Cryogenics and Playas de Tijuana: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Settlement
:''Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to [[cryonics]], cryopreserving humans or animals.''
|official_name = Municipal Borough Playas de Tijuana
:''For the band, see [[Cryogenic (Band)]].''
|native_name = ''Delegacion Municipal Playas de Tijuana''
|nickname = ''Playas'', ''sister republic of Playas''
|motto =
|image_skyline = Playas de Tijuana.jpg
|imagesize = 220px
|image_caption = View of the beaches
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_shield =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|subdivision_type =
|subdivision_name =
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of Mexico|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Image:Mexico stateflags Baja California.png|border|20px]] [[Baja California]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipality]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tijuana (municipality)|Tijuana]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Borough]]
|subdivision_name3 = Delegacion Playas de Tijuana
|government_type = Delegacion
|leader_title = Municipal Delegate
|leader_name = Manuel González Reyes
|leader_title1 = Secretary General
|leader_name1 = Jose Esteban Hernandez Cueva
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Metric
|postal_code = 22500
|website = {{es}} [http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Delegaciones/Delegaciones.asp?delegacion=6 Playas de Tijuana]
}}


'''Playas de Tijuana''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "beaches of [[Tijuana]]") is the westernmost [[borough]] of the [[municipality of Tijuana]], [[Baja California]].
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}}


==Location==
In [[physics]] or [[engineering]], '''cryogenics''' is the study of the production of very low [[temperatures]] (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. Rather than the familiar temperature scales of [[Fahrenheit]] and [[Celsius]], cryogenicists use the [[Kelvin]] (and formerly [[Rankine scale|Rankine]]) scales.
The [[borough]] of Playas de Tijuana is located in the city of [[Tijuana]], bordered by the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west, the [[United States]] to the north, the [[Playas de Rosarito (municipality)|municipality of Playas de Rosarito]] to the south and the boroughs [[Centro (Tijuana)|Centro]] to the Northeast and [[San Antonio de los Buenos]] to the East.


Popularly, the borough itself is known as the '''''Sister [[Republic]] of Playas''''', due to its location and geographic isolation from the rest of the city; also as "Playas-Herzegovina" for all the military roadblocks and checkpoints (citations needed), and also known to the locals and surfers, but to a lesser extent, as "turd beach" because of sewage contamination on the beach.
== Definitions and distinctions ==


== Administration ==
The terms ''cryogenics'', ''cryobiology'' and ''cryonics'' are frequently confused. Other new terms with the prefix ''cryo-'' have also been introduced.
[[Image:Borderbeachtj.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|View of the [[U.S.-Mexico border]] fence from Playas de Tijuana, at the left]]
Its administration or government relies on a Municipal Delegate, or ''Delegado Municipal'' {{es}}, who is appointed by the [[Municipal president of Tijuana|Municipal President of Tijuana]].


===Service Departments===
; Cryogenics: The branches of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.
The ''delegacion'' (Spanish for borough) is in charge of the following services:
*Urban Planning:
**Construction permissions
**Land usage authorization & certification
*Civil Registry:
**Marriage certifications
**Defunction certificates
**Birth certificates
*Inspection and Verification:
**Request of various certificates
**Citizen reports
*Public Works:
**Maintenance of street lights
**Street paving
**Street maintenance
*Community Development:
**Housing support (incentives for house acquisition)
**Scholarships (various types)


== Entertainment & Culture ==
; [[Cryobiology]]: The branch of [[biology]] involving the study of the effects of low temperatures on [[organism]]s (most often for the purpose of achieving [[cryopreservation]]).
This is where the beaches of Tijuana are located (hence the name) and it is also one of the two exits to the south towards Rosarito and Ensenada. The Paseo Ensenada is a popular place for meeting and passing free time, and where major commercial centres and businesses are located. Plaza Coronado, which is located at the beginning of Paseo Ensenada, is the major entertainment centre, where mainly young people gather every day to spend free time. Water sports such as [[surfing]], [[bodyboarding]], and [[kayaking]] are available. The [[Plaza Monumental de Toros de Tijuana|The Monumentall bullfighting ring of Tijuana]]<ref name="bull">[http://www.plazamonumental.com/tijuana.ssp Plaza Monumental]</ref> is located here as well as the Tijuana-campus of the [[Universidad Iberoamericana]]<ref name="uia">[http://www.tij.uia.mx/ Universidad Iberoamericana].</ref>.


Playas de Tijuana has its own Arts & Culture House, which has many local and artistic offers, such a [[ballet]] school, a drawing school, painting school, dancing school, and many others. The Arts & Culture House is located inside the complex where the local government building is, and also inside the complex there is another smaller bullfight ring, known as the ''Cortijo San Jose'', which sometimes hosts [[rodeo]] shows. Along with the administration buildings, the House, and the ''Cortijo'', there is a civic square where every [[september 15]] is held the independence celebration.
; [[Cryonics]]: The emerging [[medical technology]] of [[cryopreservation|cryopreserving]] humans and animals with the intention of future revival. Researchers in the field seek to apply the results of many [[science]]s, including cryobiology, cryogenics, [[rheology]], [[emergency medicine]], etc.


[[Mexican Federal Highway 1|Federal Highway 1]]-D starts just south of this borough towards [[Rosarito]] and [[Ensenada]].
; [[Cryoelectronics]]: The field of research regarding [[superconductivity]] at low temperatures.


==Residential services==
; [[Cryotronics]]: The practical application of cryoelectronics.
[[Image:Park Towers Playas.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Park Towers Tower I and Tower II under construction]]
[[Image:TRW Playas.jpg|thumb|left|250px|TRW building in Playas]]
Playas de Tijuana has a good offer of hotels, residences, and places to live, either temporarily or permanently. Such places include the [[Park Towers (Tijuana)|Park Towers]]<ref name="Park Towers">[http://www.parktowersbythesea.com Park Towers].</ref>, the ''Real del Mar'' residential development (which includes within a [[Residence Inn by Marriott]])<ref name="Residence Inn by Marriott - Real del Mar">[http://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/tijri-residence-inn-baja-california-tijuana-real-del-mar/ Residence Inn by Marriott - Real del Mar].</ref>, the ''Playas Diamante'' residential<ref name="Playas Diamante">[http://www.playasdiamante.com Playas Diamante].</ref>, ''La Perla Tijuana''<ref name="La Perla">[http://www.bcba.com.mx/minisitios/laperlatijuana/index.cfm?lang=2 La Perla Tijuana].</ref>, ''La Cuspide Residencial''<ref name="La Cuspide">{{es}} [http://www.lacuspideresidencial.com La Cuspide Residencial].</ref>, the ''Puesta del Sol''<ref name="Puesta del Sol">[http://www.puestadelsol.com.mx Puesta del Sol].</ref> residential, {{es}} [http://www.aquaresidential.com?delegacion=6 AQUA Residential,]and many other places.


Playas has been recently experiencing mid/high-rise building growth. The 27-storey high [[Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico]] is being built in Playas de Tijuana, along with the 17-storey high [[Park Towers (Tijuana)|Park Towers]] complex, with four towers proyected. Many other low-rise buildings, ranging from 5+ storeys are found throughout Playas.
== Etymology ==


==Transportation==
The word ''cryogenics'' means "the production of freezing cold"; however the term is used today as a [[synonym]] for the low-temperature state. It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale [[refrigeration]] ends and cryogenics begins. The workers at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] at [[Boulder, Colorado]] have chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below –180 [[Celsius|°C]] (93.15 [[Kelvin|K]]). This is a logical dividing line, since the normal [[boiling point]]s of the so-called permanent [[gases]] (such as [[helium]], [[hydrogen]], [[neon]], [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and normal [[Earth's atmosphere|air]]) lie below -180 °C while the [[Freon]] refrigerants, [[hydrogen sulfide]], and other common refrigerants have boiling points above -180 °C.
{{main|Tijuana#Local transportation}}


Playas, as it is the westermost and thus the last portion in Tijuana, is linked to the rest of the city by the following two ''Azul y Blanco'' bus routes:
== Industrial application ==
*'''Playas 1-Soler-Centro-Correo-Plaza Rio-Palacio-Postal''' (runs along one of Playas's main avenues, Paseo Ensenada)
{{see|Timeline of low-temperature technology}}
*'''Playas 2-Soler-Centro-Linea-Palacio-Hospital-Buena Vista-Central Camionera''' (runs along one of Playas's main avenues, Paseo Pedregal)
[[Liquid air|Liquefied gases]], such as [[liquid nitrogen]] and liquid helium, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest attainable temperatures to be reached.


Playas is also linked to the rest of the city served by the following three fixed-route taxi lines:
These liquids are held in either special containers known as [[Dewar flask]]s, which are generally about six feet tall (1.8 m) and three feet (91.5 cm) in diameter, or giant tanks in larger commercial operations. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor, [[James Dewar]], the man who first liquefied [[hydrogen]]. Museums typically display smaller [[vacuum flask]]s fitted in a protective casing.
*'''Playas 1''' (similar to ''Azul y Blanco'' bus route 1)
*'''Playas 2''' (similar to ''Azul y Blanco'' bus route 2)
*'''Playas 3''' (reduced frequencies)


==References==
Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on [[LNG pier]]s to transfer [[Liquefied Natural Gas]] from [[LNG carrier|LNG Carriers]] to [[Storage tank|LNG storage tanks]].
{{reflist}}


==External links==
=== Cryogenic processing ===
* {{es}} [http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Delegaciones/Delegaciones.asp?delegacion=6 Borough of Playas de Tijuana]
* {{es}} [http://www.aquaresidential.com?delegacion=6 AQUA Residential]


[[Category:Beaches of Mexico|Tijuana]]
The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory of [[cryogenic hardening]], the commercial [[cryogenic processor|cryogenic processing]] industry was founded in 1966 by [[Ed Busch]]. With a background in the [[heat treatment|heat treating]] industry, Busch founded a company in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] called [[CryoTech]] in 1966. Though [[CryoTech]] later merged with [[300 Below]] to create the largest and oldest commercial cryogenics company in the world, they originally experimented with the possibility of increasing the life of metal tools to anywhere between 200%-400% of the original life expectancy using [[cryogenic tempering]] instead of heat treating. This evolved in the late 1990s into the treatment of other parts (that did more than just increase the life of a product) such as amplifier valves (improved sound quality), baseball bats (greater sweet spot), golf clubs (greater sweet spot), racing engines (greater performance under stress), firearms (less warping after continuous shooting), knives, razor blades, brake rotors and even pantyhose. The theory was based on how heat-treating metal works (the temperatures are lowered to room temperature from a high degree causing certain strength increases in the molecular structure to occur) and supposed that continuing the descent would allow for further strength increases. Using liquid nitrogen, CryoTech formulated the first early version of the [[cryogenic processor]]. Unfortunately for the newly-born industry, the results were unstable, as components sometimes experienced [[thermal shock]] when they were cooled too fast. Some components in early tests even shattered because of the ultra-low temperatures. In the late twentieth century, the field improved significantly with the rise of applied research, which coupled microprocessor based industrial controls to the [[cryogenic processor]] in order to create more stable results.
[[Category:Tijuana]]

Cryogens, like liquid [[nitrogen]], are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Some chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popular [[statin]] drugs, must occur at low temperatures of approximately -100 °C. Special cryogenic [[chemical reactor]]s are used to remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment. The freezing of foods and biotechnology products, like [[vaccine]]s, requires nitrogen in blast freezing or immersion freezing systems. Certain soft or elastic materials become hard and [[brittleness|brittle]] at very low temperatures, which makes cryogenic [[mill (grinding)|milling]] (grinding) an option for some materials that cannot easily be milled at higher temperatures.

=== Fuels ===

Another use of cryogenics is [[cryogenic fuel]]s. Cryogenic fuels, mainly [[liquid hydrogen]], have been used as rocket fuels. ([[Oxygen]] is used as an [[Redox|oxidizer]] of hydrogen, but oxygen is not, strictly speaking, a fuel.) For example, [[NASA]]'s workhorse [[space shuttle]] uses cryogenic hydrogen fuel as its primary means of getting into [[orbit]], as did all of the rockets built for the [[Soviet space program]] by [[Sergei Korolev]]. (This was a bone of contention between him and rival engine designer [[Valentin Glushko]], who felt that cryogenic fuels were impractical for large-scale rockets such as the ill-fated [[N-1 rocket]] spacecraft.)

Russian aircraft manufacturer [[Tupolev]] is currently researching a version of its popular design [[Tu-154]] with a cryogenic fuel system, known as the [[Tu-155]]. The plane uses a fuel referred to as [[liquefied natural gas]] or LNG, and made its first flight in 1989.

== Production ==
Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use of [[liquid nitrogen]], [[liquid helium]], or a cryocompressor (which uses high pressure helium lines).

== Detectors ==

Cryogenic temperatures, usually well below 77 K (-196 °C) are required to operate [[cryogenic detectors]].

== See also ==
* [[1 E2 K]]
* [[Absolute zero]]
* [[Coldest temperature recorded on Earth]]
* [[Cryocoolers]]
* [[Cryogenic processor]]
* [[Cryogenic tempering]]
* [[Cryobiology]]
* [[Cryonics]]
* [[Cryopreservation]]
* [[Ex-situ conservation]]
* [[Frozen zoo]]
* [[List of publications in physics#Cryogenics|Important publications in cryogenics]]
* [[Liquid nitrogen#Molecular nitrogen .28gas and liquid.29|Liquid nitrogen]]
* [[Quantum hydrodynamics]], [[Superfluidity]] or [[Superconductivity]]
* [[Superconductivity]]
* [[Superconducting RF]]
* [[Timeline of low-temperature technology]]
* [[Wildlife conservation]]
* [[Apollo 13]]
* [[Cryogenic deflashing]]
* [[Cryogenic deburring]]
* [[Deep Cryogenic Treatment]]
* [[Futurama]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/cryogenics/ Cryogenics for English Majors: An introduction for non-scientists] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
*[http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/ Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. (CSA)]
*[http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.html Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics] - ULT research group homepage
* [http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=82 Tupolev's pages regarding Cryogenic airliners]
* [http://www.iifiir.org/en/doc/1052.pdf Cryogenics, Key to Advanced Science and Technology]
* [http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/at/at-2007-001.pdf An Introduction to Cryogenics]

{{technology-footer}}

[[Category:Cryogenics| ]]
[[Category:Cooling technology]]

[[ar:علم التبريد]]
[[de:Kryotechnik]]
[[el:Κρυογονική]]
[[es:Criogenia]]
[[fa:سرماشناسی]]
[[fr:Cryogénie]]
[[is:Lághitafræði]]
[[it:Criogenia]]
[[lt:Kriogenika]]
[[nl:Cryogeen]]
[[ja:低温物理学]]
[[pl:Kriogenika]]
[[pt:Criogenia]]
[[ru:Криогеника]]
[[sv:Kryoteknik]]
[[zh:低温物理学]]

Revision as of 01:53, 11 October 2008

Municipal Borough Playas de Tijuana
Delegacion Municipal Playas de Tijuana
View of the beaches
View of the beaches
Nickname(s): 
Playas, sister republic of Playas
State Baja California
MunicipalityTijuana
BoroughDelegacion Playas de Tijuana
Government
 • TypeDelegacion
 • Municipal DelegateManuel González Reyes
 • Secretary GeneralJose Esteban Hernandez Cueva
WebsiteTemplate:Es Playas de Tijuana

Playas de Tijuana (Spanish for "beaches of Tijuana") is the westernmost borough of the municipality of Tijuana, Baja California.

Location

The borough of Playas de Tijuana is located in the city of Tijuana, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the United States to the north, the municipality of Playas de Rosarito to the south and the boroughs Centro to the Northeast and San Antonio de los Buenos to the East.

Popularly, the borough itself is known as the Sister Republic of Playas, due to its location and geographic isolation from the rest of the city; also as "Playas-Herzegovina" for all the military roadblocks and checkpoints (citations needed), and also known to the locals and surfers, but to a lesser extent, as "turd beach" because of sewage contamination on the beach.

Administration

View of the U.S.-Mexico border fence from Playas de Tijuana, at the left

Its administration or government relies on a Municipal Delegate, or Delegado Municipal Template:Es, who is appointed by the Municipal President of Tijuana.

Service Departments

The delegacion (Spanish for borough) is in charge of the following services:

  • Urban Planning:
    • Construction permissions
    • Land usage authorization & certification
  • Civil Registry:
    • Marriage certifications
    • Defunction certificates
    • Birth certificates
  • Inspection and Verification:
    • Request of various certificates
    • Citizen reports
  • Public Works:
    • Maintenance of street lights
    • Street paving
    • Street maintenance
  • Community Development:
    • Housing support (incentives for house acquisition)
    • Scholarships (various types)

Entertainment & Culture

This is where the beaches of Tijuana are located (hence the name) and it is also one of the two exits to the south towards Rosarito and Ensenada. The Paseo Ensenada is a popular place for meeting and passing free time, and where major commercial centres and businesses are located. Plaza Coronado, which is located at the beginning of Paseo Ensenada, is the major entertainment centre, where mainly young people gather every day to spend free time. Water sports such as surfing, bodyboarding, and kayaking are available. The The Monumentall bullfighting ring of Tijuana[1] is located here as well as the Tijuana-campus of the Universidad Iberoamericana[2].

Playas de Tijuana has its own Arts & Culture House, which has many local and artistic offers, such a ballet school, a drawing school, painting school, dancing school, and many others. The Arts & Culture House is located inside the complex where the local government building is, and also inside the complex there is another smaller bullfight ring, known as the Cortijo San Jose, which sometimes hosts rodeo shows. Along with the administration buildings, the House, and the Cortijo, there is a civic square where every september 15 is held the independence celebration.

Federal Highway 1-D starts just south of this borough towards Rosarito and Ensenada.

Residential services

Park Towers Tower I and Tower II under construction
TRW building in Playas

Playas de Tijuana has a good offer of hotels, residences, and places to live, either temporarily or permanently. Such places include the Park Towers[3], the Real del Mar residential development (which includes within a Residence Inn by Marriott)[4], the Playas Diamante residential[5], La Perla Tijuana[6], La Cuspide Residencial[7], the Puesta del Sol[8] residential, Template:Es AQUA Residential,and many other places.

Playas has been recently experiencing mid/high-rise building growth. The 27-storey high Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico is being built in Playas de Tijuana, along with the 17-storey high Park Towers complex, with four towers proyected. Many other low-rise buildings, ranging from 5+ storeys are found throughout Playas.

Transportation

Main article: Tijuana § Local transportation

Playas, as it is the westermost and thus the last portion in Tijuana, is linked to the rest of the city by the following two Azul y Blanco bus routes:

  • Playas 1-Soler-Centro-Correo-Plaza Rio-Palacio-Postal (runs along one of Playas's main avenues, Paseo Ensenada)
  • Playas 2-Soler-Centro-Linea-Palacio-Hospital-Buena Vista-Central Camionera (runs along one of Playas's main avenues, Paseo Pedregal)

Playas is also linked to the rest of the city served by the following three fixed-route taxi lines:

  • Playas 1 (similar to Azul y Blanco bus route 1)
  • Playas 2 (similar to Azul y Blanco bus route 2)
  • Playas 3 (reduced frequencies)

References

  1. ^ Plaza Monumental
  2. ^ Universidad Iberoamericana.
  3. ^ Park Towers.
  4. ^ Residence Inn by Marriott - Real del Mar.
  5. ^ Playas Diamante.
  6. ^ La Perla Tijuana.
  7. ^ Template:Es La Cuspide Residencial.
  8. ^ Puesta del Sol.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryogenics&oldid=244491791"