, Hajinski left the ranks of Musavat party and officially joined the [[Bolshevik Party]]. With the invasion of the Red Army on April 28, 1920 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ceased to exist.<ref name=mfa/>


===Soviet Azerbaijan===
===Soviet Azerbaijan===
During the Soviet rule, Hajinski worked in the Agricultural Council of Azerbaijan. From 1923 on, he served as deputy chairman of Transcaucasian State Planning Committee. He was later arrested on the order of [[Lavrentiy Beria]], then the first secretary of the Trancaucasian region. After being tortured, Hajinski died on February 9, 1931 in a [[Tiflis]] prison.<ref name=mfa/><ref name=president/>
During Soviet rule, Hajinski worked in the Agricultural Council of Azerbaijan. From 1923 on, he served as deputy chairman of the Transcaucasian State Planning Committee. He was later arrested on the order of [[Lavrentiy Beria]], then the first secretary of the Transcaucasian region. After being tortured, Hajinski died on February 9, 1931, in a [[Tiflis]] prison.<ref name=mfa/><ref name=president/>


==Works==
==Works==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Azerbaijan Democratic Republic}}
{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan}}
{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan}}
{{Political activity in Azerbaijan until 1920}}
{{Political activity in Azerbaijan until 1920}}


{{authority control}}
{{Persondata

| NAME = Hajinski, Mammad Hasan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Azerbaijan politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 3, 1875
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| DATE OF DEATH = February 9, 1931
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Tiflis]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hajinski, Mammad Hasan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hajinski, Mammad Hasan}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani diplomats]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani Muslims]]
[[Category:Diplomats from Baku]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the State Duma of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]]
[[Category:People from Baku]]
[[Category:Architects from Baku]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani architects]]
[[Category:Soviet architects]]
[[Category:19th-century Azerbaijani architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Azerbaijani architects]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic politicians]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani nobility]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani nobility]]
[[Category:Burials at Pantheon of prominent Azerbaijanis]]
[[Category:Muslims from the Russian Empire]]

Revision as of 22:37, 19 April 2024

Mammad Hasan Hajinski
Məmməd Həsən Hacınski
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR)
In office
May 28, 1918 – October 6, 1918
PresidentFatali Khan Khoyski (Chairman of Azerbaijani Parliament)
Preceded byoffice created
Succeeded byAlimardan Topchubashov
Minister of Finance of ADR
In office
October 6, 1918 – December, 1918
Preceded byAbdulali bey Amirjanov
Succeeded byIvan Protasov[1]
Minister of Internal Affairs of ADR
In office
December 22, 1919 – February 15, 1920
PresidentNasib bey Yusifbeyli
Preceded byNasib bey Yusifbeyli (Chairman of Azerbaijani Parliament)
Succeeded byMustafa Vakilov
Personal details
Born(1875-03-03)March 3, 1875
Baku, Baku Governorate, Caucasus Viceroyalty, Russian Empire
DiedFebruary 9, 1931(1931-02-09) (aged 55)
Tiflis, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union
NationalityAzerbaijani
OccupationArchitect, politician

Mammad Hasan Jafargulu oglu Hajinski (Azerbaijani: Məmməd Həsən Cəfərqulu oğlu Hacınski; March 3, 1875 – February 9, 1931) was an Azerbaijani architect and statesman. He also served as a Minister for Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) and the last Prime Minister of ADR.

Early life

Hajinski was born on March 3, 1875, in Baku. He graduated from Baku Realny School and then Peterburg Technical School in 1902 with an engineering degree. He worked at the construction of a Russian oil refinery being built by Azerbaijani businessman Shamsi Asadullayev before he moved back to Azerbaijan and was appointed the director of the construction department of Baku municipality. During the time he held this position, he made significant contributions to architectural improvements of Baku. Under his management, construction of Baku Seaside Boulevard gained a new impetus in 1910, when at his insistence, the Municipal Parliament passed a bill allocating 60,000 rubles for improvements. One of the notable designers employed by Hajinski was Adolph Eykler, the German architect who designed Baku's German Lutheran Church.[2] The project was successfully completed in 1911. In 1913, he headed the municipality for a brief period of time.[3]

Political career

Having secretly joined Musavat party in 1911, Hajinski started his open political activities after Russia's February Revolution of 1917. He also actively participated in establishment and operations of the Hummet newspaper.[4] On March 22, 1917 Interim Executive Committee of Muslim Council was established and Hajinski was appointed its chairman. He participated in the Baku summit of Caucasian Muslims and later in Moscow summit of Russian Muslims in May of the same year. He was subsequently elected a deputy to the Russian parliament from Azerbaijan. On November 15, 1917, he was appointed deputy Commissar of Industry and Trade (Mammad Yusif Jafarov) of Transcaucasian Commissariat and from April 22, 1918, he served as the Minister of Industry and Trade of Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.[3]

Mammad Hasan Hajinski

Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

On May 28, 1918, when Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was proclaimed, Hajinski was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs within the new Cabinet of Azerbaijan established by Prime Minister Fatali Khan Khoyski and held the office until October 6, 1918. When the second government of ADR was formed, he was appointed the Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan and worked in the position until February 15, 1920.[3] As the Foreign Minister, on June 4, 1918, Hajinski along with Mammed Amin Rasulzade signed a contract with the Turkish government on the provision of military assistance to Azerbaijan.[5] On April 1, 1920, Hajinski was put in charge of forming the new cabinet of ADR. Intending to establish a coalition government he held negotiations with all fractions in the Azerbaijani Parliament including the Bolsheviks. By inviting the Bolsheviks to the new government, Hajinski hoped to slow down the advance of 11th Red Army which was already near the Samur bridge, on the Azerbaijani-Russian border and have the detachments of Azerbaijani Army relocate to Baku. Most of the Azerbaijani army units were on the frontline in Mountainous Karabakh fighting the Dashnak uprising.[6] On April 22, Bolsheviks rejected Hajinski's offer and he notified the acting speaker of the National Assembly, Mammad Yusif Jafarov that the government was in no position to be formed. At the same time, Hajinski left the ranks of Musavat party and officially joined the Bolshevik Party. With the invasion of the Red Army on April 28, 1920 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ceased to exist.[3]

Soviet Azerbaijan

During Soviet rule, Hajinski worked in the Agricultural Council of Azerbaijan. From 1923 on, he served as deputy chairman of the Transcaucasian State Planning Committee. He was later arrested on the order of Lavrentiy Beria, then the first secretary of the Transcaucasian region. After being tortured, Hajinski died on February 9, 1931, in a Tiflis prison.[3][4]

Works

In 1912, Hajinski authored a book on architectural improvements of Baku published by the Baku local municipality.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ministry of Finance of Republic of Azerbaijan. History of the ministry". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  2. ^ Fuad Akhundov (Summer 2000). "Seaside Boulevard. A Glimpse Back Through History". Azerbaijan International. pp. 36–39. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Mammad Hasan Hajinski". Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  4. ^ a b "Presidential Library. Mammad Hasan Hajinski" (PDF). p. 68. Retrieved 2010-07-12.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ Atakhan Pashayev (Winter 2005). "Perspective - Nariman Narimanov. Early Years of Bolsheviks - Wrong Direction". Azerbaijan International. pp. 36–39. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  6. ^ Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, Volume 2003. United Kingdom: Europa Publications. 2002. p. 105. ISBN 1-85743-137-5. Retrieved July 12, 2010.