Particulates and Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium (Zagreb): Difference between pages

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[[Image:Nadbiskupska klasična gimnazija Zagreb.jpg|thumb|right|The gymnasium, looking from Voćarska Road]]
'''Particulates''', alternatively referred to as '''particulate matter (PM)''' or '''fine particles''', are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, '''[[aerosol]]''' refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from [[volcano]]es, [[dust storm]]s, [[forest fire|forest]] and [[grassland]] fires, living vegetation, and [[sea spray]]. Human activities, such as the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s in vehicles, [[Power station|power plants]] and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, ''anthropogenic'' aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as [[heart disease]], altered lung function and [[lung cancer]].
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[[Image:Zvjezdarnica Sjemeništa Šalata Zagreb.jpg|thumb|right|The [[observatory]]]]
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The '''Archdiocesan Classic Gymnasium''' ({{lang-hr|Nadbiskupska klasična gimnazija s pravom javnosti}}, often referred to by the [[abbreviation]] '''NKG''') is a [[Catholic]] [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] located on 106 Voćarska Road in the neighborhood of [[Šalata]] in [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]]. The school implements a program highlighting the [[classical antiquity|classical]] culture and [[history]], having students learn the [[Latin]] and the [[Ancient Greek]] languages. The gymnasium promotes Catholicism and serves as a public [[preparatory school]] for the Interdiocesan Boys' Seminary, a seminary for future [[Catholic priest]]s located in the same building complex.


==Scale classification==
== History ==
Among the most common categorizations imposed on particulates are those with respect to size, referred to as fractions. As particles are often non-spherical (for example, [[Asbestos fibers]]), there are many definitions of [[Particle size (general)|particle size]].
The most widely used definition is the ''[[aerodynamic diameter]]''. A particle with an [[aerodynamic diameter]] of 10 [[micrometer]]s moves in a gas like a sphere of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 [[micrometer]]s.
PM diameters range from less than 10 [[nanometer]]s to more than 100 [[micrometer]]s. These dimensions represent the continuum from a few [[molecule]]s up to the size where particles can no longer be carried by a gas.


The gymnasium was the successor to the Archdiocesan [[Lyceum]]. The Lyceum was founded in 1854 as a part of the Theology seminary. The school was founded in 1922 as the Archdiocesan Grand Gymnasium ({{lang-hr|Nadbiskupska velika gimnazija}}), a boys-only gymnasium. In 1931 its name was changed to the name it bears today. In 1948 the [[communist]] regime of [[Josip Broz Tito]] denied official recognition to the school due to its religious ties. The school didn't stop operating, though. A military hospital was built nearby on the same [[lot (real estate)|lot]]. In 1989 the hospital was moved to a new complex on the [[Gojko Šušak Avenue]] in [[Dubrava, Zagreb|Dubrava]]. Following the Croatian [[declaration of independence]] in 1991, the school was again officially recognized. From 2003 girls are allowed to enroll the school, which has previously been boys-only. This diffused its previous religious role as a place to educate future priests and [[deacon]]s, although Catholicism and devotion to God is still strongly encouraged.
The notation PM<sub>10</sub> is used to describe particles of 10 micrometers or less and PM<sub>2.5</sub> represents particles less than 2.5 micrometers in [[aerodynamic diameter]]. <ref name="epa-gloss-p">{{cite web
| url = http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/pterms.html
| title = "Glossary: P"
| accessdate = 2007-11-04
| accessdaymonth =
| accessmonthday =
| accessyear =
| author =
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors = US EPA
| date =
| year =
| month =
| format =
| work = "Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms; "
| publisher = US EPA
| pages =
| language =
| doi =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}} </ref>.


== Observatory ==
But because no sampler is perfect in the sense that no particle larger than its [[cutoff]] diameter passes the inlet, all reference methods allow a high margin of error.
These are also sometimes referred to with other equivalent numeric values. Everything below 100&nbsp;nm, down to the size of individual molecules is classified as '''[[ultrafine particles]] (UFP or UP)'''<ref name="umn-pubh5103">{{cite web
| url = http://enhs.umn.edu/5103/particles/character.html
| title = "A Review of the Measurement, Emission, Particle Characteristics and Potential Human Health Impacts of Ultrafine Particles: Characterization of Ultrafine Particles"
| accessdate = 2007-11-03
| accessdaymonth =
| accessmonthday =
| accessyear =
| author =
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Thomas P. Brunshidle, Brian Konowalchuk, Ismail Nabeel, James E. Sullivan
| date =
| year = 2003
| month =
| format =
| work = PubH 5103; Exposure to Environmental Hazards; Fall Semester 2003 course material
| publisher = University of Minnesota
| pages =
| language =
| doi =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
}} </ref>.


The gymnasium is known in [[Croatia]] for having a school [[observatory]].<ref name=vidi_web>{{cite web
{| border=1 style="text-align:center" cellpadding="2" align="center"
| url = http://www.vidi.hr/prijava2006/pregled.php3?cat=znanost
|-
| title = VIDI Web Top 100
!width="170pt"| fraction
| accessdate = 2008-08-26
!width="100pt"| size range
| work = [[VIDI]]
|-
| language = Croatian
| PM<sub>10</sub> (thoracic fraction)
}}</ref> The school routinely publishes articles about celestial objects on its website.<ref name=zvj_članci>{{cite web
| <=10&nbsp;μm
| url = http://www.nkg-zagreb.hr//index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=16&Itemid=47
|-
| title = Zvjezdarnica > Naša promatranja
| PM<sub>2.5</sub> (respirable fraction)
| accessdate = 2008-08-26
| <=2.5&nbsp;μm
| language = Croatian
|-
}}</ref> The school website also displays a list of objects in the [[Messier catalogue]].<ref name=zvj_messier>{{cite web
| PM<sub>1</sub>
| url = http://www.nkg-zagreb.hr//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=253&Itemid=80
| <=1&nbsp;μm
| title = Messierov katalog
|-
| accessdate = 2008-08-26
| Ultrafine (UFP or UP)
| language = Croatian
| <=0.1&nbsp;μm
}}</ref> The observatory building sports the [[Croatian coat of arms]] on its northern side, one of the rare Croatian signs that weren't taken down during the anti-nationalistic [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|communist rule of Croatia]].<ref name=zvj_grb>{{cite web
|-
| url = http://www.glas-koncila.hr/rubrike_izdvojeno.html?news_ID=1955
| PM<sub>10</sub>-PM<sub>2.5</sub> (coarse fraction)
| title = Otišli smo posvjedočiti u svijet ono što smo ovdje naučili
| 2.5&nbsp;μm - 10&nbsp;μm
| date = 2004-10-17
|-
| accessdate = 2008-08-26
|}
| work = [[Glas Koncila]]

| language = Croatian
Note that PM<sub>10</sub>-PM<sub>2.5</sub> is the difference of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>, so that it only includes the coarse fraction of PM<sub>10</sub>.
}}</ref>

These are the formal definitions. Depending on the context, alternative definitions may be applied. In some specialized settings, each fraction may exclude the fractions of lesser scale, so that PM<sub>10</sub> excludes particles in a smaller size range, e.g. PM<sub>2.5</sub>, usually reported separately in the same work <ref name="umn-pubh5103"/>. Such a case is sometimes emphasized with the difference notation, e.g. PM<sub>10</sub>-PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Other exceptions may be similarly specified. This is useful when not only the upper bound of a fraction is relevant to a discussion. The facts that some particle size ranges require greater filter strength and the smallest ones can outstrip the body's ability to keep them out of cells both serve to guide understanding of related public policy, environment, and health topics.

==Sources==
[[Image:Aerosol-India.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Aerosol pollution over Northern India and Bangladesh - Photo: [http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?10980 NASA]]]
There are both natural and human sources of atmospheric particulates. The biggest natural sources are [[dust]], volcanoes, and forest fires. Sea spray is also a large source of particles though most of these fall back to the ocean close to where they were emitted. The biggest human sources of particles are combustion sources, mainly the burning of fuels in [[internal combustion engine]]s in [[automobile]]s and [[power plant]]s, and wind blown dust from [[construction]] sites and other land areas where the water or vegetation has been removed. Some of these particles are emitted directly to the atmosphere (''primary [[Emission standard|emissions]]'') and some are emitted
as gases and form particles in the atmosphere (''secondary emissions'').

==Composition==

The composition of aerosol particles depends on their source.
Wind-blown [[mineral dust]] [http://grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/168.htm#5221] tends to be made of mineral [[oxide]]s and other material blown from the [[Earth's crust]]; this aerosol is [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|light-absorbing]]. Sea salt [http://grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/169.htm#5222] is considered the second-largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, and consists mainly of [[sodium chloride]] originated from [[sea spray]]; other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the composition of [[sea water]], and thus include [[magnesium]],
[[sulfate]], [[calcium]], [[potassium]], etc. In addition, sea spray aerosols may contain organic compounds, which influence their chemistry. Sea salt does not [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorb]].

Secondary particles derive from the [[oxidation]] of primary gases such as [[sulfur oxide|sulfur]] and [[nitrogen oxide]]s into [[sulfuric acid]] (liquid) and [[nitric acid]] (gaseous). The precursors for these aerosols—i.e. the gases from which they originate—may have an anthropogenic origin (from fossil fuel [[combustion]]) and a natural [[biogenic]] origin. In the presence of [[ammonia]], secondary aerosols often take the form of [[ammonium]] salts; i.e. [[ammonium sulfate]] and [[ammonium nitrate]] (both can be dry or in aqueous [[solution]]); in the absence of ammonia, secondary compounds take an [[acid]]ic form as sulfuric acid (liquid aerosol droplets) and nitric acid (atmospheric gas). Secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols are strong [[scattering|light-scatterers]]. [http://grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/172.htm#5226] This is mainly because the presence of sulfate and nitrate causes the aerosols to increase to a size that scatters light effectively.

[[Organic compound|Organic matter]] (OM) can be either primary or secondary, the latter part deriving from the oxidation of [[VOCs]]; organic material in the atmosphere may either be biogenic or [[anthropogenic]]. Organic matter influences the atmospheric [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]] field by both [[scattering]] and [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]]. Another important aerosol type is constitude of [[soot|elemental carbon]] (EC, also known as ''[[black carbon]]'', BC): this aerosol type includes strongly light-absorbing material and is thought to
yield large positive [[radiative forcing]]. Organic matter and elemental carbon together constitute the [[carbonaceous]] fraction of aerosols.ii[http://grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/170.htm]

The chemical composition of the aerosol directly affects how it interacts with solar radiation. The chemical constituents within the aerosol change the overall [[refractive index]]. The refractive index will determine how much light is scattered and absorbed.

==Removal processes==

In general, the smaller and lighter a particle is, the longer it will stay in the air. Larger particles (greater than 10 micrometers in diameter) tend to settle to the ground by gravity in a matter of hours whereas the smallest particles (less than 1 micrometer) can stay in the atmosphere for weeks and are mostly removed by [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]].

== Radiative forcing from aerosols ==
[[Image:Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission.png|thumb|350px|Solar radiation reduction due to volcanic eruptions]]
Aerosols, natural and [[anthropogenic]], can affect the climate by changing the way [[Electromagnetic radiation|radiation]] is transmitted through the atmosphere. Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], IPCC, says: ''While the radiative forcing due to [[greenhouse gas]]es may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time'' [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/237.htm#678].

A graphic showing the contributions (at 2000, relative to pre-industrial) and uncertainties of various forcings is available [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/wg1figspm-3.htm here].

=== Sulfate aerosol ===
[[Sulfate]] aerosol has two main effects, direct and indirect. The direct effect, via [[albedo]], is to cool the planet: the [[IPCC]]'s best estimate of the [[radiative forcing]] is -0.4 [[watt]]s per square meter with a range of -0.2 to -0.8 W/m² [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/232.htm] but there are substantial uncertainties. The effect varies strongly geographically, with most cooling believed to be at and downwind of major industrial centres. Modern [[climate model]]s attempting to deal with the [[attribution of recent climate change]] need to include sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, [[Cloud condensation nuclei|CCN]], and thereby modifying the cloud properties -albedo and lifetime-) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling.

=== Black carbon ===
[[Black carbon]] (BC), or carbon black, or elemental carbon (EC), often called soot, is composed of pure carbon clusters, skeleton balls and [[Fullerene|buckyballs]], and is one of the most important absorbing aerosol species in the atmosphere. It should be distinguished from organic carbon (OC): clustered or aggregated organic molecules on their own or permeating an EC buckyball. BC from fossil fuels is estimated by the IPCC in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, TAR, to contribute a global mean radiative forcing of +0.2 W/m² (was +0.1 W/m² in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, SAR), with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W/m².

All aerosols both [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorb]] and [[scattering|scatter]] [[solar]] and terrestrial [[radiation]]. If a substance absorbs a significant amount of radiation, as well as scattering, it is called absorbing. This is quantified in the ''Single Scattering Albedo'' (SSA), the ratio of scattering alone to scattering plus absorption (''extinction'') of radiation by a particle. The SSA tends to unity if scattering dominates, with relatively little absorption, and decreases as absorption increases, becoming zero for infinite absorption. For example, sea-salt aerosol has an SSA of 1, as a sea-salt particle only scatters, whereas soot has an SSA of 0.23, showing that it is a major atmospheric aerosol absorber.

==Health effects==<!-- This section is linked from [[Acid rain]] -->

[[Image:Luftguete messstation.jpg|thumb|Air pollution measurement station in [[Emden]], [[Germany]]]]
The effects of inhaling particulate matter has been widely studied in humans and animals and include [[asthma]], [[lung cancer]], cardiovascular issues, and premature [[death]]. The size of the particle is a main determinant of where in the respiratory tract the particle will come to rest when inhaled. Larger particles are generally filtered in the nose and throat and do not cause problems, but particulate matter smaller than about 10 micrometres, referred to as ''PM<sub>10</sub>'', can settle in the bronchi and [[lung]]s and cause health problems. The 10 micrometer size does not represent a strict boundary between respirable and non-respirable particles, but has been agreed upon for monitoring of airborne particulate matter by most regulatory agencies. Similarly, particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres, ''PM<sub>2.5</sub>'', tend to penetrate into the gas-exchange regions of the lung, and very small particles (< 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. In particular, a study published in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' indicates that PM<sub>2.5</sub> leads to high plaque deposits in arteries, causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis &mdash; a hardening of the arteries that reduces elasticity, which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems <ref name="pope">
{{cite journal
| last = Pope
| first = C Arden
| authorlink = C. Arden Pope
| coauthors = et al.
| title = Cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution
| journal = J. Amer. Med. Assoc.
| volume = 287
| issue =
| pages = 1132–1141
| date= 2002
| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/287/9/1132
| doi = 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
| id =
| accessdate =
| pmid = 11879110 }} </ref>. Researchers suggest that even short-term exposure at elevated concentrations could significantly contribute to heart disease.

Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have conducted the largest nationwide study on the acute health effects of coarse particle pollution. Coarse particles are airborne pollutants that fall between 2.5 and 10 micrometres in diameter. <ref>[http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/540721/ Newswise: National Study Examines Health Risks of Coarse Particle Pollution]</ref> The study, published in the May 14, 2008, edition of JAMA, found evidence of an association with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases but no evidence of an association with the number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases. After taking into account fine particle levels, the association with coarse particles remained but was no longer statistically significant.

The smallest particles, less than 100 nanometers ([[nanoparticles]]), may be even more damaging to the cardiovascular system.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=washingtonstory&sid=aBt.yLf.YfOo Bloomberg.com: News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
There is evidence that particles smaller than 100 nanometres can pass through cell membranes and migrate into other organs, including the brain. It has been suggested that particulate matter can cause similar brain damage as that found in [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] patients. Particles emitted from modern [[diesel]] engines (commonly referred to as [[Diesel Particulate Matter]], or DPM) are typically in the size range of 100 nanometres (''0.1 micrometres''). In addition, these [[soot]] particles also carry [[carcinogen]]ic components like [[benzopyrene]]s adsorbed on their surface. It is becoming increasingly clear that the legislative limits for engines, which are in terms of emitted mass, are not a proper measure of the health hazard. One particle of 10 µm diameter has approximately the same mass as 1 million particles of 100 nm diameter, but it is clearly much less hazardous, as it probably never enters the human body - and if it does, it is quickly removed. Proposals for new regulations exist in some countries, with suggestions to limit the particle surface area or the particle number.

The large number of deaths and other health problems associated with particulate pollution was first demonstrated in the early 1970s <ref name="lave">
{{cite journal
| last = Lave
| first = Lester B.
| coauthors = Eugene P. Seskin
| title = An Analysis of the Association Between U.S. Mortality and Air Pollution
| journal = J. Amer. Statistical Association
| volume = 68
| issue =
| pages = 342
| date= 1973
}} </ref> and has been reproduced many times since. PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000-52,000 deaths per year in the United States (from 2000) <ref name="mokdad">
{{cite journal
| last = Mokdad
| first = Ali H.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = et al.
| title = Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
| journal = J. Amer. Med. Assoc.
| volume = 291
| issue = 10
| pages = 1238
| date= 2004
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = }} </ref> and 200,000 deaths per year in [[Europe]].

==Climate effects==
Climate effects can be extremely catastrophic; [[sulfur dioxide]] ejected from the [[eruption]] of [[Huaynaputina]] probably caused the [[Russian famine of 1601 - 1603]], leading to the deaths of two million.

==Regulation==
{{globalize}}
Due to the health effects of particulate matter, maximum standards have been set by various governments. Many [[urban area]]s in the U.S. and Europe still frequently violate the particulate standards, though urban air on these continents has become cleaner, on average, with respect to particulates over the last quarter of the 20th century.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

===United States===
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) sets standards for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in urban air. (See [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]].) EPA regulates primary particulate emissions and precursors to secondary emissions ([[NOx]], [[sulfur]], and [[ammonia]]).

===EU legislation===

In [[European Union directive|directives]] 1999/30/EC and 96/62/EC, the [[European Commission]] has set limits for PM<sub>10</sub> in the air:
{| border=1
|-
!
! Phase 1<br>
from [[1 January]] [[2005]]
! Phase 2¹<br>
from [[1 January]] [[2010]]
|-
||Yearly average
||40 µg/m³
||20 µg/m³
|-
||Daily average (24-hour)<br>
allowed number of exceedences per year.
||50 µg/m³<br>
35
||50 µg/m³<br>
7
|}
¹ indicative value.

== Affected areas ==

{|class="wikitable" align="right"
|-
!colspan=2|Most Polluted World Cities by PM<ref>http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/table3_13.pdf</ref>
|-
!Particulate matter,<br> μg/m<sup>3</sup> (2004)
!City
|-
|169
|[[Cairo, Egypt]]
|-
|150
|[[Delhi, India]]
|-
|128
|[[Kolkata, India]] (Calcutta)
|-
|125
|[[Tianjin, China]]
|-
|123
|[[Chongqing, China]]
|-
|109
|[[Kanpur, India]]
|-
|109
|[[Lucknow, India]]
|-
|104
|[[Jakarta, Indonesia]]
|-
|101
|[[Shenyang, China]]
|}

The most concentrated particulate matter pollution tends to be in densely populated metropolitan areas in developing countries. The primary cause is the burning of fossil fuels by transportation and industrial sources.

[[Image:US-PM2.5-nonattainment-2007-06.png|thumb|left|220px|U.S. counties violating national PM<sub>2.5</sub> standards, roughly correlated with population density.]]
[[Image:US-PM10-nonattainment-2007-06.png|thumb|center|220px|U.S. counties violating national PM<sub>10</sub> standards.]]

{{clear}}

== Aerosol science ==

The field of [[aerosol science]] and technology has grown in response to the need to understand and control natural and manmade aerosols.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


<references />
== Further reading ==
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aerosols/ Article at earthobservatory.nasa.gov describing the possible influence of aerosols on the climate]
* [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/160.htm The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the principal international scientific body on climate change) chapter on atmospheric aerosols and their radiative effects]
* [http://insideepa.com/secure/insider_display.asp?f=epa_2001.ask&docid=142006_links] InsideEPA.com, Study Links Air Toxics To Heart Disease In Mice Amid EPA Controversy
* Preining, Othmar and E. James Davis (eds.), "History of Aerosol Science," Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, ISBN 3700129157 (pbk.)
* G Invernizzi et al., ''Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective''. [http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/13/3/219?ijkey=330b5aea15a8e36fcc2f4208cf99da58d84150f3 Tobacco Control 13, S.219-221] (2004)
* Sheldon K.Friedlander, "Smoke, Dust and Haze".
*JEFF CHARLTON ''Pandemic planning: a review of respirator and mask protection levels.''
* Hinds, William C., ''Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles'', Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0471194107


== See also ==
== External links ==
* [[Adequately wet]]
* [[Aerosol science]]
* [[Air pollution]]
* [[Biological warfare]]
* [[Clouds]]
* [[Criteria air contaminants]]
* [[Deposition (Aerosol physics)|Deposition]]
* [[Diesel particulate matter]]
* [[Dust]]
* [[Fog]]
* [[Global dimming]]
* [[Global warming]]
* [[Global Atmosphere Watch]]
* [[Haze]]
* [[Medical geology]]
* [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]] (USA)
* [[Particulate mask]]
* [[Pea soup#Pea soup fog|"Pea soup" fog]]
* [[Pollution]]
* [[Radiological weapon]]
* [[Respirator]]
* [[Scrubber]]


* [http://www.nkg-zagreb.hr Official site of the school]
== External links ==
* [http://www.skolehr.net/popis_skola/srednja_skola/nadbiskupskaklasicnagimnazijazagreb.php Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium entry on skolehr.net]
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/69.html National Pollutant Inventory - Particulate matter fact sheet]
*WHO-Europe reports: [http://www.who.dk/document/e79097.pdf Health Aspects of Air Pollution (2003)] (PDF) and "[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82790.pdf Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004)] (PDF)
*[http://www.aaar.org American Association for Aerosol Research]
*[http://www.greenfacts.org/air-pollution/particulate-matter-pm/index.htm Particulate Air Pollution]
*[http://www.aerosol-soc.org.uk/history.asp Aerosol Society] - The Development of Aerosol Science in the United Kingdom
*[http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1630007.htm Watch and read 'Dirty Little Secrets'], 2006 Australian science documentary on health effects of fine particle pollution from vehicle exhausts
*[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02786826.asp Aerosol Science and Technology]
* [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/air/out-ext/reg_e.html#2 Canada-Wide Standards]
* [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDATASTA/64199955-1178226923002/21322619/LGDB2007.pdf Little Green Data Book 2007], World Bank. Lists C02 and PM statistics by country.
* [http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20785646~pagePK:64214825~piPK:64214943~theSitePK:469382,00.html Air Pollution in World Cities (PM10 Concentrations)]
*[http://themes.eea.europa.eu/Specific_media/air/indicators/particulates European Environment Agency]


[[Category:Particulates]]
[[Category:Zagreb]]
[[Category:Pollutants]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools]]
[[Category:Visibility]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church in Croatia]]
[[Category:Air pollution]]
[[Category:Gornji Grad - Medveščak]]
[[Category:Schools in Croatia]]


[[hr:Nadbiskupska klasična gimnazija Zagreb]]
[[de:Feinstaub]]
[[fr:Particules en suspension]]
[[ko:미세먼지]]
[[it:Particolato]]
[[nl:Fijn stof]]
[[ja:浮遊粒子状物質]]
[[sk:Pevné častice (emisie)]]
[[fi:Pienhiukkanen]]
[[sv:PM10]]
[[zh:懸浮粒子]]

Revision as of 19:14, 10 October 2008

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The gymnasium, looking from Voćarska Road

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The observatory

Template:FixBunching The Archdiocesan Classic Gymnasium (Croatian: Nadbiskupska klasična gimnazija s pravom javnosti, often referred to by the abbreviation NKG) is a Catholic gymnasium located on 106 Voćarska Road in the neighborhood of Šalata in Zagreb, Croatia. The school implements a program highlighting the classical culture and history, having students learn the Latin and the Ancient Greek languages. The gymnasium promotes Catholicism and serves as a public preparatory school for the Interdiocesan Boys' Seminary, a seminary for future Catholic priests located in the same building complex.

History

The gymnasium was the successor to the Archdiocesan Lyceum. The Lyceum was founded in 1854 as a part of the Theology seminary. The school was founded in 1922 as the Archdiocesan Grand Gymnasium (Croatian: Nadbiskupska velika gimnazija), a boys-only gymnasium. In 1931 its name was changed to the name it bears today. In 1948 the communist regime of Josip Broz Tito denied official recognition to the school due to its religious ties. The school didn't stop operating, though. A military hospital was built nearby on the same lot. In 1989 the hospital was moved to a new complex on the Gojko Šušak Avenue in Dubrava. Following the Croatian declaration of independence in 1991, the school was again officially recognized. From 2003 girls are allowed to enroll the school, which has previously been boys-only. This diffused its previous religious role as a place to educate future priests and deacons, although Catholicism and devotion to God is still strongly encouraged.

Observatory

The gymnasium is known in Croatia for having a school observatory.[1] The school routinely publishes articles about celestial objects on its website.[2] The school website also displays a list of objects in the Messier catalogue.[3] The observatory building sports the Croatian coat of arms on its northern side, one of the rare Croatian signs that weren't taken down during the anti-nationalistic communist rule of Croatia.[4]

References

  1. ^ "VIDI Web Top 100". VIDI (in Croatian). Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  2. ^ "Zvjezdarnica > Naša promatranja" (in Croatian). Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  3. ^ "Messierov katalog" (in Croatian). Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  4. ^ "Otišli smo posvjedočiti u svijet ono što smo ovdje naučili". Glas Koncila (in Croatian). 2004-10-17. Retrieved 2008-08-26.

External links

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