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{{Short description|1918 multi-role combat aircraft family by the Engineering Division, US Army Air Service}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name=LUSAC-11
|name= LUSAC-11
|image=Image:PACKARD-LePERE LUSAC 11.JPG
|image= File:PACKARD-LePERE LUSAC 11.JPG
|caption=The LUSAC-11 which broke the [[Flight altitude record|World altitude record]] in 1928
|caption=The LUSAC-11 which broke the [[Flight altitude record|World altitude record]] in 1920 and 1921
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type=[[Fighter aircraft]]
|type=[[Fighter aircraft]]
Line 16: Line 17:
|}
|}


The '''LUSAC-11''' ('''L'''epère '''U'''nited '''S'''tates '''A'''rmy '''C'''ombat) was an early [[United States|American]] two-seat [[fighter aircraft]]. It was a French design, commissioned and built in the United States during [[World War I]] and ordered in large numbers by the [[United States Army Air Corps]], but these were cancelled at the end of the war and only thirty were built. The type was used for experimental purposes, setting several altitude records during the 1920s.
The '''LUSAC-11''' ("Lepère United States Army Combat") was an early American two-seat [[fighter aircraft]]. It was a French design, commissioned and built in the United States during [[World War I]] and ordered in large numbers by the [[United States Army Air Corps]], but these were cancelled at the end of the war, and only 30 were built. The type was used for experimental purposes, setting several altitude records during the 1920s.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
Line 22: Line 23:
When the U.S. entered [[World War I]], the [[Army Signal Corps|Signal Corps]] had just 55 aircraft,<ref name="Ill p1782">Fitzsimons 1978, p.1782.</ref> none fit for combat. The [[American Expeditionary Force]] was equipped with [[France|French]] types,<ref name="Ill p1782"/> and the LUSAC was part of a plan to build French designs in the U.S.
When the U.S. entered [[World War I]], the [[Army Signal Corps|Signal Corps]] had just 55 aircraft,<ref name="Ill p1782">Fitzsimons 1978, p.1782.</ref> none fit for combat. The [[American Expeditionary Force]] was equipped with [[France|French]] types,<ref name="Ill p1782"/> and the LUSAC was part of a plan to build French designs in the U.S.


Georges Lepère,<ref name="Ill p1783">Fitzsimons 1978, p. 1783.</ref> a member of the French Aeronautical Mission to the United States, was tasked by the [[Engineering Division]] of the [[United States Army Air Service]] to design a two-seat escort fighter.<ref name="Amfightp195"/> His design was a two-[[interplane strut|bay]] [[biplane]] with upper and lower wings of equal [[wingspan|span]] with forward [[stagger (aviation)|stagger]]. It was of wood and fabric construction, with the fuselage consisting of a wooden [[box girder]] with [[plywood]] covering. It was powered by a 425 hp (317 kW) [[Liberty L-12]] engine cooled by a radiator faired into the upper wing. Armament was two .30&nbsp;inch (7.62&nbsp;mm) machine guns [[Interrupter gear|synchronized]] to fire through the propeller, with two [[Lewis gun]]s flexibly mounted on a [[Scarff ring]] at the observer's cockpit.<ref name="Owers p49">Owers 1993, p. 49.</ref>
[[Georges Lepère]],<ref name="Ill p1783">Fitzsimons 1978, p. 1783.</ref> a member of the French Aeronautical Mission to the United States, was tasked by the [[Engineering Division]] of the [[United States Army Air Service]] to design a two-seat [[escort fighter]].<ref name="Amfightp195"/> His design was a two-[[interplane strut|bay]] [[biplane]] with upper and lower wings of equal [[wingspan|span]] with forward [[stagger (aviation)|stagger]]. It was of wood and fabric construction, with the fuselage consisting of a wooden [[box girder]] with [[plywood]] covering. It was powered by a 425&nbsp;hp (317&nbsp;kW) [[Liberty L-12]] engine cooled by a radiator faired into the upper wing. Armament was two .30&nbsp;inch (7.62&nbsp;mm) machine guns [[synchronization gear|synchronized]] to fire through the propeller, with two [[Lewis gun]]s flexibly mounted on a [[Scarff ring]] at the observer's cockpit.<ref name="Owers p49">Owers 1993, p. 49.</ref>


Large orders for the new design were placed, with [[Packard]], [[Brewster & Co.]], and the [[Fisher Body|Fisher Body Corporation]], a total of 3,525 ordered. The first prototype made its maiden flight at [[McCook Field]], [[Dayton, Ohio]], on 15 May 1918. Despite a forced landing due to fuel starvation on its first flight, testing proved successful, with speeds of 136&nbsp;mph (219&nbsp;km/h) being reached.<ref name="Owersp49-0">Owers 1993, pp. 49–50.</ref> Only two prototypes and 25 production aircraft (by Packard) were completed by the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]] that marked the end of World War I, and led to mass cancellation of outstanding orders for the LUSAC-11.<ref name="Owersp50"/>
Large orders for the new design were placed, with [[Packard]], [[Brewster & Co.]], and the [[Fisher Body|Fisher Body Corporation]], a total of 3,525 ordered. The first prototype made its maiden flight at [[McCook Field]], [[Dayton, Ohio]], on 15 May 1918. Despite a forced landing due to fuel starvation on its first flight, testing proved successful, with speeds of 136&nbsp;mph (219&nbsp;km/h) being reached.<ref name="Owersp49-0">Owers 1993, pp. 49–50.</ref> Only two prototypes and 25 production aircraft (by Packard) were completed by the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]] that marked the end of World War I, and led to mass cancellation of outstanding orders for the LUSAC-11.<ref name="Owersp50"/>


Three additional aircraft were completed with 420 hp (317 kW) [[Bugatti]] [[Bugatti U-16|16]] engines as '''LUSAC-21'''s. These were delivered in August 1919.
Three additional aircraft were completed with 420&nbsp;hp (317&nbsp;kW) [[Bugatti]] [[Bugatti U-16|16]] engines as '''LUSAC-21'''s. These were delivered in August 1919.


In addition, three [[strafing|strafer]] aircraft were built, as LUSAGH ('''L'''e Peré '''U'''nited '''S'''tates '''A'''rmy '''G'''round '''H'''arassment), two with Bugatti engines ('''LUSAGH-21'''), one a Liberty ('''LUSAGH-11'''). There was also an experimental LUSAC-11 [[triplane]], the LUSAO-11 ('''L'''e Pere '''U'''nited '''S'''tates '''A'''rmy '''O'''bservation), which used two Liberty L-12As.
In addition, three [[strafing|strafer]] aircraft were built, as LUSAGH (Le Père United States Army Ground Harassment"), one with Bugatti engine ('''LUSAGH-21'''), two with Liberty engines ('''LUSAGH-11'''). There was also an experimental [[triplane]], the LUSAO-11 ("Le Père United States Army Observation), which used two Liberty L-12As.


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
[[File:PACKARD-LePERE LUSAC 11 - 2.JPG|thumb|LUSAC-11 record-setter over [[McCook Field]].]]
[[File:PACKARD-LePERE LUSAC 11 - 2.JPG|thumb|LUSAC-11 record-setter over [[McCook Field]].]]
Two LUSAC-11s were sent to France for evaluation by the Army Air Service just before the end of the War, which resulted in the type being considered unsuitable for combat. A further aircraft sent for evaluation by the French ''[[History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)#World War I (1914–1918)|Aéronautique Militaire]]''.<ref name="Owersp50"/>
Two LUSAC-11s were sent to France for evaluation by the Army Air Service just before the end of the War, which resulted in the type being considered unsuitable for combat. A further aircraft was sent for evaluation by the French ''[[History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)#World War I (1914–1918)|Aéronautique Militaire]]''.<ref name="Owersp50"/>


The LUSACs saw no squadron service, being used as liaison aircraft by US Military attaches in Europe, and for trials work in the United States.<ref name="Owersp50"/> One LUSAC-11, fitted with one of the first [[turbocharger]]s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bilstein|first=Roger|title=Flight Patterns: Trends of Aeronautical Development in the United States, 1918-1929|isbn=0-8203-3214-3|pages=108–109|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5WuLaGcMogoC&lpg=PA108&dq=sanford%20moss&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> flown by [[Major]] [[Rudolf Schroeder]] made an attempt on the world altitude record on 27 February 1920. Schroeder's [[oxygen]] supply failed during the attempt, causing the pilot to pass-out, only regaining consciousness close to the ground. He was hospitalized after the near disaster. Nevertheless, the aircraft had reached height of 33,113&nbsp;feet (10,099&nbsp;m), a new world record.<ref name="Owersp51">Owers 1993, p. 51.</ref><ref>''Flight'' 4 March 1920, p. 265.</ref><ref>''Flight'' 16 December 1920, p. 1274.</ref> The same aircraft was flown to a height of 34,508&nbsp;ft (10,518&nbsp;m) on 28 September 1921 by [[Lieutenant]] [[John A. Macready]],<ref name="Amfightp195"/> for which he won the [[Mackay Trophy]]. The record held for almost two years.<ref>''Flight'' 7 February 1924, p. 75.</ref>
The LUSACs saw no squadron service, being used as liaison aircraft by US Military attaches in Europe, and for trials work in the United States.<ref name="Owersp50"/> One LUSAC-11, fitted with one of the first [[turbocharger]]s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bilstein|first=Roger|title=Flight Patterns: Trends of Aeronautical Development in the United States, 1918–1929|date=December 2008|isbn=978-0-8203-3214-7|pages=108–109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WuLaGcMogoC&q=sanford%20moss&pg=PA108}}</ref> flown by [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Rudolph William Schroeder]] ([[:de:Rudolph William Schroeder|de]]) made an attempt for the world altitude record on 27 February 1920. Schroeder's [[oxygen]] supply failed during the attempt, causing the pilot to pass out, only regaining consciousness close to the ground. He was hospitalized after the near-disaster. Nevertheless, the aircraft had reached a height of 33,113&nbsp;feet (10,099&nbsp;m), a new world record.<ref name="Owersp51">Owers 1993, p. 51.</ref><ref>''Flight'' 4 March 1920, p. 265.</ref><ref>''Flight'' 16 December 1920, p. 1274.</ref> The same aircraft was flown to a height of 34,508&nbsp;ft (10,518&nbsp;m) on 28 September 1921 by [[Lieutenant]] [[John A. Macready]],<ref name="Amfightp195"/> for which he won the [[Mackay Trophy]]. The record held for almost two years.<ref>''Flight'' 7 February 1924, p. 75.</ref>


==Surviving aircraft==
==Survivors==
A single LUSAC-11 survives today, preserved at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=325 "Factsheets:Packard LePere LUSAC 11"]. ''National Museum of the US Air Force''. Retrieved 5 December 2010.</ref>
A single LUSAC-11 survives today, preserved at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404182732/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=325 "Factsheets:Packard LePere LUSAC 11"]. National Museum of the US Air Force. Retrieved 16 July 2017.</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
;{{USA}}
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Army Air Service]]
* [[United States Army Air Service]]


==Specifications (LUSAC-11)==
==Specifications (LUSAC-11)==
{{Aircraft specs
{{aircraft specifications
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200265.html "An American Height Record"]. ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'' 4 March 1920, p. 265.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200265.html "An American Height Record"]. ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'' 4 March 1920, p.&nbsp;265.
* Angelucci, Enzo and [[Peter M. Bowers]]. ''The American Fighter''. Sparkford, UK:Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. ISBN 0-85429-635-2.
* Angelucci, Enzo and [[Peter M. Bowers]]. ''The American Fighter''. Sparkford, UK:Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85429-635-2}}.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200073.html?tracked=1 "Eighteen Years of World's Records"]. ''Flight'', 7 February 1924, pp. 73–75.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200073.html?tracked=1 "Eighteen Years of World's Records"]. ''Flight'', 7 February 1924, pp.&nbsp;73–75.
* Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "LUSAC-11, Packard-Le Peré". ''Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare''. Volume 16, p.1782-3. London: Phoebus, 1978.
* Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "LUSAC-11, Packard-Le Peré". ''Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare''. Volume 16, p.&nbsp;1782-3. London: Phoebus, 1978.
* Owers, Colin. "Stop-Gap Fighter:The LUSAC Series". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Fifty, May to July 1993. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 49–51.
* Owers, Colin. "Stop-Gap Fighter:The LUSAC Series". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Fifty, May to July 1993. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. pp.&nbsp;49–51.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%201272.html "The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members"]. ''Flight'' 16 December 1920.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%201272.html "The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members"]. ''Flight'' 16 December 1920.

{{commons|LUSAC-11}}


{{Engineering Division aircraft}}
{{Engineering Division aircraft}}
{{Aviation lists}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Packard-Le Pere LUSAC-11}}
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:United States fighter aircraft 1910–1919]]
[[Category:1910s United States fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Engineering Division aircraft]]
[[Category:Engineering Division aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1918]]

Latest revision as of 04:58, 11 December 2023

LUSAC-11
The LUSAC-11 which broke the World altitude record in 1920 and 1921
Role Fighter aircraft
National origin United States of America
Manufacturer Engineering Division/Packard
Designer Georges Lepère
First flight 15 May 1918
Primary user United States Army Air Service
Number built 30
Developed into Waterman 3-L-400

The LUSAC-11 ("Lepère United States Army Combat") was an early American two-seat fighter aircraft. It was a French design, commissioned and built in the United States during World War I and ordered in large numbers by the United States Army Air Corps, but these were cancelled at the end of the war, and only 30 were built. The type was used for experimental purposes, setting several altitude records during the 1920s.

Design and development[edit]

When the U.S. entered World War I, the Signal Corps had just 55 aircraft,[1] none fit for combat. The American Expeditionary Force was equipped with French types,[1] and the LUSAC was part of a plan to build French designs in the U.S.

Georges Lepère,[2] a member of the French Aeronautical Mission to the United States, was tasked by the Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Service to design a two-seat escort fighter.[3] His design was a two-bay biplane with upper and lower wings of equal span with forward stagger. It was of wood and fabric construction, with the fuselage consisting of a wooden box girder with plywood covering. It was powered by a 425 hp (317 kW) Liberty L-12 engine cooled by a radiator faired into the upper wing. Armament was two .30 inch (7.62 mm) machine guns synchronized to fire through the propeller, with two Lewis guns flexibly mounted on a Scarff ring at the observer's cockpit.[4]

Large orders for the new design were placed, with Packard, Brewster & Co., and the Fisher Body Corporation, a total of 3,525 ordered. The first prototype made its maiden flight at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, on 15 May 1918. Despite a forced landing due to fuel starvation on its first flight, testing proved successful, with speeds of 136 mph (219 km/h) being reached.[5] Only two prototypes and 25 production aircraft (by Packard) were completed by the Armistice that marked the end of World War I, and led to mass cancellation of outstanding orders for the LUSAC-11.[6]

Three additional aircraft were completed with 420 hp (317 kW) Bugatti 16 engines as LUSAC-21s. These were delivered in August 1919.

In addition, three strafer aircraft were built, as LUSAGH (Le Père United States Army Ground Harassment"), one with Bugatti engine (LUSAGH-21), two with Liberty engines (LUSAGH-11). There was also an experimental triplane, the LUSAO-11 ("Le Père United States Army Observation), which used two Liberty L-12As.

Operational history[edit]

LUSAC-11 record-setter over McCook Field.

Two LUSAC-11s were sent to France for evaluation by the Army Air Service just before the end of the War, which resulted in the type being considered unsuitable for combat. A further aircraft was sent for evaluation by the French Aéronautique Militaire.[6]

The LUSACs saw no squadron service, being used as liaison aircraft by US Military attaches in Europe, and for trials work in the United States.[6] One LUSAC-11, fitted with one of the first turbochargers,[7] flown by Major Rudolph William Schroeder (de) made an attempt for the world altitude record on 27 February 1920. Schroeder's oxygen supply failed during the attempt, causing the pilot to pass out, only regaining consciousness close to the ground. He was hospitalized after the near-disaster. Nevertheless, the aircraft had reached a height of 33,113 feet (10,099 m), a new world record.[8][9][10] The same aircraft was flown to a height of 34,508 ft (10,518 m) on 28 September 1921 by Lieutenant John A. Macready,[3] for which he won the Mackay Trophy. The record held for almost two years.[11]

Surviving aircraft[edit]

A single LUSAC-11 survives today, preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.[12]

Operators[edit]

 United States

Specifications (LUSAC-11)[edit]

Data from The American Fighter[3]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)
  • Wingspan: 41 ft 7 in (12.67 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 7 in (3.23 m)
  • Wing area: 415.6 sq ft (38.61 m2)
  • Empty weight: 2,561 lb (1,162 kg)
  • Gross weight: 3,746 lb (1,699 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 73 US gal (61 imp gal; 280 L)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Liberty L-12 liquid-cooled V12 engine, 425 hp (317 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 133 mph (214 km/h, 116 kn) at sea level
  • Cruise speed: 118 mph (190 km/h, 103 kn)
  • Range: 320 mi (510 km, 280 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 20,200 ft (6,200 m)
  • Time to altitude: 6 min to 6,500 ft (1,980 m)

Armament

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Packard-Le Père LUSAC-11.
  1. ^ a b Fitzsimons 1978, p.1782.
  2. ^ Fitzsimons 1978, p. 1783.
  3. ^ a b c Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 195.
  4. ^ Owers 1993, p. 49.
  5. ^ Owers 1993, pp. 49–50.
  6. ^ a b c d Owers 1993, p. 50.
  7. ^ Bilstein, Roger (December 2008). Flight Patterns: Trends of Aeronautical Development in the United States, 1918–1929. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8203-3214-7.
  8. ^ Owers 1993, p. 51.
  9. ^ Flight 4 March 1920, p. 265.
  10. ^ Flight 16 December 1920, p. 1274.
  11. ^ Flight 7 February 1924, p. 75.
  12. ^ "Factsheets:Packard LePere LUSAC 11". National Museum of the US Air Force. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
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