Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four and Björn Envall: Difference between pages

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 10:37, 11 October 2008

Björn Envall , born in 1942, is an automobile designer and was head of the design department at Saab, until his retirement. He started his career at Saab as an apprentice, under Sixten Sason, in the 1960s, especially helping with the design of the Saab 99 and the ill-fated Saab Catherina sports car. In fact, after the failure of that design to be accepted by Saab, he designed (on paper only) a further and progressive two-seater, which was never built.

After a brief spell at Opel (two years), he took over Sason's work at Saab, in 1969. He held this position until 1992. Among his designs are the Saab EV-1, Saab 98, the Saab 99 Combi Coupé, the Saab 900 and the Saab 900 Convertible He also guided the co-operation project with Fiat, that led to the Saab 9000. He made the original drawings of the 'new generation' Saab 900, in 1988, before the involvement of General Motors in the company. Envall proved himself capable of producing excellent design work, with modest resources.

This automobile biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+'''Björn Envall''' , born in 1942, is an [[automobile design]]er and was head of the design department at [[Saab Automobile|Saab]], until his retirement. He started his career at Saab as an apprentice, under [[Sixten Sason]], in the 1960s, especially helping with the design of the [[Saab 99]] and the ill-fated [[Saab Catherina]] sports car. In fact, after the failure of that design to be accepted by Saab, he designed (on paper only) a further and progressive two-seater, which was never built.
-[[Image:1984_fictious_world_map_v2_quad.svg|thumb|right|350px|Oceania is pink, Eurasia is orange and Eastasia is green on the fictitious 1984 world map; the "disputed area" rests roughly between the dotted lines. '''Note:''' At the end of the novel, there are news reports that Oceania has captured all of Africa, though as propaganda, the credibility of the reports is uncertain.]]
-'''Oceania''', '''Eurasia''' and '''Eastasia''' are the three [[superstates]] in [[George Orwell]]'s [[novel]] ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''.
+After a brief spell at [[Opel]] (two years), he took over Sason's work at Saab, in 1969. He held this position until 1992. Among his designs are the [[Saab EV-1]], [[Saab 98]], the Saab 99 [[Combi coupé|Combi Coupé]], the [[Saab 900]] and the Saab 900 [[Saab 900#convertible|Convertible]] He also guided the co-operation project with [[Fiat]], that led to the [[Saab 9000]]. He made the original drawings of the 'new generation' [[Saab 900 (NG)|Saab 900]], in 1988, before the involvement of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] in the company. Envall proved himself capable of producing excellent design work, with modest resources.
-== Oceania ==
+[[Category:Automobile designers|Envall, Björn]]
-Oceania is the location of the novel's version of [[London]], where [[Winston Smith]], the main character, lives.  It is apparently composed of the [[Americas]], the [[British Isles]] (called ''[[Airstrip One]]'' in the novel), [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[southern Africa]] below the [[River Congo]]. It also controls - to different degrees and at various times during the course of its eternal war with either Eurasia or Eastasia — the polar regions, [[India]] and the [[Oceania|islands of the Pacific]]. It is described in [[Goldstein's book|''The Theory and Practice Of Oligarchical Collectivism'']] by [[Emmanuel Goldstein]], Oceania's declared Public Enemy Number One, as resulting from the merging of the [[British Empire]] and the [[United States]]. Goldstein's book also states that Oceania's primary natural defence is the sea surrounding it. This may be the reason why the Party highlights the [[Floating Fortress]]es.
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Envall, Bjorn}}
-It occasionally conquers the rest of [[Africa]], but is later driven back by Eurasia. Oceania lacks a single capital, although what could be seen as regional capitals such as [[London]] and apparently [[New York City]] are in place.
+{{automobile-bio-stub}}
+[[ja:ビョルン・エンヴァール]]
-The ruling doctrine of Oceania is [[Ingsoc]], the [[Newspeak]] term for [[England|English]] [[Socialism]], which is ultimately devoted to the naked exercise of power. Its nominal leader is [[Big Brother (1984)|Big Brother]], who is believed by the masses to have been the leader of the revolution, but may now be dead (used as a figurehead by the party), or he may have never existed.  The [[Cult of personality|personality cult]] is maintained through Big Brother's function as a focal point for love, fear, and reverence, emotions which are more easily felt towards an individual than towards an organization.
+[[sv:Björn Envall]]
-The [[lingua franca|unofficial language]] of Oceania is English (officially [[Oldspeak]]) and the official language is [[Newspeak]]. The restructuring of the language is intended to ultimately eliminate even the possibility of unorthodox political and social thought, by eliminating the words needed to express it.
-The society of Oceania is sharply stratified into three groups, the small power-seeking [[Inner Party]], the more numerous and highly indoctrinated [[Outer Party]], and the large body of politically meaningless and mindless [[Proles]]. Except for certain rare exceptions like [[Hate week|Hate Week]], the proles remain essentially outside Oceania's political control.
-Oceania's [[national anthem]] is ''Oceania, Tis For Thee'' which, in one of the three film versions of the book, takes the form of a [[crescendo]] of [[organ (instrument)|organ]] music along with operatic lyrics. The lyrics are sung in [[English language|English]], and the song is reminiscent of ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' and ''[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]''.
-== Eurasia ==
-It is implied that Eurasia was formed when the [[Soviet Union]] absorbed the rest of [[continental Europe]].  The ruling ideology of Eurasia is reported in the book to be "Neo-[[Bolshevism]]," a term that is not clearly defined but which presumably refers to the dominance of Soviet-style government after its absorption of Europe.
-According to Goldstein's book, Eurasia's main natural defence is its vast landspaces.
-== Eastasia ==
-Eastasia's borders are not as clearly defined as the other two superstates, but it is known that they at least comprise most of modern day [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]] as well as fluctuating areas of [[Manchuria]], [[Mongolia]] and [[Tibet]]. Its political ideology is, according to the novel, "called by a Chinese name usually translated as [[culture of death|Death-worship]], but perhaps better rendered as 'Obliteration of the Self'."
-Not much information about Eastasia is given in the book. It is known that it is the newest and smallest of the three superstates. According to [[Goldstein's book]], it emerged a decade after the establishment of the other two superstates, placing it somewhere in the 1960s, after years of fighting among its predecessor nations. It is also said in the book that the industriousness and fecundity of the people of Eastasia allows them to overcome their inadequacies in comparison the other two states.
-== Disputed Area ==
-The "disputed area", which lies "between the frontiers of the super-states", is "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at [[Tangier]], [[Brazzaville]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], and [[Hong Kong]]".<ref name="Part II, Ch. 9"/>  This area is fought over during the [[perpetual war]] between the three great powers, with one power sometimes exerting control over vast swaths of the disputed territory, only to lose it again the next time the alliances switch.
-== International relations ==
-The world of ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' exists in a state of perpetual war between the three major powers.  At any given time, two of the three states are aligned against the third; however, as Goldstein's book points out, each Superstate is so powerful that even an alliance of the other two against it cannot destroy it, resulting in a continuing stalemate.  From time to time, one of the states betrays its ally and sides with its former enemy.  In Oceania, when this occurs, the [[Ministry of Truth]] rewrites history to make it appear that the current state of affairs is the way it has always been, a perfect example of [[doublethink]].
-Goldstein's book states that the war is not a war in the traditional sense, but simply exists to use up resources and keep the population in line.  Victory for any side isn't attainable or even desirable, but the [[Inner Party]], through an act of doublethink, believes that such victory is in fact possible.  Although the war began with the use of atomic weapons in the 1950s, none of the combatants use them any longer for fear of upsetting the balance of power.  Relatively few technological advances have been made (the only two mentioned are the replacement of [[bombers]] with "rocket bombs" and of traditional [[capital ships]] with the immense "floating fortresses").
-== Controversy ==
-It should be noted that almost all of the information about the world beyond London is given to the reader through government or Party sources, which by the very premise of the novel are unreliable. Oceania may control only Britain, or it may be the sole unchallenged [[world government]]. In fact, the very existence of the superstates may be a lie; "Airstrip One" may be an isolated totalitarian state similar to that of North Korea or of Albania under Hoxha. The war, similarly, may be entirely, or in part, fiction. The whole Earth may well be controlled by one [[state]] which pretends to exist as three states, perpetually warring in order to maintain the climate of fear needed for totalitarian rule. By the book's references, and the period in which it was written, Big Brother and Goldstein can be compared with [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]], whose conflict over the future of international Communism was well known and a subject of constant debate within the movements of the post-war international Left.
-==External links==
-*[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fic(1984.html Flags of Oceania and Eurasia] at [[Flags of the World]]
-{{1984}}
-[[Category:Fictional countries in the future]]<!-- relative to first publication -->
-[[Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four]]
-[[Category:Fictional European countries]]
-[[Category:Fictional African countries]]
-[[Category:Fictional Latin American countries]]
-[[Category:Fictional North American countries]]
-[[Category:Fictional Asian countries]]
-[[ca:Euràsia (1984)]]
-[[da:Eurasien (1984)]]
-[[it:Eurasia (1984)]]
-[[pl:Eurazja (Rok 1984)]]