Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə
Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə / mæhæmmæd æmin ɾæsulzɑːdæ / (alternative spelling Azerbaijani Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla oğlu Ələkbər Rəsulzadə , Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzade * 31 January 1884 in Nardaran , † 6. March 1955 in Ankara ) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, Founder and political leader of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from 1918 to 1920. His expression “ Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz !” (“Once the flag is raised never falls!”) Has become the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century .
Life
Rəsulzadə was born into a conservative Shiite family and attended the Tatar school in Baku. He then completed an apprenticeship at the Baku Technical School. He began his first political activities at the age of 18. In 1902, the young Məhəmməd Əmin founded the Muslim youth organization Musavat among the students . In 1903 his first article about the purity of the mother tongue appeared in the newspaper "Şərgi Rus" (Russian East), which was the only Azerbaijani newspaper in Russia . (No evidence) He translated the novel The Mother of Maxim Gorki into the Azerbaijani language .
In 1904 he founded the Muslim social democratic organization Gummet as an autonomous part of the RSDLP . He was the editor-in-chief of the Gummət , Təkamül and Yoldaş newspapers and wrote articles for the Irshad and Tereggi newspapers . During the revolution of 1905, Rəsulzadə worked with Caucasian Bolsheviks such as Stalin and Nərimanov . His revolutionary activity resulted in the constant persecution of the police.
In addition to his political activities, Rəsulzadə wrote poetry and plays. In 1908 his first play Licht in der Dunkel was performed.
In 1909 Məhəmməd Əmin traveled to Persia , where he took part in the revolutionary movement as one of the founders of the Democratic Party. He worked there as editor-in-chief of the newspaper Irani-Hou (New Iran). After the suppression of the revolution he was forced to leave for Turkey in 1911 . There he continued his political activities and worked with the magazine Türk Yurdu (Turkish homeland).
Founding of the "Musavat" party
It was only after the amnesty was declared on the occasion of the three hundredth anniversary of the Romanov dynasty that he was able to return to Baku in 1913. After his return, Rəsulzad trat joined the new Musavat (equality) party , which pursued pan- Turkish , pan-Islamic and socialist ideas. From 1915 on he headed the newspaper “Açıq söz” (Open Word), which was the mouthpiece of the Musavat party . He advocated struggle to victory and the expansion of freedoms and rights of the Azerbaijani people. After the February Revolution of 1917, Rəsulzadə took part in the Congress of Caucasian Muslims in Baku (in April) and in the Congress of Russian Muslims in Moscow (in May). After his proposal, the importance of establishing a federal state order in Russia was decided.
After the union of the Musavat party with the “Turkish Federalist Party” to form the Turkish Democratic Musavat Party in June 1917, Rəsulzadə was elected head of the Central Committee at their first congress. The congress declaration states that Russia must have the form of a “federal democratic republic”, which should be founded on the basis of national-territorial autonomy.
On January 6, 1918, the "All Russian Constituent Assembly" was replaced by the Bolsheviks. During this time the Transcaucasian Seym took place, which was supposed to found the independent Transcaucasian Democratic-Federal Republic and in which Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzade also took part. At that time he headed the newly established Azerbaijani National Council, which later declared the establishment of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918–1920). He was a candidate for the post of head of state of independent Azerbaijan.
After the establishment of the Soviet Union on April 20, 1920, Rəsulzadə left Baku again and hid in a mountain village called Lahidsch, about three hours by car from Baku. After a short time, however, he was arrested by the "secret service" and taken to the Baku prison. Rəsulzadə was released from custody with the help of Stalin. Stalin took him to Moscow, where Rasulzade turned down all the positions Stalin offered him because he did not want to work for a government that was hostile to his party. Until 1922 he taught oriental languages at Leningrad University . In 1922 he managed to escape from the Soviet Union with the help of party friends of the Musavat and traveled via Finland to Turkey.
Exile life
In Turkey, Rəsulzadə founded several newspapers, including New Caucasus . In his publications he criticized communism and the Soviet policy towards the peoples of the Caucasus. In 1930 he was officially deported from Turkey under pressure from the Soviet Union. In truth, the reason was probably the tense relationship between Azerbaijan and Turkey. When Rəsulzadə was criticized for neglecting “Turkish unity” by his party “Musavat”, he wrote the article O Pantiurkizme v sviazi s kavkazskoi problemi (Pan-Turkism regarding the Caucasian problem), in which he took the view: “Pan- Turkishism was a cultural movement and not a political program ". (Document missing) He then went to Poland. There Rəsulzadə married Wanda, who was the niece of the Polish dictator Józef Piłsudski . In Poland he worked with the Promethean movement and published a monograph on the history of Azerbaijan . There he also wrote for media in Warsaw and Vilnius . After the occupation of Poland, Rasulzade received an offer from Adolf Hitler to act as its governor in Transcaucasia, which he refused. He had to leave Germany within two days.
During the Second World War he lived with his wife in Romania. During the war, he went to Berlin and met prisoners of war who came from Azerbaijan. (Document is missing)
After the Second World War, in 1947, he was allowed to return to Turkey and settled in Ankara. There he published on Azerbaijani literature and worked in a library. But his political activity was limited to marginal pan-Turkish movements. In his speech on Voice of America in 1953, he emphasized his hope that Azerbaijan would one day become independent.
In 1955 Rəsulzadə died in Ankara as a result of diabetes. He was buried in the Cebeci Municipal Cemetery in Ankara.
literature
- Tadeusz Swietochowski: Russian and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995, pp. 130, ISBN 0-231-07068-3 .
- Rais Rasulzade: Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Founding Father of the First Republic . In: Azerbaijan International . Volume 7, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 22-23, ISSN 1075-086X
- Tadeusz Swietochowski: Russia and Azerbaijan. A borderland in transition . Columbia University, 1995, p. 133
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Alexander Mikaberidze: Historical Dictionary of Georgia . Scarecrow Press, Plymouth 2007, ISBN 978-0-8108-5580-9 , pp. 193 f .
- ↑ a b c d e Rais Rasulzade: Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Founding Father of the First Republic . In: Azerbaijan International . Volume 7, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 22-23, ISSN 1075-086X
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Rəsulzadə, Məhəmməd Əmin |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Rasulzade, Mammed Amin; Rəsulzadə, Məhəmməd Əmin Ax and Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu; Resulzade, Mehmed Emin (Turkish) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, founder, political leader of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918-1920) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | January 31, 1884 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Nardaran |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 6, 1955 |
| Place of death | Ankara |